Caterpillar Valley Cemetery, 349
cavalry, 24, 25, 55, 57, 70, 117–18, 142–3, 193
Champagne region, 108
Chantilly conference (December 1915), 109
Charcot, Prof. Jean-Martin, 85–6, 264, 338
Charteris, Brigadier John, 75, 129
chemical industry, German, 62
Chichester, 46
Churchill, Winston, 54, 231, 287, 344
‘civil society’ concept, 29–30, 94–5
Coalition government, 108
Cobb, Humphrey, Paths of Glory (1935), 254
Collie, Sir John, 280
Combat Stress (charity), 320–1, 323
Commonwealth War Graves Commission, 343, 344, 345
communications, battlefield, 141–2, 143
Congreve, Lieutenant-General Walter, 140, 142–3, 192–3
conscription, 235, 311
Country Hosts Scheme, 280
Courcelette, 221, 228
Craiglockhart War Hospital for Officers, Slateford, 273–5, 276–9, 296
Crichton-Miller, Hugh, 305–6
Crimean War (1854-56), 59, 334–5
Crozier, Brigadier, 249
Culpin, Millais, 266
Cycle Corps, 289
Dardanelles campaign (1915), 109, 208
Darling, Sir Charles, 251
Defence of the Realm Act, 237
Dejerine, Jules-Joseph, 86, 267, 338–9
Delville Wood, 3–6, 12, 16, 114, 170, 194, 195–7, 210, 213, 232, 328, 349
Dent, Brigadier, 241
Dent, Robert, 296–7
Derby, Lord, 30–1
Devonshire battalions, 141, 348–9
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (American Psychiatric Association), 315, 316, 317
Diggle, Major, 153, 154
Directorate of Graves Registration, 344
Dorsetshire Regiment, 274, 347
Dunlop, Private Athol, 223
Earp, Private Arthur, 240–1, 251
East Yorkshire Regiment, 32
eastern front, 72, 106, 122
Edinburgh City Battalions, 138
educational system, 51–2, 54–5, 65; public schools, 40, 51, 52, 53, 65–6, 124
Egypt, 1, 22–3, 67, 209
electoral franchise, 311–12
electric shock therapy, 86, 268–70, 304, 339–40, 341
Elliott, Colonel, 217
epilepsy, 79, 85, 258, 338
Essex Regiment, 137
Ex-Services Welfare Society (ESWS), 299–300, 320–1
Falkenhayn, Field Marshal Erich von, 73, 112, 115
Falklands War (1982), 317–18, 321
Fanshawe, Major-General, 241
Farr, Henry, 247–9, 251, 253–4
Fayerbrother, Bombardier Harry, 100
Fayolle, General Marie-Emile, 116, 140, 225
fear, 88, 98–9, 139, 185–6, 189–91, 241, 263, 272–3, 288; as constant in Great War, 188–9; repression of, 103, 265–6
Fenton, Roger, 335
Flanders, 72–3, 112, 207, 210
Flers-Courcelette, Battle of (September 1916), 226–9, 248, 348
Foch, General Ferdinand, 115–16, 119
France, 21, 22, 71–2, 85–6, 338
French, Sir John, 70, 71–2, 110, 236–7
French army, 56, 62, 71, 72, 74, 108; Ecole Supérieure de Guerre, 115, 116; executions of soldiers, 254–5; role at Somme, 114, 115–16, 120, 139–40, 225, 228, 230; and shell shock, 338, 339–40; Sixth Army, 116, 139–40, 225; use of electric shock therapy, 339–40; War Office discussions with (from 1906), 22, 24–5, 50
Freud, Sigmund, 86, 265, 267, 273, 342
Fricourt village, 114, 141, 192
Fromelles, 210–11, 349
Fuller, Colonel, 102, 243
Fulwood Barracks, Preston, 46
Furse, Major-General William, 2, 192
Gallipoli landings (1915), 109, 110, 137, 208–9, 210, 221, 223, 224, 227
Gameson, Lieutenant, 291–2
George V, King, 207
