free will, 272
French language, 26
frescoes, 34
friezes, 154
fruits, 14, 213
funerals, 87, 174
furniture, 61, 262
Galatia, 254, 256
game animals, 14, 16
Gaugamela, 247
Gauls, 254, 256, 268
Gedrosia, 249
Gedrosian Desert, 222
Gelon, 131
generals, 146
geography, 7, 250, 274
Geometric art, 52
geometry, 273–74
German language, 26
gerousia, 96
Gla, 44
Glaucus, 56–57
goats, 10, 17
goddess worship, 40, 87
gold, 30, 35, 36, 74, 86, 139, 198; coins made of, 208, 240
Golden Age, 149, 158
Gordion, 246
grains, 12, 19, 21, 31, 50, 260; containers for, 52; trade in, 203, 204, 213
granaries, 52
Granicus River, 222, 245–46
grapes, 31
graves, 26, 35, 155
grazing, 20, 50
Greek language, 10; in Crete, 37; as cultural bond, 14; international spread of, 265–66; in Jewish communities, 278; in Laconia, 94; in Macedonia, 239; origins of, 23, 24, 26, 27; as professional qualification, 258–59; writing system of, 47, 55–56
Gylippus, 201
gymnasia, 178, 215, 259
Gytheon, 93
habituation, 235, 236
Hades, 161
harbor fees, 151
Hattusas, 43
Hebrew Bible, 278
Hecataeus, 183
hegemon, 245
Helena, 268
Helen of Troy, 36
heliocentric model, 274
Hellen, 23
Hellenica (Xenophon), 239
Hellenistic Age, 2, 9, 253–80
Hellespont, 131
helmets, 79, 80
helots, 100, 101, 112; economic importance of, 103. 226; legal status of, 97–98; revolts by, 99, 102, 123, 138, 141–42, 145, 194; Spartans vs., 98, 99, 142
Hephaestus, 161
Hephaistion, 250–51
Hera, 40, 59, 104, 161
Heracles (Hercules), 106, 164, 242
Heraean Games, 59
herding, 19–20, 28, 49
Hermes, 161
herms, 200–201
Hero, 275
hero cults, 164
Herodotus, 1, 7–8, 28, 84, 127, 188; innovativeness of, 183–84
Herophilus, 275
Hesiod, 13, 47, 119; didacticism of, 7, 115; justice viewed by, 62, 63–64, 77, 83; myth employed by, 61–62; women viewed by, 89–90
hetairai, 176–77
hideworking, 19
hieroglyphs, 32
Hieropolis, 263
Himera, 131
Hipparchia, 273
hippeis, 110
Hippias, 92, 112, 128, 145
Hippocrates, 184–85, 277
Histories (Herodotus), 7–8, 127, 183–84
historiography, 1, 4, 5, 183–84
Hittites, 40, 41, 43
Homer, 34, 47, 55, 63, 70, 72, 74, 83, 161; battle tactics depicted by, 79, 82; gods depicted by, 62, 119; heroic ideal of, 245; rhythmic pattern, 115; values espoused by, 7, 56, 57, 58
Homeric Hymns, 165
homoioi, 100
Homo sapiens sapiens, 15
homosexuality, 89, 101, 179
hoplites, 66, 79–82, 99, 107, 129, 134, 139
Horace, 267
horse racing, 59
horses, 10, 16, 39
hospitality, 160
households, 87–90
House of Tiles, 17
housing, 13, 17
humors, 184, 275
hunter-gatherers, 14–15, 16, 19, 27, 30
hybris, 160
hydrostatics, 274
Hyphasis River, 222, 248
Iasus, 263
Idylls (Theocritus), 266
Iliad (Homer), 63, 83, 178; Alexander the Great inspired by, 245; battle tactics in, 79, 82; guest-host friendship in, 56–57; Mycenaean aims reflected in, 35–36; as primary source, 7; retribution in, 58; social values reflected in, 55
Illion, 255
Illyria, 240
impiety, 218
India, 4, 124, 222, 248–49, 254, 255, 256, 263, 273
Indo-Europeans, 23–27
Indus River, 248
infanticide, 264
inheritance, 89, 90, 172–73, 175, 213
inscriptions, 5, 6, 9
Ion (Euripides), 86
Ionia: democracy in, 129, 135; Greek colonization of, 69; intellectual currents in, 117–18, 119, 120; Persian outposts in, 137; revolts in, 123, 127–28, 202–3
Ionian Sea, 10
Ionic style, 153, 154, 270
Iphicrates, 225
Ipsus, 254, 255
Iran, 124, 127, 222, 247
