Massachusetts Bay Colony, xxvii, 39, 77
materialism, 202, 225
matrilineage, 194, 248
matzo, 16, 74, 147–48, 188
Maximilian I, Emperor of Mexico, 171
May, Max, 94
Mayer, Maurice, 141
“May Laws” (1882), 240
meat, 15, 16, 69, 70, 115, 123, 126, 148, 211, 212, 244
Mecklenburg-Schwerin, 134
mehitzah (partition), xviii
“melting pot,” 259
Melville, Herman, 201
Memminger, Christopher G., 57
Mendelsohn, Adam, 172
Mendelssohn, Moses, xii, 44, 88, 130, 135, 237–38
Mendes, Abraham Pereira, 241
Mendes, Henry Pereira, 241–42
menorahs, 213–14
menstruation, 187
Merchant of Venice, The (Shakespeare), 39
Merzbacher, Leo, xiv, 84, 133, 185–86, 191–92, 204
“Merzbacher prayer book,” xiv, 185–86, 204
Messiah, xviii, xxv, xxvi, 31–33, 53, 57, 60, 90, 93, 104–16, 128, 129, 137, 152, 159, 167, 170, 177, 178, 183, 189, 193, 195, 198, 226, 234, 255, 261–65
Methodists, 45, 78, 198
Mexico, 171
Meyer, Michael, 93, 125, 130
mezuzahs, xviii, xix, 187, 223–24
Micah, 109, 250
Michelangelo, 196
Michelbacher, Maxmilian J., 147
Middle Ages, 63
Middle East, 193, 223, 250–53
mikveh (ritual bath), xix, 16, 55, 75, 115, 187
Mikveh Israel, 7, 9, 10, 14, 27, 121, 125, 156
Milton, John, 35, 192
minhag (custom or rite), xix
Minhag America (American Custom), xiii, 99, 128, 133, 137–39, 176–77, 191, 194–97, 248
Minhag Sepharad (Sephardic Custom), 26
ministers, 11, 77, 100, 149, 208–9, 238
minyan (quorum), xix, 85
miracles, xxxii, 80, 109, 110, 130, 131, 139, 201, 205
Mishna (compendium of laws), xx, 219–20
missionaries, 38–39, 70, 71, 79, 121–22, 139, 244
Mississippi, 150
mitzvah (commandment), xix
mitzvot (honors), 176
Moabites, 109
Modern Orthodox Jews, 262, 263
mohel (circumciser), xix, 26, 189
Moïse, Abraham, 28–29, 32, 39, 52, 54
Moïse, Charles H., 142
Moïse, Edwin Warren, 152
Moïse, L. C., 29
Moïse, Penina, 23, 53, 142–44
monarchy, 110, 111
moneylending, 66
Monis, Judah, 8
monks, 72
Monroe, James, 36
Montgomery, Ala., 147
Morais, Sabato, 156, 169–70, 241, 242, 243, 246–47, 260
Mordecai, Jacob, 43–45
Mordecai, Mordecai M., 7
Mormons, 193, 247
Morocco, 34
Mortara, Edgardo, xiv, 72, 140
Moses, xx, xxxi, 30, 31, 32, 37, 41, 47, 89, 116, 130, 134–35, 170, 181, 186, 217, 221, 222, 226, 234, 235, 258
Moses, Adolph, 237
Moses, Isaac, 248
Moses, Myer, 27
mosques, 57
Mott, Lucretia, 201
Mount Adams, xxi, 209
Mount Sinai, xxxi, xxxii, 3, 4, 32, 88, 134–35, 186, 238
mourning, 85, 100–101
Music Hall (Boston), 178
mysticism, 108
Nachmanides (Moses ben Nahman), 106
Napoleon I, Emperor of France, 36, 64, 87, 88, 124, 132
Napoleon III, Emperor of the French, 171
Natchez, Miss., 147
National Catholic Welfare Council, 250
National Council of Jewish Women, 216
National Fast Day (1861), xiv, 159
National Origins Act (1924), 251–52