German army, 11, 70–1, 72–3, 112, 135, 215, 216–17, 232; atrocity stories, 33, 34; on eastern front, 72, 106, 122; executions of soldiers, 254, 255; first use of poison gas, 108; invasion of Belgium (August 1914), 21, 45; Kriegsneurosen (war neuroses), 61; Pozières bombardments, 215–16, 217–18, 219, 221, 223, 224; and shell shock, 338, 340–1; shell shock casualty figures, 331, 340; size of, 27, 62; use of electric shock therapy, 268–9, 341
Gill, Max, 345
Gladden, Private Norman, 191
Glasgow, 28, 154
Gloucester Regiment, 131, 172, 222
Gommecourt No. 2 Cemetery, 345–6
Gommecourt woods, 114, 121, 139, 170, 182–4, 190, 346
Goodwin, Lieutenant-General Sir John, 93–4, 101–2
Gough, Lieutenant-General Sir Hubert, 118, 171, 178–9, 180–1, 211, 212, 228, 230
Grant, Second Lieutenant Ian, 133
Graves, Robert, 70, 235; Goodbye to All That (1929), 310–11
Grayling, Christopher, 320
Great War: Allied joint-attack plans (for 1916), 109, 112; American entry, 232, 283–4; battles of 1918 as more mobile, 282, 284; casualties at all levels of society, 200–1; centenary commemorations, 13; mass response in early weeks, 17; outbreak of, 21–2; ‘race to the sea’ (autumn 1914), 72–3, 77; ‘Retreat from Mons’ (August 1914), 71, 73–4, 239; Sassoon’s ‘Soldier’s Declaration’ (1917), 275–6; scholarly thinking on, 14; stalemate in west, 75–6, 77, 95, 106; traditional and outdated interpretations, 13–14; see also trench warfare
Grenadier Guards, 335
Grimsby Chums, 138
Guards Division, 227
Guillan, Georges, 339
Guillemont, 213, 225, 328
Gulf War (February 1981), 318, 321
Haddon, Alfred, 80
Haig, General Sir Douglas: and Australian Divisions, 213, 218, 223; becomes commander-in-chief (1916), 110–11, 237; character and background of, 57–8, 110–11, 120; complex role/brief of, 111–12; and death sentences, 237, 240–1, 242–3, 246, 250–1; inspects South African Brigade, 1–2; and New Army, 123, 124; and new technologies, 57–8, 108, 226–7; and planning for Somme offensive, 112, 113, 117–20, 129; and politicians in London, 111–12, 120, 201; and post-war pension system, 300–1, 313; and Rawlinson, 11, 118–20, 121, 122–3, 169, 192–3; sends generals home in disgrace, 170–1, 194, 228; splits Fourth Army, 171; strategy and tactics, 11, 57, 117–20, 122–4, 192–3, 218, 223, 224–6, 230–1; thoughts on the eve of Somme, 129; and trench raids, 155–6
Haking, Lieutenant-General Sir Richard, 210
Haldane, Richard Burton, 49–50, 56, 57, 59, 110
Hamilton, General Sir Ian, 208
Hampshire Regiment, 246–7
Harris, Captain, 216
Hart, Bernard, 190
Hawthorn Redoubt, 137, 138
Headley Court, Surrey, 319, 323
Help for Heroes, 322, 323
Hepburn, Cole and Ross of Bermondsey, 62
Herbert, A.P., The Secret Battle (1919), 307–8
Herodotus, 333
High Wood, 114, 193, 194, 197, 213, 225, 228, 349
Highgate, Private Thomas, 239
Highland troops, 4, 37, 154, 159, 161–2, 222, 230, 346
Hindenburg Line, 343
Hofer, Johannes, 334
Holland, Sydney, Lord Knutsford, 257–8
Holmes, Dr Gordon, 203, 204, 259, 280
Homer, Iliad, 333
Homes of Recovery, 280
Horne, Lieutenant-General Henry, 83, 101, 141, 193, 194
Horton, Lance Corporal, 212–13
Hospital for Epilepsy and Paralysis, Maida Vale, 258
hospitals, private charitable, 74, 79, 80–1
Howard, Charles, 133
Hubbard, Private Arthur, 182–5, 190, 346
