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INDEX
Page numbers in bold refer to illustrations.
abandonment, of infants, 264
Academos, 228
Academy, 222, 228, 229, 233
Achaean League, 254, 259
Acharnae, 194
Acharnians, The (Aristophanes), 187, 210
Achilles, 56, 58, 168, 245
Acropolis, 151–52, 154, 166, 203
Acton, John Emerich Edward Dalberg Acton, Baron, 4
adultery, 89, 175
Aegean Sea, 10
Aegina, 147
Aegospotami, 205
Aeschines, 251
Aeschylus, 8, 159, 168, 170
Afghanistan, 33, 270; Alexander the Great in, 222, 247, 248; Greek kingdom in, 254, 256; Greek language in, 265–66; in Persian Empire, 124, 255
Africa, 14–15, 252
afterlife, 165, 277
Agamemnon, 35, 63, 83, 170
Agamemnon (Aeschylus), 159, 170
Agesilaus, 224
Agis, 203
agogē, 100
agora, 150, 178
agriculture, 2, 12, 29, 162; in Archaic Age, 92–93; beginnings of, 14–15, 16; in Crete, 32; in Dark Age, 49, 52; diffusion of, 20–21; diversification of, 31; in Egypt, 260; gender inequality and, 19–20; in Hellenistic Age, 262; land shortages and, 69–70; metallurgy and, 30; Minoan, 24; poor laborers in, 81; rainfall and, 13–14, 18; settlements and, 17; slave labor in, 85–86; subsistence, 45, 49, 109; tax on, 112; technological advances in, 51; wartime disruptions to, 202, 207
Ahura Mazda, 126
Ajax, 168–69
Ajax (Sophocles), 159, 168
Alcaeus, 7, 81, 106, 116
Alcibiades, 199, 203, 204; Anytus mocked by, 218; background of, 98; defection to Sparta of, 187, 201, 202; exile of, 205; opponents of, 200
Alcidamas, 234
Alcmaeonids, 92, 112–13
Alcman, 7, 101–2, 115
Alexander the Great, 9, 102, 222, 253, 273; in Asia, 247–51; chivalry of, 246; conquests of, 244; death of, 2, 223; divine status claimed by, 221, 223, 249–50, in Egypt, 246–47; iconography of, 268; reputation of, 251–52; ruthlessness of, 243, 245
Alexandria, 222, 247, 260, 267, 275, 278
Al Mina, 66, 70
alphabet, 43, 47, 55, 74
Ammon, 247
amnesty, 205–6
Amphipolis, 187, 188, 198
amphoras, 262
Anabasis (Xenophon), 224
Anatolia, 24; agriculture in, 10; Alexander the Great in, 245, 246; archeological finds in, 19, 30; Attalid kingdom in, 256; as cultural crossroads, 117–18; fortifications in, 34; Hittites in, 40, 43; Ionians in, 45; Jews in, 260; languages in, 264; Lydians in, 74, 127; Medians in, 124; metalworkers from, 51; migration through, 15, 32; Persians in, 122, 137, 138, 202, 222, 225, 238; Sea Peoples from, 41; Spartans in, 222, 224; trade with, 73–74; in Trojan War, 36
anatomy, 233, 275
Anaxagoras, 183
Anaximander, 118
andrōn, 174
animals: depiction of, 15, 35, 50, 74, 118; domestication of, 10, 15, 16, 17, 19, 21; draft, 20; game, 14, 16; sacrifice of, 54, 60, 67, 126, 163, 213
Antigone (Sophocles), 159, 169, 170
Antigonus, 254, 255, 276
Antigonus Gonatas, 255
Antiochus I, 255
Antiochus IV, 254, 278
Anyte, 267
Anytus, 218, 219
Aphrodite, 137, 157, 161, 270
Apollo, 66, 75, 96, 161, 162, 219, 242, 270
Apollonis, 263
Apollonius, 267
apprenticeship, 178
Arabian Peninsula, 249, 250, 251
Archaic Age, 2, 7, 56, 92–93, 102, 108, 115, 137; sculpture in, 155–56, 157
archers, 39, 41, 123, 125, 134
Archilochus, 7, 79, 116
Archimedes, 274
architecture, 1, 4; Athenian, 158; Corinthian, 104; domestic, 149–50; Minoan, 29, 32; Near Eastern, 22; public, 151, 270; temple, 153–54