nation states, 64, 86
Native American Party, 62
Native Americans, 5, 10, 18, 24, 26, 78, 258
natural religion, 81, 117
natural selection, 224
Nazism, 252
Netherlands, xi, 2, 3–4, 7, 13, 16, 21, 30, 60, 86, 96, 107, 261
New American Cyclopaedia, 163
New Amsterdam, xi, xxiii, 2–4, 13, 27, 96
“New Christians,” 1–2, 154
“New Colossus, The” (Lazarus), 216
New Hampshire, 11
New Haven, Conn., 95–96
New Israelite Sick-Benefit and Burial Society, 74
New Orleans, 153, 171
Newport, R. I., xii, 12, 26, 78–79, 258
Newton, Isaac, 225
New World, 1–8, 14, 77, 93
New York City, xi, xii, xiii, xxiii, xxxiii, 2, 4–5, 8, 20, 26, 27, 28, 45–46, 58, 70, 73, 74, 75, 84, 92, 94, 104, 112, 122–23, 148, 159, 160–61, 181, 184–85, 198, 205, 206, 207, 217, 227, 241–45, 258
New York Daily Tribune, 163
New York Evening Post, 46
New York Herald, 211
New York Mirror, And Ladies’ Literary Gazette, 45–46
New York Society for Ethical Culture, xv, 202, 207, 226, 232, 233, 238
New York Times, 66, 215–16
Niagara Falls refuge, xii, 17
Nicholas I, Czar of Russia, 240
Nicolls, Richard, 4–5
Nidchei Yisroel (“The Dispersed of Israel”), 82, 167
Noah, 161–62, 165
Noah, Mordecai Manuel, xii, 16–19, 28, 43, 156
North American Review, 43
Norwalk, Conn., 9
nullification doctrine, 59, 145
oaths, 11, 185
Obadiah, Book of, 14
Obama, Barack, 253
Occident, xiii, 67, 99, 100, 102, 120, 122, 125, 126–27, 128, 129, 131, 132, 186, 191
Ochs, Adolph, 66, 215–16
Ochs, Effie Wise, 216
Ochs, Julius, 66
Odd Fellows, 73, 83
Odysseus, 3
Ohabei Shalom Temple, 74–75, 167
Olat Tamid (Prayerbook for the Israelite Reform Congregations), 138, 195, 248
Only Oracle of Man, The (Allen), 81
On the Origin of Species (Darwin), xiv, 224
Oral Law (Halakha), xviii, xix, xx, 40–41, 186, 218, 252, 254–55
“orderly dress,” 178
Order of B’rith Abraham, 73
original sin, 80, 192–93
Orthodox Jewish Center, 251
Orthodox Jewish Sabbath Alliance, 245
Orthodox Rabbinical Court, 51
Ottolengui, Abraham, 52, 54–56
Ottoman Empire, 108, 261
Our Crowd (Birmingham), 68
oysters, 212
paganism, 50, 233
Paine, Thomas, 81
Pale of Settlement, 84, 229, 240
Palestine, xii, xxxi, 13, 18, 53, 60, 78, 105, 107–8, 113, 171, 177, 178, 189, 216, 217, 234, 237, 250–53
palm fronds, 138
papacy, 72, 136, 249–53
Paradise Lost (Milton), 192
Paradise Regained (Milton), 192
Park East Synagogue, 245
Parker, Theodore, 202
Parliament, British, 5
Passover, 10, 15, 55, 69–70, 123, 147–48, 188, 233, 262, 263
patriarchs, 87
patrilinealism, 253
Peace Democrats, 158
Peace of Westphalia (1648), 64
Peixotto, Simha, 122
Penn, Thomas, 7
Pennsylvania, 7, 11, 66, 67–68, 70
Pentateuch, xxxi, 37, 125, 130, 222
Petersburg, Va., 71
Petuchowski, Jakob J., 60
Pew Research Center, 261–62
pews, 182–85
