Official Histories, 125, 129, 145, 161, 196–7, 210–11, 228, 331, 351; Australian, 213, 217, 224, 255, 351; of the Medical Services, 144, 145–6, 201–2, 260, 281, 283, 293, 331; and shell shock casualty figures, 328
Oldman, Brigadier, 244–5
Oppenheim, Hermann, 340
Outhwaite, Robert, 250
Ovillers village, 114, 137
Owen, Wilfred, 277–9
Palace Green Hospital, Kensington, 257–8
Palmer, Captain, 171, 172–3, 175, 176, 179
Pals battalions, 17, 30–6, 37–40, 41–4, 48–9, 127, 197–8, 244–5; arrivals in France, 105, 123–4, 153; collective grief in home areas, 200; collective grief over casualties, 200–1; massacre of on first day of Somme, 130, 136, 138, 144, 164–9; officer recruitment, 64, 65–7, 152; Sheffield Memorial Park, 346; in southern Somme sector, 140–1
Paris, 71, 72, 85–6
Pear, Tom, 82–3, 89, 267, 305
pension system, post-war, 18, 249, 285, 290–7, 298–302, 305, 312, 313
Pétain, General Philippe, 112
Pheasant Wood Cemetery, Fromelles, 349
Philips, Major-General Ivor, 194
Pilcher, Major-General Thomas, 170–1
poison gas, 15, 108, 126, 190–1, 212, 247
Poole, Eric Skeffington, 242, 251
post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), 14, 16, 18, 316–18, 321–4
Poulteney, General, 124
Pozières village, 114, 211–21, 223, 224, 233, 348
press and newspapers, 91, 94, 95, 111, 150–1, 224
psychiatrists, 61, 83–4, 305–6, 315, 328, 340
psychiatry, military, 14, 61, 98, 262, 306, 315, 317, 324–5, 338–42
psychoanalysis, 86, 265–6, 304
psychologists, 16, 80, 82–3, 99, 202–3, 265–7
psychotherapy, 85, 99, 202, 203, 266, 267, 304, 338–9
Pulteney, Lieutenant-General Sir William, 137
Quarry Bank House, Liverpool, 258
Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Birmingham., 319
Queensbury, Marquess of, 38
‘railway spine’, 336
Rawlinson, General Sir Henry, 120, 126, 134, 142–3, 150, 155–6, 161, 171, 193; background of, 11, 116–17; ‘bite and hold’ strategy, 117, 118, 119–20, 169; and Flers-Courcelette, 226; and Haig, 11, 118–20, 121, 122–3, 169, 192–3; and Montgomery, 10–12, 221; and New Army, 123, 124, 192; thoughts on the eve of Somme, 128–9
Raws, Lieutenant John Alexander, 219–20, 223
Recalled to Life (magazine), 301
recruitment: army’s lack of planning for, 45–6, 62; in Australia, 209; and civic pride, 29, 33, 36; decline (from late 1914), 42–3; local nature of, 29, 30–2, 33–4, 36, 37–40; Parliamentary Recruiting Committee, 28–9; rallies, 34; recruitment fever (from late August 1914), 28–9, 30–6, 37–40, 43–4; in rural areas, 36, 39; as slow in early days of war, 26–7; and social class, 30, 31, 32, 36, 37, 39–40, 41, 64–8; white feathers, 34; ‘Your Country Needs You’ poster, 35
Rees, Brigadier, 247
Remarque, Erich Maria, All Quiet on the Western Front (1929), 310
Repington, Colonel Charles à Court, 22–3
Representation of the People Act (1918), 311, 312
Richards, Captain R.L., 337
Ridsdale, Private Frank, 146–7
Rifle Brigade, 244, 299
Rivers, William Halse, 80, 266–7, 273, 274, 275, 276–7
Robertson, Sir William, 109–10, 124, 201
Roe, Captain Carden, 147
Rogers, Lieutenant-Colonel, 15–16, 97, 191, 243
Ross, Lieutenant, 171, 173, 174, 175–6
Rows, Dr Ronald, 265–6
Royal Army Medical Corps (RAMC), 58–61, 104, 265, 267, 273, 336–7; and horse-drawn ambulances, 73–4; and Kirkwood’s dismissal, 179–80, 204–5; lack of expertise in psychiatric medicine, 61, 79, 87; and private charitable hospitals, 74, 79, 80–1; and scale of Somme casualties, 146–7, 149
Royal Artillery, 11
Royal Engineers, 23
Royal Flying Corps (RFC), 56–7, 277
Royal Fusiliers, 77, 98–9, 259–60
Royal Inniskilling Fusiliers, 168, 169
Royal Irish Fusiliers, 147
Royal Irish Rifles, 168, 169
Royal Small Arms Factory, Enfield, 63
Royal Sussex Regiment, 46
Royal Victoria Hospital, Edinburgh, 258