Hughes, William Morris, 209
Hull, 32, 136
Hunter-Weston, Lieutenant-General Sir Aylmer, 137, 241–2, 247
Hurst, Dr Arthur, 271–2
hypnosis, 85, 86, 92, 203, 264–5, 338, 341
hysteria, 90, 98, 99, 134, 255, 303; derivation of word, 85–6; French expertise on, 86, 338–9, 340; gas hysteria, 191; German view of, 338, 340–1; ‘Shell Shock S’ class, 103–4; see also symptoms of shell shock/hysteria
Imperial General Staff, 50; Chief of (CIGS), 50, 55, 109–10
Imperial War Museum, 233
Indian Army, 1, 11, 23, 25, 57, 64, 142–3, 152, 193, 207
Ingouville-Williams, Major-General Edward, 138
Iraq conflict (2003-11), 319, 321–2
Ireland, 21; Irish regiments, 66, 168, 169; Ulster province, 37–8, 66, 158, 167–8, 169, 200, 249, 346–7
Italy, 109
Jacka, Lieutenant Albert, 221
Japanese military forces, 53
Jardine, Brigadier J.B., 153, 161, 162, 172, 174, 175, 177, 178
Joffre, General Joseph ‘Papa’, 71–2, 112, 113
Johnson, William, 206
Jones, Charles, 46
Jones, Edgar, Shell Shock to PTSD, 329–30
Jung, Carl, 265, 267
Kaufmann, Dr Fritz, 268–9
Kaufmann, Max, 341
Kentish, Brigadier Reginald John, 12–13, 16
Keogh, Sir Alfred, 59–60, 204
Kiggell, Brigadier Sir Lancelot, 56
King George V Hospital, Dublin, 258
King’s Centre for Military Health Research, 318, 329–30
King’s Own Yorkshire Light Infantry (KOYLI), 154, 162
Kipling, John, 66
Kipling, Rudyard, 42, 345
Kirkwood, Lieutenant George Notman, 156–7, 158, 172, 173, 176–7, 178, 179–80, 204–5
Kitchener, Field Marshal Earl, 22–5, 71–2, 75, 111, 208; distrust of Territorials, 26, 40, 70; new recruiting drive (late August 1914), 28–9, 30–40, 41; ‘Your Country Needs You’ poster, 35; see also New Army, Kitchener’s
Kluck, General von, 70
Knox, Major-General Sir Walter, 69
Korean War, 315
Kubrick, Stanley, Paths of Glory (1957 film), 254
La Boiselle village, 114, 138, 192, 348
La Pitié Hospital, Paris, 86
Labour battalions, 241–2, 244
Labour Party, 250, 252–3
Laing, Donald, 289
Lancashire regiments, 46, 98, 138–9, 288, 346
Lawson, Captain Cuthbert, 127
Le Cateau, Battle of (August 1914), 11, 27, 71, 75
Le Touquet, 74, 79, 80–1
Lee Enfield rifle, 50, 63, 71
Leeds Pals battalion, 127, 136
Leete, Alfred, 35
Legge, Major-General, 218
Leipzig Redoubt or Salient, 154–5, 158, 159, 161, 162, 164, 168, 169, 177, 222, 347
Leishman, Sir William, 60
Léri, Prof. André, 339
Lewis gun, 55–6
Liberal Party government, 21, 94–5, 108
Lisle, Major-General Henry de, 137
literature, 277; ‘shell shock novels’, 306–9; war poetry, 277–9, 310; wartime memoirs, 309–11
Liverpool Pals Battalions, 30–1, 140
Lloyd George, David, 24, 41, 108, 251, 290
Lochnagar Crater, 138, 348
logistics and supply, 121–2
Lomax, Montagu, 297–8
London Hospital, 257
London Opinion (magazine), 35
London Regiment, 182–5
London University, Faculty of Medicine, 59
Longueval, 192, 232, 349
Lonsdale, Hugh Cecil Lowther, 5th Earl of, 38–9, 48–9, 66, 152
the Lonsdales (11th Battalion The Border Regiment), 39–40, 48–9, 66–8, 152–7, 329; abandoned assault (10 July 1916), 172–81; Kirkwood as MO, 156–7, 158, 172, 173–4, 176–7, 178, 179–80, 204–5; Lonsdale Cemetery, 347; reprimand (17 July 1916), 181, 182, 256; return to front-line combat (November 1916), 230–1; at the Somme, 159–61, 162–7, 171–81, 347
