Hart, Emmanuel, 160
Hart, Nathan, 52
Hart, Philip, 26
Harvard Divinity School, 201
Harvard University, 8, 43, 201
Hashem, 161
Hasidism, xviii, 64, 77, 108, 240
Haskalah (“Jewish enlightenment”), 41, 85, 86–91, 95, 97, 109–11, 130–31, 134, 219, 260
Hasmoneans, 214
Hawthorne, Nathaniel, 201
Hayes, Rutherford B., xv, 172
head coverings, 32, 123, 180, 195, 204
Hebra Hinuch Nearim (Society for Youth Education), 15
Hebrew Benevolent Society, 74, 186
Hebrew Ladies’ Memorial Association, 148
Hebrew language, 6, 8, 10, 14, 18, 28, 29–30, 32, 34, 35, 40–46, 60, 75, 81–82, 90, 91, 115, 121, 127, 138–39, 141, 176, 178, 179, 193, 217, 232, 243
Hebrew Leader, 72
Hebrew Orphan Society, 22, 30, 36–37
“Hebrews,” 238
Hebrew Union College, xv, xxi–xxii, 85, 177, 198–99, 208–12, 217, 220, 229–30, 239, 242, 249, 251, 253–54
Hegel, Georg Wilhelm Friedrich, xxxi, 89
Heidelberg, 205, 245
Heilprin, Michael, xiv, 160, 163–64
heliocentric model, xi
Hellenistic period, 214
“Hellenized” Jews, 214, 260
Heller, James G., 95
“hep-hep” riots (1819), xii, 64
Hertz, H. M., 52
Herzl, Theodor, 250
Hessian soldiers, 9
“hidden Jews,” 1
Hierosolyma est Perdita (“Jerusalem is lost”), 64
Highland House, xxi–xxii, 208–12
Hirsch, Emil G., 220, 222, 235
Hirsch, Samson Raphael, 220
Hirsch, Samuel, 95, 192, 222, 223, 225, 237
historicism, xxxi, 89
History of the Israelitish Nation, The: From Abraham to the Present Time (Wise), xiv, 131
History of the Jews (Graetz), xiiv, 89
Hitchcock, Edward, xiii, 203
Hitler, Adolf, 252
Hochheimer, Henry, 167
Holdheim, Samuel, 111, 134
Holocaust, 106, 250–51, 262, 264
Holy Land, xxv, 45, 87–88, 107, 110, 192, 213–15, 223, 249, 263–64
see also Israel (ancient)
Holy Roman Empire, 64
homosexuality, 214, 232–33, 259, 263
hospitality, 232–33
Howe, William, 8
Hudson River Valley, 8, 96, 99
Huebsch, Adolph, 217
humanism, 33–34, 87, 90–91
Humboldt, Alexander von, 205
Hungary, 73, 118, 163, 217, 219
Huttenbauer, Samuel, 171
Hutton, James, 202–3
Hyams, Henry M., 148, 152
hymns, 34, 53, 98, 189, 208
Iberia, 108
idolatry, 50, 51, 214, 230
Illowy, Bernard, 82, 123, 167, 257–58
immaculate conception, 109
immortality, 31, 138, 176, 195, 226
Independent Presbyterian Church, 51
individualism, 201
“ingathering,” 78
Institute Hall, 22
instrumental music, 53, 56, 142, 179
Interpretive Revolution, 40
Irish immigrants, 62, 65, 244
Isaac, 30, 115, 205, 222
Isaacs, S. M., 156
Isabella I, Queen of Castile, 1
Isaiah, Book of, xxvii, xxxii, 109, 110, 191, 249
Islam, 1, 17, 57, 63, 154, 193, 218, 234, 237
Israel (ancient), xviii, 71–72, 176, 177, 185, 221, 232–33
Israel (modern), xv, 85–86, 110, 177, 178, 215, 234, 252–53, 255, 259, 260, 262, 263–65
Israelite, xiv, 132, 133, 134, 136, 158, 191, 200
“Israelites,” 238
Israel Solomon v. The Congregation B’nai Jeshurun, 183–84
Italy, xiv, 13–14, 60, 72, 140
Jackson, Andrew, 37, 59
Jackson, Solomon Henry, 38, 42