archives, 151
archons, 108, 111, 112, 142, 143
Areopagus, 111, 142, 143
Ares, 161
aretē, 56
Arginusae Islands, 205
Argolid region, 17
Argos, 198–99, 224
Aristarchus, 212, 274
Aristides, 123, 138–39, 144–45
aristocracy, 54
Aristodemus, 81, 98
Aristophanes, 8, 144, 186–87, 208, 273; Socrates satirized by, 217–18; women portrayed by, 207, 210
Aristotle, 8, 14, 68, 84, 173, 222, 232–36, 247
Arkesilas, 93 armor, 38, 51, 79, 81, 107
Arrian, 9
Arsinoë II, 263
art, 1, 4, 10, 13, 150; body represented in, 155; in Classical Age, 65; Corinthian, 104; in Dark Age, 50, 52; Minoan, 29; Mycenaean, 29, 36, 37; Near Eastern, 74; Spartan, 97
Artaxerxes II, 223
Artemis, 161, 162
Artemisia, 134
ascetics, 273
Asclepius, 167, 185, 276, 277
Aśoka, 254, 265–66
Aspasia, 217
assembly: archons chosen by, 108; generals chosen by, 146; judicial role of, 111, 141, 143; Near Eastern, 92; oratory in, 178, 180; ostracism by, 144–45; qualifications for, 77, 81, 108, 110, 113, 141; site of, 151; Spartan, 96; spending decisions by, 133–34, 140, 147, 153; taxes levied by, 151; wartime role of, 122, 127, 128, 133–34, 135, 138, 139, 140–41, 142, 147, 149; women excluded from, 78
Assembly Women, The (Aristophanes), 207
Assyria, 118, 124, 126, 259
astrology, 276
astronomy, 118, 227, 231, 232, 274, 276
Atargatis, 278
Athena, 67, 70, 152–53, 154, 155, 161, 162, 168, 193
Athenaeus, 9
Athenian Empire, 5, 121; allies mistreated by, 225; establishment of, 137–41
Athens, 2, 45, 67, 69, 75, 76, 86, 92; culture and society in, 158–85; political development of, 106–9; Solon’s reforms in, 109–12
athletics, 7, 14, 115, 155, 162, 177; Olympic, 47, 59–60, 83; in Sparta, 87
Attalids, 256, 268
Attalus I, 254
Atthidographers, 9
Attica, 112, 128, 132, 133, 135; administration of, 113–14; ostracism from, 144; population changes in, 107; ports of, 106; silver deposits in, 123, 134; Spartan invasions of, 187, 192, 194, 202
&nbs
p; Augustus (Octavian), 258
aulos, 115, 177
Avaris (Tel el-Dab’a), 34
axes, 21
Baal, 254
Baal Shamen, 278
Babylon, 250
Babylonia, 118, 123, 259
Bacchiads, 103
Bacchylides, 7, 116
Bactria, 222, 248, 254, 256
Balkan Mountains, 21
Balkan Peninsula, 10, 13, 15, 26, 30
barbarians, 84–85, 247
barley, 12, 16, 100, 213
barter, 74
Battus, 72–73
Bay of Naples, 66, 70
beads, 19, 52
beauty, 228, 230
Bible, 259, 278
biography, 9
biology, 233, 234
Birds, The (Aristophanes), 187, 208
birthrate, 17, 49, 53
Bithynia, 270
bitter vetch, 16
“black-figure” vases, 117, 125
Black Sea, 69, 203
blasphemy, 160
Boeotia, 128, 147, 242; city-states in, 68; Neolithic villages in, 17; Peace of Nicias spurned by, 198; Persian Wars in, 136; Spartans defeated in, 222, 225
boneworking, 19
botany, 234, 250
boulē, 110
bracelets, 15
Brasidas, 187, 198
bread, 174, 212, 213
Britain, 33
Bronze Age, 3, 7, 21, 26, 35, 51; civilizations of, 29–31; forgetting of, 48
bronze sculpture, 157
Buddhism, 254, 256, 266
burial, 26, 36–37, 52, 107, 160; as obligation, 169; with pottery, 35; social status and, 15, 50; with weapons, 38, 51
Byblos, 43
Byzantine Greek language, 259
Cadiz, 66, 70
calendar, 162
Callimachus, 266–67
Canaanites, 43
capital punishment, 86, 109, 195, 219
captives, 84
carbon-14 dating, 21
Caria, 134
Carthage, 131