Iraq, 48, 222, 247
iron ore, 13, 52, 70
ironworking, 47, 51–52, 79
irrigation, 19
Isagoras, 113
Ischia, 66, 70
Isis, 276, 277–78, 279
Isocrates, 237–38
Issus, 246
Italy, 10, 69, 73, 104
Ithaca, 57
ivory, 15, 30–31
Jason, 170, 222, 225–26
javelins, 41, 123
Jerusalem, 278, 280
jewelry, 19, 30, 35, 45, 52, 61
Jews, 254, 260, 264, 278, 280
Judah the Maccabee, 278, 280
judicial system, 77, 78, 142–44, 178
Jupiter. See Zeus juries, 123, 142–43, 145–46, 180, 238
justice, 83, 214, 216, 228, 230, 231, 235; in city-states, 63, 64; Hesiod’s view of, 62, 63–64, 77, 83; retributive, 58, 62–63, 184
Justin, 9
kidnapping, 77, 78
King’s Friends, 258, 262
King’s Peace (386), 225
Knights, The (Aristophanes), 187, 210
Knossos, 26, 34, 35, 37
knowledge, 216–17, 228
Koine, 259, 276
Korē (Persephone), 164–65
kottabos, 177
Kronos, 62, 77
Krypteia, 100
labor specialization, 19
Laches (Plato), 216
Laconia, 93, 123, 225
landownership, 81, 102, 109, 110, 146, 172, 263
landscaping, 150
land shortages, 69–70, 73
Laodice, 263
Latin language, 24, 26
Laurion, 140, 192, 207
Laws, The (Plato), 232
lead metallurgy, 19, 30
League of Corinth, 221, 242, 243, 261
Learned Banqueters (Athenaeus), 9
Lebanon, 246
Lefkandi, 50
legal system, 8, 15, 77, 92, 111; democratic reforms to, 141–46
legislative assembly. See assembly
lentils, 16
Leonidas, 131
Leontion, 271
Lerna, 17
Lesbos, 10, 69, 106, 195
Leucippus, 183, 272
Leuctra, 222, 225
Lévi-Strauss, Claude, 5
Libation Bearers, The (Aeschylus), 159
Libya, 72
Linear A, 32, 43
Linear B, 37–38, 40, 43, 47
literacy, 178
literary criticism, 233
literature, 1, 4, 5, 266–68; as primary source, 7
liturgies, 151, 238
logic, 119, 233, 271
Long Walls, 187, 192, 213, 225
lotteries, 142, 144, 145
Lyceum, 222, 233
Lycidas, 135
Lycurgus, 96, 106
Lydia, 74, 124, 278
lyre, 115
lyric poetry, 115–16
Lysander, 187, 204, 205, 224
Lysias, 163, 205, 212
Lysimachus, 263
Lysippus, 268
Lysistrata (Aristophanes), 187, 210–11
Macedonia, 9, 212, 223; Antigonid kingdom in, 255; city-states subordinated to, 243; Egypt invaded by, 222; Neanderthals in, 15; Neolithic villages in, 17; rise to power of, 221, 226, 239–43
magic, 119
magistrates, 178
Magna Graecia. See Sicily
makeup, 175
Mantiklos, 159
Mantinea, 187, 199, 222, 226, 237
Marathon, 123, 128, 131, 132, 140, 145, 151, 164, 168
marble, 13, 157
Mardonius, 127, 134, 135, 136
marriage, 87, 89–90, 102, 164, 235, 264
masks, 36
materialism, 270
mathematics, 118, 227, 231, 232, 233, 274, 280
matrifocality, 27
Mauryan dynasty, 255
mean, Aristotelian, 235, 236
measurement, 274–75
meat eating, 12, 17, 21, 67, 100, 213
Medea (Euripides), 159, 170, 174
Medes, 124
medicine, 184, 233, 265, 275, 277, 280
Megara, 190–91
Megarian Decree, 190
megarons, 37, 50
Melanippe, 172
Melos, 187, 199–200
Menander, 9, 266
mercenaries, 39, 41–42, 79, 258
Mesopotamia, 124, 247, 249; legal codes in, 40; medical knowledge in, 275; monopolies in, 33; technology in, 20
Messenia: agriculture in, 10; helot revolts in, 99, 123, 141–42; social hierarchy in, 50; Spartan invasions of, 92, 94, 98, 222, 226
metallurgy: in Anatolia, 19; artistic uses of, 157; in Balkans, 15, 26; in Crete, 26, 32; diffusion of, 20–22; Minoan and Mycenaean, 29–30; technological advances in, 30, 51
metal ores, 13, 19, 51, 70, 124
metaphysics, 227, 231, 232, 233, 270
meteorology, 233
metics, 78, 87, 212–13
miasma, 160