Jackson, Thomas J. (“Stonewall”), 148
Jacob, xviii, xxxiii, 30, 101, 115, 221, 222
Jacobs, Henry S., 184, 242
Jacobs, Jacob Simon, 52
Jacobson, Israel, 90
J. & W. Seligman & Co., 68
Jastrow, Marcus, 242
Jay, John, 46
Jefferson, Thomas, 42, 59, 78, 81
Jehovah, xx, 33
Jeremiah, Book of, 14, 60, 148
Jerome, Saint, 44
Jerusalem, 53, 85, 110, 111, 179, 213–14, 253, 263, 264
see also Temple (Jerusalem)
Jerusalem (Mendelssohn), xii, 88
Jesse, 109
Jesus Christ, 6, 38, 39, 42, 68, 78, 80, 81, 107–10, 139, 156, 164, 170, 192, 201, 218, 225, 249, 252–53
Jew, 38
Jewish Academy of Albany, 97
“Jewish Cemetery at Newport, The” (Longfellow), 78–79
Jewish Chautauqua Society, 216
Jewish Encyclopedia, 217
Jewish Endeavor Society, 246
Jewish High Court, 229
Jewish Institute of Religion, 251
Jewish Messenger, 72, 156, 186
Jewish New Year (Rosh Hashanah), xix, xx, xxvi, 93, 96, 117, 118, 119, 179, 187–88
Jewish Publication Society, xv, 216
Jewish Reformer, 237
Jewish settlements, 253
Jewish Theological Seminary (JTS), xv, 242–43, 244, 245, 246, 249
Jews:
Americanization of, 34, 93–94, 120, 130–31, 156–57, 180, 216, 229–32, 235–36, 241, 243–44, 251, 257
Ashkenazic, xi, xii, xvii, 4, 7, 9, 13–16, 17, 27, 28, 46, 58, 63, 69, 183, 244, 260
assimilation of, 38–39, 44, 78–79, 91, 121, 146, 148, 151–52, 173, 188–89, 214, 231, 245, 257–58, 261–62
Babylonian exile, 13, 108, 261
blood libel used against, 122
charities and philanthropy of, 22, 30, 36–37, 65, 72–74, 79, 186
children of, 28, 30, 85, 122, 186, 232, 248, 263
as chosen people, 29, 87, 107, 110, 205, 225, 236
“Christ-killers” slur used against, 68, 139, 156, 164, 252–53
chronology (timeline) for, xi–xv
citizenship of, xii, 34, 91, 110, 132
in colonial period, xi, xxiii, 2–4, 13, 27, 70–71, 96, 139–40
colonies established for, 17–19, 25–26
conversion of, xi, xiv, xvii–xviii, 1–2, 24, 34, 38–39, 60–61, 70, 71, 72, 77–78, 79, 84, 121–22, 139, 152, 154, 185, 194, 209, 244, 259, 264
diaries and memoirs of, 146–47, 151
Diaspora of, xviii, 60, 87–88, 107–8, 237
Eastern European, xiii, xviii, xxiii–xxiv, 4, 62, 64–65, 73, 77, 94, 96–97, 122–23, 188, 189, 216, 229, 240–41, 243, 247, 251–52, 260
emancipation (equal rights) of, xi, xii, 86–91, 110, 124, 132
ethnic conflicts of, xxiii–xxiv, 64–65, 96–97, 122–23, 243–44
exile of, xviii, 3, 13, 60, 87–88, 98, 107–8, 111, 147, 148, 165, 204, 222, 236, 237, 239–40, 260–61
families of, xiii, 63, 67–68, 146, 152, 160–61, 167, 185, 193, 228–29
financial prosperity of, xiii, xv, 66, 67–68, 97, 148–50, 160–61, 175–76, 228–29, 261
German, xii, 17, 27, 30, 62–92, 122, 124, 132, 161, 184, 209, 236, 240
homeland for, xii, xv, 17–19, 110, 113, 171, 192, 213–15, 216, 237, 250–53, 254, 259, 263–65
identity of, 87, 89, 106, 146, 147–48, 151–52, 174, 182, 187, 188–89, 193–94, 204, 207, 215, 221–25, 231–34, 237, 238, 248, 249, 252, 254–55, 258–66