Çatal Hüyük, 19, 31
catapults, 246, 258, 275
cattle, 10, 16, 20, 21, 163
cavalry, 123
centaurs, 60, 61
central Asia, 24, 124
ceramics, 74
cereal grains, 12, 19, 21, 31, 50, 260; containers for, 52; trade in, 203, 204, 213
Chaeronea, 221, 242
Chalcis, 148
chance, 270, 276, 278, 280
Chandragupta, 255
Chaos, 62
chariots, 33, 39, 41, 42, 59, 265
charis, 238
chattel slaves, 83–86
cheese, 20, 100, 213
chemistry, 233
chickens, 12
childbearing, 17, 18, 162
China, 4, 248, 256
Chios, 203
choral poetry, 115
chorus, 166–67, 208
Chrysippus, 272
Cimon: death of, 147; ostracism of, 145; projects financed by, 140, 150, 151, 192; Spartans admired by, 142; Theseus’s bones returned by, 123, 164
circumcision, 278
citizenship, 4, 91; city-state based on, 56, 63, 65–66, 67–68, 77–78, 91; contrasts produced by, 84; distinctiveness of, 67–68; Epicureanism vs., 271; patrilinear, 175; Pericles’ law on, 123, 146; poor people and, 79–83, 104, 107; rights attached to, 77–78, 81; for women, 78
city-states (poleis), 3; characteristics of, 66–69; citizenship as basis for, 56, 63, 65–66, 67–68, 77–78, 91; communal interests in, 60; democracy in, 108; emergence of, 51, 65; foreign policy of, 242–43, 271; persuasion and justice in, 63, 64; relations between, 68–69, 124, 238; structure of, 75–84; trade by, 69–70
Classical Age, 2, 9, 65, 113, 121, 122
clay, 13, 17, 75
Cleisthenes, 92, 113, 114, 121–22, 137, 145
Cleombrotus, 225
Cleomenes, 127
Cleon, 187, 195, 197, 198, 209–10
Cleopatra VII, 253, 254, 256, 258
climate, 13, 16, 18, 239
clothing, 87, 156, 157, 174, 212, 262
cloth production, 19, 20, 33, 87, 88
Clouds, The (Aristophanes), 217–18, 273
Clytemnestra, 170
Cnidos, 270
coins, 33, 109; of Achaean League, 259; beginnings of, 74; as primary source, 5, 9; scrip, 208; silver, 192, 193, 208, 213, 240; slaves and, 86; Spartan ban on, 102
colonization, 69–73
columns, 118, 153
comedy, 8, 9, 166, 208–10, 266
concubines, 89
Constitution of the Five Thousand, 204
containers, 13, 19, 31, 52, 53, 107
Copernicus, 274
copper, 15, 19, 21, 30, 33, 43
Corcyra, 10, 103, 149, 190, 191, 196
Corinth, 105, 137, 147, 195, 224; Athenian destruction sought by, 205; Corcyra vs., 190; League of, 221, 242, 243, 261; prosperity of, 74–75, 103–4; Sparta allied with, 187, 192, 198; tyranny in, 92, 103–4, 112
Corinthian style, 153, 270
Corinthian War, 222, 224
corruption, 4, 142, 143, 144
Cos, 277
Council of Five Hundred, 114, 135, 145, 151, 162
courts, 77, 78, 142–44, 178
courtyards, 150, 174
crafts production, 19, 81, 178, 280; in Corinth, 104; in Crete, 33; laborers in, 81, 262; in Near East, 30–31, 40, 67; wartime disruption of, 207
cremation, 51
Creon, 169
Crete, 10, 26, 106; Minoans in, 24, 29; palace society in, 31–34, 40
Critias, 218
Crito, 219
Croesus, 124, 127, 161, 165
Ctesibus, 274–75
Cunaxa, 224
cuneiform writing, 32
Curtius, 9
Cybele, 278
Cyclopes, 43–44
Cylon, 92, 108
Cynics, 273
Cyprus, 10, 34, 41, 43, 51, 147; city-kingdoms in, 67; copper in, 33
Cypselus, 92, 103–4
Cyrene, 5, 72–73, 75
Cyrus, 124, 127, 223–24
Cyzicus, 187, 204
daggers, 30
Damis, 249
dance, 162, 166, 167, 269
Darius I, 121, 123, 124, 127–29, 131, 246, 268
Dark Age, 3, 7, 24, 46–64; poverty in, 108; warfare in, 82