Pharisees, xix, 218–19, 260
pharaoh, 205
Philadelphia, xii, xiii, xv, 7, 9, 10, 11, 14, 26, 27, 28, 54, 58, 75, 101–2, 105, 120, 121–22, 123, 125–26, 127, 134,
158–59, 168, 169–70, 180, 186, 191–94, 204, 213–16, 230
Philadelphia conference (1856), 134
Philadelphia conference (1869), xv, 191–94, 204
Philadelphia conference (1879), 213–16
Philipson, David, 210
Phillips, Aaron, 29, 65
philo-Semitism, 6
phylacteries (tefillin), xx, 6, 71, 116, 223–24
Pierce, Franklin, 199
piety, 64, 108, 123
pilgrims, 3, 258–59
Pilgrims in Their Own Land (Marty), 3
Pinckney, Charles Cotesworth (C. C.), 26
Pittsburgh conference (1885), 228–42, 248, 252
Pittsburgh Platform, xv, 235–42, 248, 252
Pius IX, Pope, 72
piyyutim (liturgical poems), xix, 82–83, 98, 116
plagiarism, 227
plantations, 24, 25–26, 59, 153, 154
Plaut, W. Gunther, 230, 236
Plum Street Temple, xiv, xxi–xxii, 176, 187, 208
“Poetry of the Hebrew Bible, The” (Raphall), 104
pogroms, xii, xv, xxiii, 239–40
polygamy, 18, 130, 164, 165, 193
pork, 69, 209, 212, 214
“port Jews,” 4
Portugal, xi, xix, 1–2, 3, 11, 34, 60–61, 99, 154
Portuguese language, 11
Posen, 64
“positive-historical” approach, 242–43
Poznanski, Gustavus, 46–48, 52, 53–55, 57, 103–4, 105, 111–13, 141, 159, 260
Poznanski, Gustavus, Jr., 141
Prague, xi, 48, 51
Prayerbook for the Israelite Reform Congregations (Olat Tamid), 138, 195, 248
prayer books (siddur), xiii, xiv, xv, xx, 32, 39, 48, 57–58, 71, 85, 86, 99, 109, 128, 132–33, 137–38, 176–77, 185–86, 194–97, 204, 248–49, 251
prayer shawl (tallit), xx, 6, 15, 71, 132, 178, 179, 185, 223–24
Presbyterians, 45, 78
“priestcraft,” 33, 81
“priestly vocation,” 218, 222, 237
priests, xiii, 33, 81, 110, 122, 130, 138, 179, 193, 195, 218, 222, 234, 237
Principles of Geology (Lyell), xii, 203
Principles of Mosaism, The (Geiger), 134
“Proclamation to the Jews” (Noah), 18
Promised Land, 3, 12, 87, 143–44, 161–62, 170, 215, 221, 251, 260–61
prophesies, 93
Prophets, xviii, 109, 139, 141, 152, 178, 180, 236, 249–50
Protestants, xi, 11, 23, 34, 38, 42, 44, 59, 64, 78, 79–81, 122, 143, 149, 154, 197–98, 201–2, 205, 219, 235
Prothero, Stephen, 139
Prussia, 30, 47, 60
Psalm 131, 42
Psalm 149, 189
Psalms, Book of, 23, 28, 42, 176, 187, 189
Ptolemaic dynasty, 213
Public School Society, 75
Purim, 180
Puritans, 77
Quakers, xxxii, 4, 201
Quiver, 35
Rabbanites, 219
Rabbinical Commission to the Frankfurt Assembly, 50
Rabbinical Literary Association, 208
Rabbinic Judaism, xix
rabbis, xviii, xix, 76–77, 82, 85, 86, 89, 91, 93, 97, 99, 100, 105–10, 123–34, 139, 147, 148, 156–63, 167, 168, 172, 177, 181, 184, 188, 191–98, 201–27, 232, 236–54, 263
see also specific rabbis
“race pride,” 238
racism, 156–68, 172
Radnitz, 95
rape, 232–33
Raphael, Marc Lee, 178