immigrant, xii, 16, 24–25, 62–92, 132, 239–43, 245, 249, 251–52, 257
intermarriage of, 6, 7–8, 9, 70–71, 83, 135, 151–52, 153, 248, 253, 259, 263
lawsuits of, xiii, xxv, 56–61, 117, 120, 142, 183–84
as merchants and store owners, 66, 97, 148–50, 2
61
military service of, 146, 151, 172
newspapers for, 24, 36–39, 66, 67, 72, 99, 100, 101–2, 112–17, 120, 126–38, 158, 170, 186, 187, 189, 191, 196, 200, 206, 207, 209, 216, 221, 237–38
as peddlers, xxviii, 24, 65–67, 70, 97, 117, 146–47, 151
persecution of, 111, 166–67, 214, 222, 260, 264
Polish, xiii, 16, 24, 46–47, 58, 64, 73, 74–75, 99, 118, 122–23, 141, 142, 177, 184, 240
political involvement of, xii, 11–12, 34, 39, 59, 65, 156–58, 159, 253, 255, 262
population of, 21, 27–28, 46, 61, 62, 63, 108, 146, 150–51, 167, 188, 189, 240, 261–63
prejudice against (anti-Semitism), xii, xv, xxiii, 11–12, 18, 24–25, 30, 39, 64, 77–78, 91, 119, 125, 133, 139–40, 146, 148–57, 166–67, 175, 185, 195, 200, 204, 206–7, 228–29, 239–40, 249, 250–53, 262, 264
in public office, xii, 11–12, 39, 59
return to Israel of, 85–86, 177, 178, 234
Russia and Soviet, xv, xxiii, 64, 84, 87, 94, 188, 216, 218–19, 239–41, 243, 247
self-government of, 44, 71–72, 86–87, 110–11, 182–83
Sephardic, xix, xxiii, 4, 9, 13–16, 21, 22, 25–28, 34, 58, 60, 121, 124, 183, 241, 244, 260
stereotypes of, 30, 146, 149, 151–52, 157, 185
tribal legacies of, 194, 221–24
unity of, 93–124, 128, 129–30, 136–37, 140, 158, 189–90, 191, 194–97, 200, 207, 210, 239–40
women as, xxix, 9, 23, 45, 64, 67, 70–71, 73, 79, 82, 85, 95, 98, 101, 122, 132, 141, 142, 146, 176, 179, 181–88, 189, 193, 194, 199, 204, 208, 211, 215, 216, 218, 232, 238, 241, 253, 263, 265
younger generation of, 15, 45, 215, 231–32, 245, 253
Jews and the Mosaic Law, The (Leeser), 125
Jews in the Civil War (Korn), 173
Jick, Leon, 176, 178
Jim Crow laws, 172, 173
Job, Book of, xxxi
Johnson, Paul, 5
Jonas, Abraham, 147, 171
Jonas, Joseph, xxxii
Jones, Henry, 203
Joseph, 101, 221
Joseph, Jacob, 243–45
Josephus, 44
Jost, Isaak Markus, 111
Judah, 221
Judaism:
anticlericalism in, 33, 81–82
“Classical” Reform Judaism, xv, 220–27, 228, 235, 239
commandments of, xix, 69, 76–77, 87, 91, 130, 136, 186, 214–15, 217–22, 226, 233–34, 236; see also Ten Commandments
conferences and synods of, 91, 110, 131, 133–34, 177, 205; see also individual conferences
Conservative, 86, 121, 198, 238, 241–42, 246–62
controversies and schisms in, xv, xxvi, 28–30, 93, 103, 118–19, 212–13, 215, 216–20, 221, 226–27, 228, 242, 260
customs and laws of, xviii, 15, 23, 27, 30–32, 44, 47, 48, 49–51, 53, 57–61, 63, 69, 71–72, 83, 88, 89, 108, 114, 123, 139, 155, 166, 182, 186, 216, 218–20, 231–34, 246, 251, 258, 260, 265
divine authority in, 125, 129–30, 169, 192, 195, 214, 216, 218–19, 232, 251
education in, xiii, 15, 35–36, 74, 75, 79, 84, 88, 95, 97, 98, 104, 121, 122, 125, 133, 134, 140, 141, 157, 181, 197–99, 216, 231–32, 243, 245