death penalty, 86, 109, 195, 219
Decelea, 187, 202, 207, 213
deforestation, 13
Deipnosophistae (Athenaeus), 9
Delian League, 123, 142, 147, 191; dues for, 139–40, 144, 171; frictions within, 139–40, 148, 202–3; revenues from, 141, 151, 192
Delos, 10, 123, 139, 219, 262
Delphi, 66, 75, 76, 127, 242, 270
Demeter, 14, 28, 78, 87, 107, 161, 162, 164–65, 277
Demetrius, 252, 255, 276
Demiurge, 230
democracy, 1; Aristotle’s criticisms of, 236; beginnings of, 3, 92, 107–8; Cleisthenes’ reforms of, 121–22; direct, 114, 123; in Ionia, 129; Periclean, 145–49; Plato’s criticisms of, 227, 232; public benefactions under, 238, 260; “radical,” 144; restoration of, 211, 223, 277; Spartan view of, 113
Democritus, 183, 272
dēmoi, 113, 114
demons, 119
Demosthenes (general), 201
Demosthenes (orator), 9, 239–40
dendrochronology, 21
Dhimini, 17
Didymus, 267
diffusion, 20–22
Diodorus, 9
Diodotus, 195
Diodotus I, 256
Diogenes, 273
Diomedes, 56–57
Dionysius II, 227
Dionysus, 40, 161, 166, 171, 208, 277
Diotima, 217
Diotimus, 265
direct democracy, 114, 123
divination, 160
division of labor, 19, 30
divorce, 89, 173
&nb
sp; dogs, 17
domestication, 10, 16; in Anatolia, 19; of cattle, 21, 163; of sheep, 17
Dorians, 45, 49, 93
Doric style, 153, 154, 270
dowry, 89, 172–73, 263
Draco, 92, 109
draft animals, 20
drama, 1, 4, 8, 158, 166–71, 208
dreams, 160, 164
drought, 13
dualism, 230
earrings, 52
Earth, 62
earthquakes, 10, 44–45, 260; in Crete, 26, 32; as divine retribution, 160; in Laconia, 123; in Rhodes, 265; in Sparta, 102, 141
ecclesia, 108
education, 177–78, 265
Egesta (Segesta), 200
Egypt, 10, 12, 264; Alexander the Great in, 246; Corinthian trade with, 104; European borrowings from, 13, 20, 23–24, 28, 47, 117; grain exported from, 203; Greek influence on, 253; hieroglyphs in, 32; Jews in, 260; Macedonians in, 222, 246; medical knowledge in, 275; Minoan trade with, 33–34; New Kingdom in, 40, 43; Persian rule in, 124, 147; Ptolemaic, 255–56, 259, 260, 262, 278; religion in, 276, 278; Roman conquest of, 258; statuary in, 65, 118; temples of, 74
eisphora, 151
elephants, 258
Eleusinian Mysteries, 164, 165, 201, 277
Eleusis, 28, 78, 164, 277
elites, 53–58, 76–77, 91; in Hellenistic Age, 262, 266–67; oligarchic coup by, 203; political alliances among, 108–9; splintering of, 82; taxes paid by, 260
Elpinike, 176
empiricism, 184, 272
English language, 24, 26, 55–56
Epaminondas, 222, 225, 226
Ephialtes, 123, 142, 144
ephors, 96, 98
Epic of Creation, 62
epic poetry, 115
Epicureans, 271, 273
Epicurus, 254, 271–72
Epidaurus, 167
epidemics, 160, 187, 195, 197, 211
equality, 4, 68, 83, 228, 230
erastēs, 179
Eratosthenes, 274
Erechtheus, 154
Erectheum, 207
Eretria, 127, 128
erōmenos, 179
ethics, 8, 214, 233, 236, 271
ethnography, 7
ethnos, 68
Etruscans, 70, 75
Euboea, 50, 66, 70, 127, 148
Euclid, 274
eugenics, 232
Eumenides, The (Aeschylus), 159
Euripides, 8, 86, 159, 168, 170, 172, 174
Evans, Arthur, 37
famines, 160
farming tools, 51
fertility, 17, 18, 162
figs, 100
fish, 12, 14, 17
floods, 14, 15
food supply, 18–19, 31, 52, 53, 69, 160, 265
foot soldiers, 39, 41
Forms, Platonic, 230–31, 233
fortifications, 34, 35, 43–44, 192
foundries, 212
France, 69
Francthi Cave, 15, 16
freedom of speech, 77, 210, 239, 282