Raphall, Morris S., xiii, xiv, 104–5, 111–12, 117, 159–68, 183
rebbes (chief or grand rabbis), xix, 77, 82, 85, 131–32, 243–44
Recife, 2, 3–4
Reconstruction, xv, 172–73
Reconstructionism, 251
Redeemer, 152
redemption, xxxii, 106, 152, 192, 264
Red Sea, 130, 131, 143
Reform Advocate, 222
Reformation, 42, 44, 64, 78
Reformed Society of Israelites for Promoting True Principles of Judaism According to Its Purity and Spirit, xii, xiv, 31–34, 37, 38, 42–45, 46, 47, 52, 152
Religion of Geology and Its Related Science, The (Hitchcock), xiii, 203
“religious civilization,” 251
religious revivals, 77–78
Reminiscences (Wise), 96, 112
Republican National Convention (1860), 171
Republican Party, 157–58, 171, 262
“Rerum Novarum” (“Revolutionary Change”), 249–50
“resisters,” 245
resurrection, 31, 33, 53, 106, 109, 112, 114, 115–16, 129, 138, 178, 185, 189, 193, 234
Revere, Paul, 26
Reznikoff, Charles, 58
Rhineland, 13–14
Rice, Abraham, xiii, 82–83, 84, 86, 123, 167, 200
Richmond, Va., 28, 124, 153, 171
Richmond Daily Dispatch, 160
Riesser, Gabriel, 95
ritual bath (mikveh), xix, 16, 55, 75, 115, 187
ritual slaughter, 74, 120, 123
Robertson, Wyndham, 160
Rodef Shalom Congregation, xii, 14, 75, 123, 212
Roman Empire, xxv, 13, 63, 87, 107, 218
Romanticism, 59
Rosen, Robert N., 151
Rosenfeld, Jacob, 103
Rosenwald, Julius, 66, 247
Rosewater, Edward, 171
Rosh Hashanah, xix, xx, xxvi, 93, 96, 117, 118, 119, 179, 187–88
Rothschild, Salomon de, 152
Rothschild family, 67, 152
Rubinger, Naphtali, 105, 114, 116
runaway slaves, xxvi, 164
Ruth, 109
Rutledge, Edward, 26
Sabbath, xxviii, 5–6, 9, 23, 25, 26–28, 32, 40, 43, 46–51, 55, 59, 67, 69, 70, 73, 82, 83, 114, 116, 118, 122, 128, 147, 169, 180–81, 187, 198, 204, 213, 233, 243, 245, 259, 264
Sabbath Service and Miscellaneous Prayers, Adopted by the Reformed Society of Israelites, The, 32
Sabbath Visitor (Lilienthal), 122
Sadducees, xix, 218–19, 260
Ste. Catherine, xi, 2, 13
St. Paul’s Episcopal Church, 11
St. Petersburg, 239
Salomon, Haym, 8, 10, 11
Salomon, Israel, 183–84
Salomon, Jonas, 183
Salvador, Francis, 25–26
Samuel, Rebecca, 71
San Francisco, 74, 169, 253–54
San Francisco conference (1976), 253–54
Sanhedrin, 87, 229
Saratoga Springs, N.Y., xv, 228–29
Sarna, Jonathan, xxix, 147–48
Satan, 78, 197
Savannah, 26, 28, 51–52
Savannah River, 24
Schechter, Solomon, xv, 247, 249
Schiff, Jacob, 187, 247, 248
Schindler, Solomon, 75
Schneeberger, Henry, 241
school prayers, 79
Schreiber, Moses Sofer, 51
Scott, Dred, 164
Scott, Walter, 35, 36
Second Coming, 78
second days (holidays), 141, 177–78, 185, 195
Second Great Awakening, xii, xxxiii, 21, 77, 78, 79, 81, 111, 202, 223
Second Independent Church of Charleston, 42–43
Second Temple, 13, 45