enlightenment period (Haskala) in, 41, 85, 86–91, 95, 97, 109–11, 130–31, 134, 219, 260
excommunication (herem) in, xi, xviii, xxx, 4, 14, 61, 114, 116–17, 126, 251
glossary of, xvii–xx
Golden Age of, 109, 176, 260–61
heresy in, 33, 53, 58, 61, 115–17, 120, 129, 131, 186, 196–97, 207, 218
High Holidays (Holy Days) of, 7, 46, 69–70, 73, 116, 127, 141, 147–48, 177–78, 179, 182, 185, 187–88, 195–96, 213–15, 233, 238, 248
intellectuals and scholars in, xviii, 86–91, 227; see also individual scholars
kosher regulations in, xviii, xxi–xxii, 6, 9–15, 16, 35, 40, 46, 54, 67–83, 92, 115–17, 120, 123, 126–28, 147–48, 189, 198, 208–12, 214, 222, 223, 234, 243, 244, 245
lay leadership of, 113, 126, 133, 168, 176, 177, 186–87, 188, 191, 197, 206, 208, 235
lectures on, 217, 219–23, 226–27
Liberal, 49, 93–124, 128, 129–30, 136–37, 140, 158, 189–90, 191, 194–97, 200, 207, 210, 239–40
liturgy of, 28–34, 90, 132–34, 136, 142, 204
marketplace conception of, 188–89
marriage in, 6, 7, 64, 69, 193, 259, 264
monotheism in, xx, 88, 95, 113, 234
moral mission of, 31, 80, 87–88, 109, 110–11, 135, 144, 163–68, 177–78, 185–86, 188, 192–93, 194, 204, 205, 207, 218–23, 225, 233–37, 263, 265–66
mythology of, 68–69, 106, 131, 172–73
Orthodox, xiii, 13, 26, 49, 51, 56, 82–84, 104, 113, 114, 123, 133, 134, 140, 142, 182, 184, 186, 189, 196, 198, 200, 209, 213, 214, 218, 226, 230, 239, 241–47, 251, 259, 261–65
prayers in, xxiv, 10, 11, 12, 14, 15, 16, 18, 28, 29–30, 31, 32, 34, 40, 44–45, 82–83, 89, 98, 100, 115, 118, 121, 123, 132, 138–39, 158, 176–77, 178, 180, 182, 183, 187, 189, 192, 193, 226, 246, 259, 265
priests and rabbis in, xiii, 33, 81, 179, 193, 195, 218, 222, 234, 237; see also rabbis
rationalism and reason in, 80–81, 87–91, 110, 115, 129–30, 137, 139, 161, 185, 202–3, 205
Reform, xii, xiii, xv, 3, 16, 30–37, 43–61, 83–88, 90, 91, 93–97, 103, 104, 106, 109–11, 113, 115, 120–25, 129–41, 152, 156, 157, 160, 164, 169, 177, 179, 181, 183, 184, 186, 187, 188, 192–203, 206, 207, 209, 212–38, 241–54, 261–63, 265
revisionism in, 89–90, 236
rituals of, 100–101, 122, 142, 178–80, 186, 194, 213–14, 223–24, 233–34, 248, 260
scientific approach to, 110, 117, 130, 202–3, 219, 223–27, 231, 233–34
secularism and, 59, 65, 70–74, 75, 77, 78, 88, 125, 158, 202, 207, 210, 214, 235, 251, 259, 262
seminaries of, 93, 95, 140, 177, 195, 197–99, 208–12
sin as concept in, xxxi, 80, 163, 192–96, 204, 226–27
theology of, 31, 110, 138, 176, 195, 202–3, 205, 226, 243, 262, 265; see also specific religious issues
“Judaism of the Future, The” (Adler), 206
Judas Maccabeus (Handel), 18
Judea, 213, 218
Judgment Day, 12
Juedische Reformverein (Jewish Reform Society), 177
Kabbalah, 108
Kabbalat Shabbat, 180–81
Kaddish, xviii, 16
kahal (Jewish government), 71–72, 86–87
Kahal Kadosh (Holy Community), xviii
Kalisch, Isidor, 82
Kant, Immanuel, 44, 80, 88, 205
