Renaissance, 238
representative democracy, 114
Republic (Plato), 231–32
Republic (Zeno), 272
retributive justice, 58, 62–63, 184
Rhea, 62
rhetoric, 181, 232, 233, 236, 237–38
Rhetra, 96
Rhodes, 256, 262, 265
rivers, 13
roads, 13
Roman Empire, 281–82; art of, 157; Greeks subjugated in, 1, 10; Hellenistic kingdoms vanquished by, 256; slavery in, 85
root vegetables, 12
rowers, 139, 140–41, 205
Roxane, 222, 248, 251, 254
ruler cults, 276
Russian language, 26
Sabbath, 278
Sacred War, 242
sacrifices, 114, 159, 164; of animals, 54, 60, 67, 126, 163, 213; as obligation, 160, 165; Persians’ shunning of, 126; rules governing, 163; scheduling of, 162; slaves’ attendance at, 86, 161; by social elite, 54
Salamis, 123, 132, 133, 168
Samos, 91, 104, 123, 148, 176, 204, 210, 264
sanctuaries: to Apollo, 75, 159, 242; to Athena, 152–53, 154; destruction of, 127, 134; early, 68; Egyptian, 74; Minoan, 37; sacrifices in, 161; slaves attached to, 86; statues in, 155; to Zeus, 59, 60, 115
Sanskrit language, 24, 26
Sappho, 7, 92, 115–16
Sarapis, 278
Sardis, 121, 122, 127
satire, 9, 210
satraps, 121, 122, 126, 202
satyrs, 60, 166
Sceptics, 273
Schliemann, Heinrich, 35
schooling, 177–78, 265
science, 4, 8, 13, 118–20, 183, 270–71, 273–74, 280
scribes, 47–48
scrip currency, 208
sculpture, 13; in Archaic Age, 88, 155–56, 157; in Classical Age, 65, 268; fertility symbolized by, 17, 18; in Hellenistic Age, 268–70; Near Eastern influence on, 28–29, 74, 118
seafaring, 12–13, 34, 40, 49
sea level, 16
seals, 61
Sea Peoples, 41–43, 45
secondary sources, 5, 7
seeds, 21
Segesta (Egesta), 200
Seleucid kingdom, 255, 256, 258, 263, 277, 278
Seleucus, 252, 255, 261
Sesklo, 17
settlements, 17
sex, 4, 68, 89, 101, 102, 175–76; Cynics’ view of, 273; in drama, 208, 210–11
sheep, 10, 17, 20
shellfish, 14, 17, 43
shields, 51, 212
shipbuilding, 13, 34, 75, 103, 133–34, 139, 202, 275
Sicily (Magna Graecia), 10, 69, 91, 103, 104, 115, 131, 187; Athens vs., 200–202; Spartans in, 224
silver, 13, 30, 35, 86, 123, 134, 140, 151, 155, 198, 207, 223; coins made of, 192, 193, 208, 213, 240
Simonides, 7, 116
slag, 19
slavery, slaves, 1, 65, 66, 91; Aristotle’s defense of, 234–35; chattel, 83–86; debtors as, 109, 110; Epicurus and, 271; female, 85, 174; fugitive, 202, 214; in Hellenistic Age, 262, 280; household, 85, 86, 87, 207, 213, 214; political exclusion of, 4, 78; public, 86; in religious ceremonies, 161, 164; sex with, 176; in silver mines, 86, 202, 214
Slavic languages, 24
smelting, 19, 51, 52, 207
social hierarchy, 15–16, 19, 50–51, 68, 174, 238, 262
Socrates, 212, 215–16, 228, 237; material goods disdained by, 214; trial and execution of, 187, 211, 214, 217–20, 227; Xenophon’s writings on, 8
Solon, 92, 109–12, 114, 142, 178; Croesus advised by, 161, 165; as poet, 110, 116
sophists, 179–81, 214, 216, 217, 237
Sophocles, 8, 159, 168, 169, 170, 171
sources, 5–10
Spain, 69, 70
Spanish language, 26
Sparta: Athens allied with, 126–37, 186; Athens vs., 49, 67, 113, 121–22, 123, 142, 147, 149, 159, 189, 190–91, 192, 194, 221, 223, 226; Attica outpost of, 202, 207, 213; in Corinthian War, 222; colonization by, 73; dual kingship in, 91, 94; earthquake near, 141; family life in, 89, 97; founding legend of, 106; Hippias expelled by, 112; infantry of, 194; Isocrates’ view of, 237; isolation of, 93–94; Messenia invaded by, 92, 94, 98, 226; militarism of, 93, 97, 100, 103, 138, 197–98; oligarchy in, 93; peace terms offered by, 198, 204, 205; Peloponnese allies of, 138; Persians vs., 131, 133, 135–36; political system in, 94, 96, 111; population decline in, 201, 242; slavery in, 85, 86, 97–99, 103; surrendering rejected by, 197; Thirty Tyrants installed by, 205; uniqueness of, 8, 97; way of life in, 99–103; women in, 87, 101, 102
spearheads, 30, 51
Sphacteria, 197
spices, 250
spirits, 119
stipends, 123
Stoa, 272
Stoics, 254, 271, 272
Stone Age, 10, 14, 27, 28, 31
stoneworking, 19, 21
Strabo, 281–82
stratēgoi, 114
subjectivism, 181
subsistence agriculture, 45, 49, 109