Loos, Battle of (September 1915), 10, 108, 110, 119, 124, 132, 144
Lowton, Private George, 245–6
Lucretius, 333
Lutyens, Sir Edwin, 345, 347
Machell, Lieutenant-Colonel Percy Wilfred, 66–8, 152, 153–4, 158, 159–60, 162, 179, 347; death of, 164, 165–7, 177, 231
86th Machine Gun Company, 200
machine guns, 50, 55, 74; German at Somme, 130, 131, 132, 135–6, 138–9, 143, 144, 150, 158–9, 160, 164, 168; light, 55–6
Macmillan, Harold, 48, 69, 325
Maghull Hospital, Liverpool, 258, 265–7
Major, John, 254
malingering: detection of, 87, 91, 96, 99; fear of, 15, 91, 100, 150, 191, 202, 204, 293–4
Malins, Geoffrey, 138–9, 346
Mametz village and woods, 2, 114, 141, 170, 194–5, 348–9
Manchester, 27, 28; Pals battalions, 31, 33–4, 127, 140, 141
Manchester University, 85, 267
Manning, Frederic, Her Private We (1930), 310
the Marne, Battle of (September 1914), 71–2, 110
Maudsley Hospital, south London, 87–8, 92–3, 100–1, 258, 268, 295, 306
Maxse, Brigadier Ivor, 64, 140, 228–9
May, Charlie Campbell, 127, 130, 141
McCubbin, Private Bert, 245–6
McDougall, William, 80
medical aid positions: advanced dressing stations, 4, 6, 73, 95–6, 100, 146–7, 167, 176–7, 198–9, 282, 284; field ambulance units, 6–10, 25, 60, 97, 121, 146–7, 167, 198–200, 291; hierarchy of, 95–6; regimental aid posts, 60, 73, 91, 95–9, 146–7, 156, 221, 262, 291, 325–6; see also base hospitals; Casualty Clearing Stations (CCSs)
medical officers (MOs), 6–10, 15–16, 74, 77–9, 147, 198–9, 201–2, 262; at base hospitals, 16, 88, 92, 180, 205, 238; at Casualty Clearing Stations (CCSs), 146, 148–9; deaths of during war, 96; and Holmes’ new tougher line, 204–5; Kirkwood as MO of Lonsdales, 156–7, 158, 172, 173–4, 176–7, 178, 179–80, 204–5; and levels of battalion shell shock, 101–2, 243; and malingerers, 91; at military tribunals/courts martial, 237; and new classification system, 280–1; recruitment of, 60; role of in battalion, 96–7; specialist, 99, 203; see also Wilson, Charles
memorials and cemeteries, 233, 254, 343–9
mental illness: Edwardian attitudes to, 61, 83–4; ex-soldiers in asylums post-war, 298–9; and heredity, 84, 87, 92–3, 295, 325; mental asylums, 61, 83–4, 85, 87, 297–9, 305; and military discipline/law, 87, 234, 238–43, 245–6, 247–52, 253–4, 255–6, 325; perceived as weakness or deficiency, 61, 84, 91, 234, 325; post-war developments in treatment, 305–6, 325–6; and social class, 83, 84–5, 93, 99; trauma as difficult issue to define, 322; treatment in Europe, 85–6, 338–41; see also hysteria; shell shock
Milestone, Lewis, 310
military law: British Army Act, 235, 252, 254; death sentences, 237, 239, 240–1, 242, 246, 247, 250–3; executions, 237, 239, 240, 242–3, 246, 247, 248–9, 251, 253–4, 255–6, 308; families of executed men, 249; Field General Court Martial, 236; Field Punishments, 235; as harsh and summary, 313; military tribunals/courts martial, 236–41, 247, 251–2, 253–4, 303; posthumous pardons granted (2006), 254; public debate on executing of soldiers, 249–53; purpose of, 234–5; removal of death penalty (1930), 252–3
military medicine see army medical services