Seder, 147–48, 233
Seder Tefilah: The Order of Prayer for Divine Service, 185–86
Seder Tefilot Yisrael (Union Prayer Book), xv, 85, 248–49
Seesen, xii, 49, 90
Seixas, Gershom Mendes, xii, 9–10, 11, 12, 15, 17, 27
Seixas, Moses Mendes, 12
Seleucid dynasty, 213
Seligman, David, 67, 68
Seligman, Fanny, 68
Seligman, James, 68
Seligman, Joseph, xiii, xv, 67–68, 228–29
Seligman, William, 68
Seligman family, xiii, xv, 67–68, 160–61, 228–29
Semites, 165, 224
Senate, U.S., 105, 152
Seneca Falls Convention (1848), 79
serfs, 240
Seward, William Henry, 105, 131
Shaar Hashomayim Congregation, 217
Shabbat, see Sabbath
“Shabbos goy,” 187
Shakespeare, William, 36, 39
shalom (“peace”), 82
“Shalom Aleichem!,” 73
shammash (sexton), xix
Shearith Israel (“Remnant of Israel”), xi, xii, 2–3, 7, 9, 13, 14–15, 18, 27, 52, 54, 55, 56, 103, 104, 140–43, 181–82, 183, 241–42
shellfish, xxi–xxii, 211
Shema (belief in one God), xx, 95, 113
“Shema” (“Hear, O Israel”), xix, 40, 187
Shemoneh Esreh (Amidah), 138–39
Sherith Israel (San Francisco), 74
Sherman, William Tecumseh, 142, 149
Shiloh, Battle of, 146
shivah (mourning period), xx
“shoddy,” 149
shofars, xx, 23, 46, 53, 71, 75, 179
shohet (kosher butcher), xx, 35, 46, 54, 67, 115–17, 189
shul (synagogue), xx
Shulchan Aruch (The Set Table), xi
Shylock, 39
siddur (prayer books), xiii, xiv, xv, xx, 32, 39, 48, 57–58, 71, 85, 86, 99, 109, 128, 132–33, 137–38, 176–77, 185–86, 194–97, 204, 248–49, 251
Silliman, Benjamin, xii, 203
Silliman, Benjamin, Jr., 203
“Silliman-Hitchcock compromise,” 203
Sinai, 253
Sinai, 138
Sinai Literary Association, 226
“Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God” (Edwards), 80
Sinsheimer’s saloon, 73
smallpox, 126
“social Darwinism,” 225
social gospel, xxxiii, 235, 249–50, 263
socialism, 188, 205
Society for Ethical Culture, xv, 202, 207, 226, 232, 233
Society for the Culture and Science of Judaism, xii, 89
Sokolow, Jayme A., 157
Soldier’s Retreat plantation, 24
Solomon, 221
“Song of Hiawatha, The” (Longfellow), 258
South Carolina, xi, xiii, xxv, 57, 78, 111, 145, 183–84
see also Charleston, S.C.
South Carolina College, 59
South Carolina Court of Appeals, xiii, 57
Southern Patriot and Commercial Advertiser, 36
“sovereign authority,” 44
Soviet Union, 260
Spain, xi, xix, 1, 2, 3, 13, 22, 34, 57–58, 60, 108, 154, 176, 218–19, 261
Spanier, Louis, xxvi, 93, 97, 103, 112, 114–20, 128
Spanish & Portuguese Synagogue, 3
Spanish Inquisition, xi, xvii–xviii, 1, 2, 13, 34, 154, 176, 209, 239, 261
Spanish language, 43
“special creationism,” 224
speech, freedom of, 168
Spencer, Herbert, 225
Spinoza, Baruch, xi, xxx, 4, 41, 44, 61, 88, 196, 200–201
“spirit of the age” argument, 58–59
spiritualism, 201
“spiritual progress,” 225