Royal Warwickshire Regiment, 197–8, 240–2
Royal Welch Fusiliers, 275
Rupprecht, Crown Prince of Bavaria, 232
Russian army, 62, 72, 106, 122
Russo-Japanese War (1904-5), 53, 61, 76, 161, 337
Rycroft, Major-General Sir William Henry, 153, 175, 178, 181
Salford, 48
Salmon, Dr Thomas, 284
Salpetrière Hospital, Paris, 85–6, 338–9
Sandhurst, Royal Military College, 51
sanitation, 7, 46, 59, 60
Sassoon, Siegfried, 69, 275–6, 277, 278, 310
Sayers, Dorothy, 308–9
Schlieffen Plan, 21, 71
Schwaben Redoubt, 159, 168, 169, 228–9, 346
science, 50, 51–2, 54–5, 56, 59
Scorsese, Martin, Taxi Driver (1976), 316
Scottish troops, 2, 37, 66, 154, 192, 228, 250; Highland units, 4, 37, 154, 159, 161–2, 222, 230, 346
Seale Hayne, Devon, 271–2
Second World War, 315, 324, 330
Secretary of War position, 22–5
Serre village, 114, 131, 133, 136, 230, 346
Shakespeare, William, Henry IV Part 1, 333–4
Shankill district, West Belfast, 200
Shaw, Tom, 253
Sheffield City Pals (12th Yorks and Lancs), 32, 48, 62, 136, 200, 346
shell shock: in Australian Divisions, 216, 217–18, 219–20, 221, 224, 329; banning of term, 280–1, 304, 331; blamed on New Army, 93–4; cases emerging after war, 293, 296, 297; as contagious, 13, 15, 99–102, 150, 151, 243–4; and deaths of others, 191–2; descriptions of by victims, 16, 103, 183–4, 190; descriptions of by witnesses, 4–5, 7–10, 16, 77–9, 198–9, 217–18, 297–8; early cases, 77–9, 81, 325–6; early medical discussion over, 14, 17, 83; ‘epidemic’ during Somme, 15, 18–19, 144–6, 150–1, 200, 206, 242–4, 327–31; families of patients, 287–9, 299, 300, 306–7; films of patients, 271–2; first use of the term, 81–2; before First World War, 333–7; at Gallipoli, 208; Holmes’ new tougher line, 203, 204–5; as ill-chosen/inadequate term, 89, 206, 303–4; and levels of morale/leadership, 100, 101–2, 151, 175, 177, 243–6, 304, 331–2; and the Lonsdales, 157–8, 172–81; in memoirs and novels, 306–11; mild cases, 7–8, 96–8, 198, 258–9, 260; Myers’ treatment/approach, 89, 90, 91–3, 97–8, 202–4, 234, 262, 264–5; new classification system, 280–2, 331; NYDN (’Not Yet Diagnosed Nervous’) term, 281, 283, 328, 331; in other First World War armies, 134–5, 338–42; patients in lunatic asylums, 297–9; patients retained in ‘Army areas’, 97–8, 261–2, 265, 282, 283, 284, 304, 339, 341; physical factors, 81–2, 88–9, 103, 204, 205, 339, 340; and post-war life, 18, 285, 287–306, 312–13; and previous nervous conditions, 88, 92–3, 104, 291, 292, 294–6; problem of ‘wastage’, 19, 146, 150, 179, 180, 201–2, 206, 221, 280, 284–5, 331; prolonged exposure to intense fire, 13, 17, 79, 82–3, 88–9, 189–90, 195–7, 216–18, 221, 240, 245, 278; public sympathy for victims, 91, 94, 95; ratio of officers to men, 279–80; and recklessness, 196; rest treatment for, 96–7, 99, 198, 204, 205, 258–60, 283; segregation of patients from rest of wounded, 100–1; social-class based distinctions, 89–90, 93, 104, 306–7; ‘soft’ or ‘hard’ medical line on, 90–2, 202–5, 261–2; and soldiers buried alive, 190, 191, 216, 219, 242, 245, 278; as symbol or metaphor, 14; and tank crews, 227; victims evacuated to Britain, 78, 87–8, 93, 99, 104, 182–5, 202, 261, 265; ‘W’ and ‘S’ categories, 103–5, 144–5, 205, 281, 282, 291–2, 327–8; and will power, 260, 269; see also hysteria; neurastheni
a; symptoms of shell shock/hysteria
Shephard, Ben, 328
Sherriff, R.C., 65
shipbuilding, 63
Sim, Alastair, 308
Sloggett, Lieutenant-General Sir Arthur, 149, 180, 202, 203
Smith, Grafton Elliot, 89, 267, 305
Smith-Dorrien, General Horace, 75
Snowden, Philip, 250
Soltau, Colonel, 200
Somervell, Howard, 148–9