sussition, 100–101, 103
swords, 30, 41, 51
symposia, 178–79, 214
synoecism, 94
Syracuse, 103, 131, 187, 200–202, 227
Syria, 43, 66, 70, 255, 256, 260, 278
Tanagra, 147
Taras (Taranto), 73
taxation, 140, 151, 155; on agricultural production, 112; in Corinth, 75; in Hellenistic Age, 243, 259, 260; on income, 110–11; in Laconia, 97; of metics, 212; in Persian Empire, 126, 247
technology, 16, 20–22
Tecmessa, 169
Tel el-Dab’a (Avaris), 34
telos, 233, 234
temples, 28, 39, 48, 72, 74, 76, 86, 104, 105, 260; architecture of, 153–54
tenants, 263
Thales, 118
Thasos, 139–40
Theagenes, 108
theaters, 76, 166–67, 171, 208, 259, 260
Thebes, 128, 131, 169, 221, 224, 225, 226, 242; destruction of, 243
Themistocles, 123, 133, 134
Theocritus, 266
Theodorus the Atheist, 273
Theognis, 76–77
Theogony (Hesiod), 7, 61–62, 77, 89–90
Theophrastus, 270, 271
Theopompus, 241
Thera, 37, 72–73
Thermopylae, 123, 131
Thersites, 63, 83
Theseus, 106–7, 117, 123, 164
Thessaly, 10, 17, 222, 225–26, 241–42
thetes, 110, 139, 141
Thirty Tyrants, 187, 205, 211, 212, 214, 218
tholos tombs, 36–37
Thrace, 84, 240
Thucydides (historian), 138, 139, 194; civil war described by, 196–97; Cleon viewed by, 197; as commander, 188; Constitution of the Five Thousand backed by, 204; epidemic described by, 195; insightfulness of, 8, 188, 191–92, 199–200; ostracism of, 198
Thucydides (rival of Pericles), 148
Thurii, 159
tiles, 17
Timaeus (Plato), 230
timber, 13, 46, 48, 198, 239
tin, 21, 33, 52
Tiryns, 44
toilets, 150
tombs, 26, 36, 38, 39, 164
tool making, 14, 15, 16, 19, 30, 51
topography, 10–14, 68
totems, 5
trade, 3, 12, 19; in Archaic Age, 93; by city-states, 69–70; in grain, 203, 204, 213; in Hellenistic Age, 262–63; by Minoans, 24, 33–34; with Near East, 13, 20, 29, 40, 67, 73–74; poor laborers in, 81; technology spread by, 16; in tin, 52
tragedy, 8, 158, 166–71, 208
translation, 5
transportation, 13
Treasury of Atreus, 39
trees, 213
tribes, 113–14
tribute, 139, 148
triremes, 134, 139, 203
trittyes, 113
Trojan War, 34, 35–36, 56, 57, 63, 168, 170
Troy, 30, 56
Truth (Protagoras), 181
tu
tyranny, 82, 103–6, 112
Tyre, 222, 246
Tyrtaeus, 7, 97, 99, 101
Ugarit, 43
vases, 93,117, 118, 125,177, 209
vegetable oil, 259
vegetables, 19, 174, 213
Ventris, Michael, 37
Venus, 28
vineyard labor, 207, 280
virginity, 175
voting, 77, 78, 80–81, 113
warfare: captives taken in, 84; in Dark Age, 82; internal, 14, 44; metallurgy and, 30; religious guidance in, 60, 75
Wasps (Aristophanes), 144
water clock, 275
water supply, 105, 112, 213–14
weapons, 15, 30, 34, 35, 79; burial with, 38, 51
weather, 13, 60
weaving, 19, 207
weddings, 115, 117
weights and measures, 259
Wen-Amon, 43
wet nurses, 207, 214
wheat, 12, 213
wild boars, 100
wine, 12, 31, 33, 75, 100, 213
women: Aristotle’s view of, 234–35; Athenian life for, 171–77; in audiences, 208; childbearing by, 20, 77, 87, 98, 101, 102, 103, 170, 172, 175, 176; in city-states, 68, 78, 91; in comedy, 210; in cults, 87; Epicurus and, 271; in Hellenistic Age, 263–64; Hesiod’s view of, 89–90; households managed by, 87, 102, 172, 178, 207, 213; as hunter-gatherers, 16–17; in later Neolithic period, 19–20; Plato’s view of, 231–32; poetry by, 267–68; political exclusion of, 1, 4, 78, 91, 146, 158–59, 171–72, 237; as priestesses, 172; property rights of, 89, 102, 172–73; as slaves, 85, 174; soldiers accompanied by, 247; in Sparta, 87, 101, 102, 173; in tragedy, 169–70; wartime hardships of, 206–7
Wonders of the World, The (Callimachus), 267
woodworking, 19
wool, 20
Works and Days (Hesiod), 7, 89
wrestling, 59
writing, 7, 17, 20, 47, 49, 55–56, 74, 178; cuneiform, 32
xenia, 56
Xenophanes, 119–20
Xenophon, 96, 176, 212, 223, 226, 239; as adventurer, 8, 224; helot revolt viewed by, 99; Socrates recalled by, 214, 217, 220, 237
Xerxes, 123, 131, 133, 134–35, 186
yogurt, 20
Zeno, 254, 272
zeugitai, 110
Zeus (Jupiter), 26, 27, 40, 77, 89, 156, 160–61, 265; children of, 250; literary portrayals of, 62; sanctuaries to, 59, 60, 155
zoology, 234
Zoroaster, 126