Military Surgeon (journal), 337
Millbank, Royal Army Medical College, 59, 60
Ministry of Labour, 294
Ministry of Munitions, 63, 108
Ministry of Pensions, 290, 294, 297, 298, 300
Moltke, General Helmuth von, 71
Monro, General Sir Charles, 245, 246
Mons, Battle of (August 1914), 27–8, 32–3, 71, 75, 110, 239
Montague, C.E., 47
Montagu-Stuart-Wortley, General the Hon. Edward, 170, 171
Montauban village, 140–1
Montgomery, Major-General Sir Archibald Arma
r, 10–12, 221–2
Moore, Arthur, 28
Morland, Lieutenant-General Sir Thomas, 178
Mott, Frederick, 87–8, 89, 92–3, 206, 268
Mottram, Ralph, 45
Mouquet Farm, 159–60, 218, 221, 222, 223, 224, 225
Munston, George, 289
Murray, Lieutenant-Colonel, 51–2
Myers, Dr Charles Samuel, 79–81, 87, 99, 104–5, 266, 303; as ‘Consulting Psychologist’ to the army, 202, 234, 262; shell shock treatment/approach, 89, 90, 91–3, 97–8, 202–4, 234, 262, 264–5; and specialist centres, 97–8, 202–3; use of hypnosis, 264–5; use of term ‘shell shock’, 81, 83, 89, 91
Nab Valley, Authuille, 158, 159, 164, 222, 347
Napoleonic Wars, 334
National Health Service, 287, 323
National Hospital for the Paralysed and Epileptic, London, 79, 84, 258, 266, 269–71
Netley, Royal Victoria Hospital, 59, 87, 258, 271
neurasthenia, 93, 250, 305, 331, 336; ‘Aviators’ Neurasthenia’, 277; class based diagnosis, 84, 90; and officers, 90, 99, 104, 272–5, 278, 292; post-war medical boards, 294–5, 296, 300–1; as shell shock category, 104, 144–5, 205, 272–5, 277, 278, 283, 292–3, 328, 329; as standard post-war term, 292–3
neurologists, 14, 79, 87, 203, 206, 238, 283, 284, 340; French, 85–6, 338–9; German, 268–9; Harley Street, 83, 84, 305; see also Myers, Dr Charles Samuel
Neuve Chapelle attack (1915), 107, 110
New Army, Kitchener’s, 17, 25, 26, 28–9, 30–40, 41–4, 63–4, 69–70, 93–4; arrivals in France, 105, 123–4; as citizen army, 14, 44, 95, 123, 151, 186, 192, 235, 250, 311, 313; courage and heroism, 192; massacre of on first day of Somme, 130, 164–9; officers, 123–4; senior officers’ scepticism about, 105, 123, 313; and the Somme, 123–5, 231; see also recruitment
New Zealand troops, 1, 23, 109, 207, 208–10, 227–8, 229, 255; Memorial, 349
Newfoundland Memorial Park, Beaumont-Hamel, 346
Newfoundlanders, 137, 210, 346
Nicholson, General Sir William, 55, 56
Nightingale, Florence, 59
No Man’s Land, 12, 17, 81, 107, 114; assault troops in, 161–2; British walk across on 1st July, 124, 126, 133; jumping-off trenches (saps), 218–19, 220; listening posts in, 245, 246; local truces for collection of wounded, 147–8
Nonne, Max, 341
Northern Ireland ‘Troubles’, 321
Northumberland Fusiliers, 31–2, 191
Nunburnholme, Lord, 32
occupational therapy, 267, 268, 280, 282
officers: at Craiglockhart, 273–5, 276–9, 296; ‘dug-outs’, 64, 66–7; from empire, 64; executions of, 242–3; and levels of battalion shell shock, 101–2, 243; modernity vs tradition, 50–2, 53, 54, 56, 58; New Army, 123–4; Officer Training Corps (OTCs), 65–6, 124, 152; senior officers’ class contempt, 69–70; shortages of, 63–5, 66, 68; and social class, 51–2, 65–70, 89–90, 93, 99, 272; training of, 11, 51, 55; views on strategy and tactics, 12–13, 55, 56, 222