the Somme, Battle of (July-November 1916): Albert-Bapaume road, 113–14, 119, 139, 211, 228; Allied advances in southern sector, 2, 139–41, 142–3, 192–4, 348–9; Allied success on 14 July, 193–4; Australian assault at Pozières, 211–21, 223, 224; and autumn/winter weather, 229–31, 232–3; Battle of Flers-Courcelette (September 1916), 226–9, 248; Battle of the Ancre Heights (November 1916), 230–1, 232–3; battlefield today, 343–9; British walk across No Man’s Land, 124, 126, 133, 136; British/French successes on first day, 2, 139–41, 142, 348–9; detonating of mines before start of, 137, 138, 348; diversionary attack at Gommecourt, 120–1, 139, 170, 182–4, 190; end of, 231–3; equipment carried by soldiers, 125–6, 131; eve of, 127–9, 159–61; filming of, 138–9, 346; German barbed wire, 118, 126, 130, 132, 133, 138, 156, 160; German defensive lines, 114–15, 130, 134–5, 143, 158–9; German machine guns at, 130, 131, 132, 135–6, 138–9, 143, 144, 158–9, 160, 164, 168; Haig’s late change of plan, 122–3; military tribunals/courts martial, 240–1, 242–3; planning for, 112, 113–14, 117–22, 124–5; popular view of, 231; recent views of as important/necessary, 231–2; Saturday 1 July, 2, 17, 129–30, 131–2, 135–40, 142–4, 161–8; shell shock ‘epidemic’ during, 15, 18–19, 144–6, 150–1, 200, 206, 242–4, 327–31; terrain and landscape, 113–15, 118, 211–12; third major offensive of, 213–21, 222–4; trench raids in lead-up to, 155–6
South African Brigade, 1–6, 195–7, 207, 210, 349
South African Memorial, 349
Southborough, Lord, 251, 302–3
Springfield War Hospital, Wandsworth, 258
St Bartholomew’s Hospital, London, 74, 80, 266
St John’s Ambulance Association, 74
St Mihiel, battle of (September 1918), 341
Stagg, Leonard, 200
Steadman, Captain Frederick St John, 6–10, 16, 198–200
Steinbrecher, Friedrich, 225
Stockbrokers’ Battalion (10th Battalion Royal Fusiliers), 30
Stopford, Lieutenant-General Sir Frederick, 208
storm troops, 124
strategy and tactics, 12–13, 55, 56, 222; downwards delegation of decision making, 120; Field Service Regulations, 57, 110; German Quadrilateral, 227; and Haig, 11, 57, 117–20, 122–4, 192–3, 218, 223, 224–6, 230–1; lessons learned at Somme, 232; planning for Somme, 112, 113–14, 117–22, 124–5; Rawlinson’s ‘bite and hold’., 117, 118, 119–20, 169; rigidity at the Somme, 125, 142–3, 222; at the Somme, 11–13, 125, 142–3, 222, 224–5; ‘straightening the line’, 172–3, 214, 225
Stubbs, Colonel, 243–4
Styles, Rifleman Albert, 299
Sudan War (1898), 23, 57, 67
symptoms of shell shock/hysteria, 4–5, 7–10, 78–9, 218, 260–1, 262–4, 272, 297–8; blindness, 89, 100, 199, 316, 335; deafness, 89, 100, 316, 335; nightmares, 9–10, 90, 184, 199, 265, 276, 278, 288; officers’ neurasthenia, 90; paralysis, 78, 79, 86, 89, 100, 264, 269, 316, 326, 335, 336, 339, 340; speech loss, 92, 199, 259, 261, 269, 270; tremors and shakes, 78, 100, 221, 261, 264, 270, 272, 288, 316, 325
syphilis, 298
tanks, 226–7, 228, 348
Tannenberg, Battle of (August 1914), 72
Tavistock Clinic, London, 305–6
technological change, 50, 52–3; aeroplanes, 50, 54, 55, 56, 58; army attitudes to, 50–1, 52, 53, 55–8, 61; first use of tanks (September 1916), 226–7, 228, 348; and Haig, 57–8, 108, 226–7; H.G. Wells on, 53–4, 55
Territorial divisions, 25–6, 30, 33, 40, 41, 70; civilian medical consultants, 60, 79; Haldane’s regrouping of, 50; regulars’ disdain for, 94; at the Somme, 121, 123, 144
textile companies, 62
Thiepval Memorial, 347
Thiepval ridge, 113–15, 117, 118, 143, 158–9, 170, 211–21
Thiepval village, 114, 158–9, 160, 168, 225, 228
Thorne, Lieutenant-Colonel Atwood, 268
Thurtle, Ernest, 252, 253
Tisdall, Claire, 100–1