Midas, 74, 246
migration, 69, 70, 258
Mikon, 151
military service, 79, 80–81, 82, 107, 114, 168, 178
milk, 20
Milo, 59
Miltiades, 129, 140, 151
Mimnermus, 116
mines: iron, 52; revenues from 151, 155, 192, 198, 207, 223, 240; slave labor in, 86, 202, 214
Minoans, 24, 26, 29–30; Mycenaean contact with, 34–38; palace society of, 31–34, 40
Minos, 32, 106
Minotaur, 106, 117
Modern Greek language, 259
Moiro, 268
monarchy, 91; Greek rejection of, 3; Hellenistic, 255, 261–62; return of, 9
monogamy, 89
monopolies, 33, 259
mountains, 10
Mount Olympus, 10, 12, 161
mud bricks, 17
murder, 160
Museum, 267
music, 48, 115, 118, 162, 166, 176, 233
Mycale, 123, 136
Mycenae, 34–35, 44
Mycenaeans, 23, 24, 29–30; decline of, 40–45, 46, 47, 48–49, 67, 91; Minoan contact with, 34–38; religion of, 39–40; social hierarchy among, 68; as warriors, 38–39
Myron, 157
mystery cults, 164–65, 277
myth, 7, 28, 119; religion and, 60–64
Mytilene, 106, 115, 195
Naupactus, 195
navies, 80; Athenian, 123, 133–34, 137, 138, 139, 155, 187, 192, 195, 197, 200–201, 203, 222, 225, 226; Corcyraean, 190; Corinthian, 103, 190; Delian, 191; Hellenistic, 258; Persian, 124, 129, 133, 136; Spartan, 201, 204, 205
Neanderthals, 15
Near East: agriculture in 16, 21; assemblies in, 92; craft production in, 30–31; cultural achievements in, 4; Dark Age in, 46; Greek borrowings from, 2–3, 23–24, 28, 47, 74, 117–18, 252, 275; Macedonian rulers in, 10; metallurgy in, 21–22, 30, 51; mythology in, 61; poetry in, 56; Sea Peoples from, 41; sheep domesticated in, 17; trade with, 13, 20, 29, 40, 67, 73–74
necklaces, 35, 52
Nemea, 265
Neobule, 116
neodamodeis, 99
Neolithic Age, 14; daily life in, 16–20
New Testament, 259
Nichoria, 50
Nicias (general), 178, 187, 198–99, 200, 201
Nicias (painter), 268
Nicomedes, 270
Nimrud, 48
North Africa, 10, 69, 72–73, 131, 249, 250
Nossis, 267–68
Notion, 204
nuts, 14
oats, 16
Octavian (Augustus), 258
Odysseus, 57–58, 63, 83, 168–69
Odyssey (Homer), 7, 55, 57, 58, 70, 178
Oedipus, 169
officeholding, 78, 81, 110
oikonomia, 87
oligarchy, 91, 93, 103, 107, 111–12, 203; broad vs. narrow, 204
olive oil, 12, 31, 33, 75, 112, 213
olives, 12, 31, 213
Olympia, 14, 59, 155
Olympias, 243, 254
Olympic Games, 47, 59–60, 83
omens, 60
On the Rivers of Europe (Callimachus), 267
oracles, 66, 75, 96, 127, 160
oral tradition, 7, 48, 178
oratory, 180
ores, 13
Oresteia (Aeschylus), 159
ornaments, 19
Osiris, 278
ostracism, 144–45, 198
Painted Stoa, 150–51
painting, 162, 268
palaces, 26; Minoan, 31–34, 35, 40; Mycenaean, 37, 44
Paleolithic Age, 14
Palestine, 70, 256, 260, 278
Panathenaic festival, 162
Panathenaicus (Isocrates), 237
Pandora, 89–90
Panhellenism, 60, 83, 238
papyrus, 5
Parthenon, 151–55, 162
Parthians, 255
patriarchy, 26, 27, 28, 175
patrilinearity, 27
patrilocality, 26–27
patronage, 266, 267
Pausanias, 1, 59, 123, 136, 137, 281
Peace of Nicias, 198–99
pears, 16
peasants, 64, 107, 108, 109
pediments, 154
Peloponnese peninsula, 14, 15, 34–35, 50
Peloponnesian League, 138, 190, 191
Peloponnesian War, 149, 159; aftermath of, 211–14, 223–26; causes of, 188–92; costs of, 186–88; domestic life in, 206–11
Peloponnesian War (Thucydides), 8, 138, 139, 191, 194, 196–97, 204; Melian Dialogue in, 199–200
peltasts, 225
pendants, 19, 35
Penelope, 57, 58
pentakosiomedimnoi, 110
“peoples,” 263
Perdiccas, 240
Pergamum, 256