Kaplan, Mordecai, 251
Karaitism, 218–19, 260
Karff, Samuel E., 236, 237
Kaskel, Cesar, 150
Katz, Jacob, 110
Kaufmann, Jacob, 66
Kentucky, 150, 170
Keyam Dishmaya (“divine covenant”), 213
kidnapping, 72
Kings College, 11
kippas (yarmulkes), xviii, xx, 179
“Know-Nothings,” 62
kohanim (priestly caste), 179
Kohler, Kaufmann, xv, 212–13, 215, 216, 220–33, 235, 237, 241, 248–50, 260
Kohler, Max, 173
Kohn, Abraham, 70
kol nidre (“all vows”), xviii, 185
Konner, Melvin, 260–61
Korn, Bertram, 151, 158, 173
kosher regulations, xviii, xxi–xxii, 6, 9–15, 16, 35, 40, 46, 54, 67–83, 92, 208–12, 214, 222, 223, 234, 243, 244, 245
Kraut, Benny, 206
k’riah (tearing of garments), 100–101
Krochmal, Nahman, 89
Kugel, James L., 40
Kushner, Tony, 174
Kuttle Muttle, 67
Ladino dialect, 13
Lancaster, Penn., 68, 70
landsmannshëftn, xviii, 73
Latin language, 60
&nb
sp; Lazarus, 139
Lazarus, Emma, 216
Lee, Robert E., 147, 148
Leeser, Isaac, xii, xiii, xiv, xxix–xxx, 18–19, 54, 67, 77, 99, 100, 101–2, 121–38, 140, 142, 158, 159, 169, 181, 198, 210, 213, 241, 242, 245, 260
Leeser, Jacob, 126
“Leeser Bible,” 125
Lehman, Henry, Emanuel, and Mayer, 66
Leo XIII, Pope, 249–50
letters of credit, 5
Levin, Nathaniel, 26
Leviticus, Book of, 50, 232
Levy, Asser, 13
Levy, Hayman, 9–10
Levy, Solomon, 114
Lewis, R. W. B., 259
liberalism, 33–34, 42–43, 47, 49, 201–3, 253
Lilienthal, Max, xiii, xiv, 84–85, 95–96, 99, 122, 132, 156, 201
Lillian and Albert Small Jewish Museum, 200
Lincoln, 174
Lincoln, Abraham, xiv, 65, 70, 105, 145, 148, 149, 150, 153, 156, 158, 159, 167, 168–74
Lincoln, Willie, 156
“Lincoln Portrait” (Copland), 174
Lincoln’s Birthday Association, 173–74
Lindeman, Gus, 209–11
“Lines on the Issue of the Late Hebrew Controversy” (Moïse), 143
Lithuania, xiii, 122–23, 244
Livingston, Edward, 42
Locke, John, 59
Loeb, Solomon, 66
London, 15, 26, 28, 52
Longfellow, Henry Wadsworth, 78–79, 258, 265–66
Long Island Rail Road, 229
Lopez, Aaron, 6
Lopez, David, 22
Lot, 232
Loth, Moritz, 197–98
Louisiana, 152
lunisolar calendar, 179
Luther, Martin, xi, 44, 54
Lutherans, 4, 44, 65, 197, 219
Lyell, Charles, xii, 203, 224
Lyon, Robert, xiii
Lyons, Joseph, 59–60
Maccabees, 213, 214, 260
McClellan, George B., 158, 171
Madison, James, 8, 17, 78
Maimonides, xi, 22, 31–32, 33, 34, 41, 53, 88, 105, 106, 111, 113, 130, 161
Maimonides College, 140, 198
Maisel Synagogue of the Holy Community, 51
Malachi, Book of, 42
Mannheimer, Isaac Noah, 95
Marcus, Jacob Rader, 16, 58–59, 82
Marie, 92, 136, 137
marranos (Jewish converts), xviii, 1–2, 60–61
Marret, Abigail, 8
marriage ceremonies, 7
Marshall, Louis, 247
Marty, Martin, 3, 258–59
Maryland, xii, 11–12, 39, 59
Maryland Assembly, 11–12
“Maryland Jew Bill,” xii, 39, 59
mashiah (“the anointed one”), 107
maskilim (Enlightenment intellectuals), xviii, 86–91
Masonic Hall (Charleston), 39
Masons (Freemasons), 17, 24, 30, 35, 65, 73, 83