training, 30, 31, 32, 33, 38, 42, 48–9, 64, 67, 68, 105; bottlenecks and chaos in camps, 42, 44, 45–7; drilling, marching and ‘square bashing’, 39, 42, 45, 47, 48, 49, 153; for senior leadership, 11, 51–2, 55; shortages of equipment and weapons, 45–6, 47, 49, 62, 63; Territorial divisions, 25, 26; for trench warfare, 1
trench foot, 96
trench warfare, 1, 3, 17, 54, 82, 95, 153–4; beginning of, 72–3, 75–6, 77; burying parties, 172; deep German dugouts, 106, 114, 130, 132, 134–5, 156; extreme stresses of, 3–4, 17, 82–3, 189–90; German defensive lines, 72–3, 106, 114–15, 130, 134, 143; routines of, 106–7, 154; trench raids, 155–6, 210, 247; and wet weather, 229, 232–3; see also No Man’s Land
Trones Wood, 170, 194
Turkey, 109, 208
Turner, Dr Aldren, 79, 84
Tyneside Pioneers, 31–2, 138, 200
typhoid, 59, 60
Tyrrell, William, 185, 189
U-boat warfare, 232
36th (Ulster) Division, 38, 66, 158, 167–8, 169, 249, 346–7
Ulster Memorial Tower, 346–7
Ulster Unionists, 37–8
Ulster Volunteer Force (UVF), 37–8, 167
uniforms, 38, 39, 336; Khaki, 62, 152; shortages of, 45, 47, 62, 152
United States, 232, 283–5, 315–17, 318, 341–2
University College Hospital, London, 190
urbanisation, 29–30
Verdun, Battle of (1916), 112–13, 117, 122, 140, 141, 215
veterans, disabled, 289–90; charities supporting, 320–1, 323–4, 351; and delayed mental problems, 293, 296, 297, 315; post-war pension system, 18, 249, 285, 290–7, 298–302, 305, 312, 313; post-WW1 neglect of, 300, 312; problems faced by, 315–25; reintegration into civilian life, 319–24
Vickers Limited, 63
Vickers-Maxim machine gun, 50, 55
Victoria Battalions, 219, 221
Vietnam War, 315–17, 324
Vincent, Dr Clovis, 339–40
Voluntary Aid Detachment (VAD) nurses, 43
Walker, General, 212
Walton, Lance Sergeant William, 239–40, 251
War Office Committee of Enquiry into ‘Shell Shock’, 99–100, 101, 102–3, 200, 204, 206, 243–4, 251–2, 303–4, 327, 332, 333
Ward, Private George, 239
Ware, Fabian, 344
Warloy-Baillon Communal Cemetery, near Albert, 347
Waterloo, Battle of (1815), 10, 144
Welbeck Rangers (17th Sherwood Foresters), 244–6
welfare state, 95
Wellington, 1st Duke of, 41
Wells, H.G., 55; Anticipations (1902), 53–4
West, Rebecca, The Return of the Soldier (1918), 306–7
West Kents, 239
West Yorkshires, 141, 242, 247–9
Westmann, Stephan, 134–5
Westminster, Duchess of, 74, 79, 80–1
Whittle, Private, 239
Wilhelm, Crown Prince, 112
Wilson, Charles, 98–9, 185–6, 188–9, 190, 259–60, 286–7; and post-war Committee of Enquiry, 99–100
Wilson, General Sir Henry, 70, 73
Wiltshire, Harold, 88
Wolseley, Field Marshal Lord, 50–1
women: electoral status of, 311–12; in nursing organisations, 43, 146, 324; volunteers, 43, 312, 324; and war work, 36, 43, 312, 324; and white feathers, 34; Women’s Land Army, 43
Woolf, Virginia, Mrs Dalloway (1925), 308
Woolwich, Royal Arsenal, 63
Workmen’s Compensation Act (1897), 94
wounded men, 3, 4, 6, 7–10, 73–4, 146–9, 195; con
ventional military thinking on, 86–7; evacuations from front line, 73, 95–6, 99, 149, 261, 282; evacuations to Britain, 78, 87–8, 93, 99, 104, 149, 182–5, 202, 261, 265; local truces for collection from No Man’s Land, 147–8; see also veterans, disabled
Yealland, Lewis, 269–71
Ypres, 72, 112, 158, 247; First Battle of (October-November 1914), 72, 75, 79, 110, 239; Second Battle of (spring 1915), 103, 108; Third Battle of (Passchendaele) (1917), 281, 282
About the Author
Taylor Downing is an award-winning television producer and historian. He was educated at Latymer Upper School and read History at Christ’s College, Cambridge. He went on to become managing director and head of history at Flashback Television, a leading independent production company. His most recent books include the bestselling Cold War (with Jeremy Isaacs), Secret Warriors, Night Raid, The World at War, Olympia, Spies in the Sky and Churchill’s War Lab.