Periander, 92, 104
Pericles, 176, 185, 205, 217; architectural projects and, 151, 153; citizenship law of, 123, 146; death of, 187, 195; dramatic portrayals of, 209–10; egalitarian tendencies of, 145; foreign policy of, 147–49; Plato’s criticism of, 227; sophists befriended by, 181, 183; Spartan ultimatums rejected by, 190, 191, 243; strategy of, 192, 194, 197
perioikoi, 97
Persian Empire, 8, 121–24, 126, 148; administration of, 259; Athens sacked by, 153; Greece invaded by, 131–37, 242; in Hellenistic Age, 255; heterogeneity of, 247; Macedonia invaded by, 242; Macedonian conquest of, 221, 222, 239; outposts of, 137, 140; Sparta backed by, 202; Spartan designs on, 224
Persian language, 24, 124
Persian Wars, 126–37, 184, 191, 225
Petralona Cave, 15
phalanx, 79, 240
Pharos, 275
Pherae, 222, 225
Phidias, 155, 157
philanthropy, 238, 260, 263–64
Philemon, 266
Philip II, 212, 226, 241–42, 247; army reorganized by, 221, 240; Demosthenes’ view of, 9, 239–40; League of Corinth founded by, 222, 238
philosopher-kings, 233
&nbs
p; philosophy, 1, 4, 8, 10, 13, 116–17, 214–20; Aristotelian, 232–36; in Hellenistic Age, 270–75, 280; Platonic, 226–32
Philoxenus, 268
Phocis, 147, 242
Phoenicia, 43, 66, 67, 131; colonizers from, 70
Phoenician alphabet, 47, 55, 74
Phormio, 195
Phrygia, 74, 246, 278
phylai, 113
physics, 233, 271
physiology, 275
pigs, 10
Pindar, 7, 60, 116
piracy, 13, 44
Piraeus, 12, 140, 192, 204, 212–13
Pisistratus, 92, 112, 128, 151
plants, 14, 16, 17
Plataea, 123, 128, 129, 131, 136, 137
Plato, 8, 179, 215–16, 219, 226–32, 273; Academy founded by, 222; Aristotle vs., 233
plowing, 20, 28
Plutarch, 9
pneumatics, 274
poetry, 4, 48, 56, 74, 115, 162, 266; in Near East, 56; by women, 267–68
poleis. See city-states political science, 8, 233
politics, 3, 8, 9; women excluded from, 1, 4, 78, 91, 146, 158–59, 171–72, 237
Polyclitus, 157
polyculture, 26, 31
Polygnotus, 151
polytheism, 276
poor people, 66, 77, 78, 79–83, 104, 107, 112, 262
population growth: agriculture and, 31, 52–53, 69, 92–93; in Archaic Age, 76–77, 92–93; in Athens, 108; in Attica, 107; late Neolithic, 17–18
Poseidon, 40, 161
Posidippus, 264
Potidaea, 149, 190, 191, 195
potnia, 40
pottery, 70, 85, 212, 213; burial with, 35; Corinthian, 75, 104, 112; in Dark Age, 50; in Hellenistic Age, 262; Near Eastern, 61, 74
power sharing, 81, 91
Praxagoras, 275
Praxiteles, 268, 270
prayer, 137, 159, 161, 163, 164, 165
prehistory, 2, 14–16
primary sources, 5, 7
profanity, 209
Prometheus, 89
property rights, 68, 78, 90, 147; of women, 89, 102, 172–73
Propylaea, 151
prose, 4, 7, 116–17
prostitutes, 89, 176, 247
protagonists, 167
Protagoras, 159, 180–81, 183
Psammetichus, 104
psychology, 233
Ptolemaic kingdom, 255–56, 258, 259, 263, 266, 277, 278
Ptolemy (astronomer), 274
Ptolemy I, 254, 255, 263, 267, 278
Ptolemy II, 263, 267, 278
public speaking, 178, 179–80
Pylos, 39, 187, 197, 198, 204
Pyrrho, 273
Pythagoras, 118, 273
Pythia, 75
radiocarbon dating, 21
rainfall, 13
Ramesses III, 41
rationalism, 120, 230, 231
reciprocal exchange, 31
redistributive economy, 32, 33, 45, 47, 49
relativism, 228
reliefs, 34, 74, 118, 154
religion, 4, 10, 13, 14, 119, 159–65; city-state and, 67; Egyptian, 28; Hellenistic, 276–80; Mycenaean, 38–39; myth and, 60–64; Persian, 126; science vs., 183; social hierarchy and, 54; women and, 78, 87
remains, 5, 9, 21