and connectomes, [>]
as connectopathies, [>], [>]
and defects in proteins, [>]
depression, [>], [>]
drugs for, [>]–[>] (see also Drugs)
antidepressants, [>], [>]–[>], [>]–[>]
development of, [>]–[>], [>]
for neurodegenerative disorders, [>], [>], [>]
infectious, [>]–[>], [>]
investment in therapies for, [>]
lissencephaly, [>]–[>]
methods of search for, [>]–[>]
microcephaly, [>]
nature vs. nurture in, [>]–[>]
obsessive-compulsive disorder, [>], [>]
schizophrenia, [>], [>]–[>], [>], [>] (see also Schizophrenia)
studies of with animals, [>]–[>]
studies of from balanced populations, [>]
syphilis, [>]–[>], [>]
Tourette’s syndome, [>]
treatment of
and connectopathies, [>]
drugs in, [>]–[>]
for neurodevelopmental disorders, [>]–[>]
optimism about, [>]–[>]
question of abuse of, [>]
timing in, [>]
training regimens in, [>]
See also Brain disorders; Neurodegenerative disorders; Neurodevelopmental disorders
Merge error, [>]
Merkle, Ralph, [>]
Method of loci, [>]
Methuselah Foundation, [>]
MGN (medial geniculate nucleus), [>]
Microbiology, Leeuwenhoek as father of, [>]
Microcephaly, congenital, [>], [>]
Microscopic organisms, and microscope, [>]
Microscopy, [>], [>]
for connectome exploration, [>]
of dead brains, [>]
differential interference contrast (DIC), [>]
electron, [>]–[>], [>] (see also Electron microscope)
serial electron, [>]–[>], [>]–[>], [>], [>], [>]
and Leeuwenhoek, [>]
light, [>], [>]
serial, [>]
transmission electron, [>]
Microtomes, [>]
Mind reading, [>]
Minds
and connectomes, [>]
difference in due to connectomes, [>]
See also Self
“Mind uploading.” See Computer simulation; “Uploading”
Minos (king of Crete) and Minotaur, [>], [>]
Minsky, Marvin, [>]
Miracles, [>]–[>]
modern, [>]
Miswiring, [>], [>]
Mitchell, Silas Weir, [>]
Modha, Dharmendra, [>]–[>], [>], [>]
Molaison, Henry Gustav, [>]
Monkey cortex
connections between visual areas of, [>], [>]
map of, [>], [>]
Moore, Gordon, [>]
Moore’s Law, [>], [>], [>]
Morality, and naturalistic fallacy, [>]
Morse code as analogy to action potentials, [>]–[>]
Motor homunculus, [>], [>], [>]
Motor neurons, [>]
Mozart, Wolfgang Amadeus, starling as pet of, [>]
MRC Laboratory for Molecular Biology, Cambridge, England, [>]
MRI. See Magnetic resonance imaging
MTL (medial temporal lobe), [>]–[>]
and memory, [>]–[>]
Multiple intelligences, [>]
Multiple sclerosis, [>]
Muscle fibers, contraction of, [>]
Muscles, and synaptic inhibition, [>]
Myelin and myelination, [>]–[>], [>], [>]
“Myeloarchitecture,” [>]
Myrdal, Gunnar, [>]
Myth of Sisyphus, The (Camus), [>]
“Nanobots,” [>]
National Institutes of Health (NIH), and Human Connectome Project, [>]
Nature-nurture relation, [>]–[>]
in autism and schizophrenia, [>]
and connectomes, [>]
and twin studies, [>]–[>]
Negative feedback, [>]
Neocognitron, [>]–[>]
Neocortex, [>], [>], [>]
double bouquet cell of, [>], [>]
region comparable to in birds, [>]
Neocortical plasticity, [>]–[>]
Neo-phrenologists and neo-phrenology
and brain size, [>]–[>], [>]
on memories and learning, [>]–[>], [>], [>], [>], [>]
and mental retardation, [>]
Nerves (poultry), axons as, [>]–[>]
Nervous system, [>]
Neural code, [>]–[>]
Neural Darwinism, [>]–[>], [>], [>], [>], [>], [>]
for adult neurons, [>], [>]
Neurites, [>]–[>], [>]–[>], [>], [>]
axons, [>]–[>] (see also Axons)
dendrites, [>]–[>] (see also Dendrites)
and synapses, [>]
three-dimensional rendering of fragments of, [>]
Neuroanatomy, [>]
limitations of, [>]–[>]
Neuroblasts, [>]
Neurodegenerative disorders
Alzheimer’s disease, [>], [>], [>], [>], [>]
drugs for, [>], [>], [>]
mouse models of, [>]
Parkinson’s disease, [>]–[>], [>], [>], [>], [>]
See also Mental disorders and disabilities
Neurodevelopmental disorders
autism and schizophrenia as, [>]–[>] (see also Autism; Schizophrenia)
treatment for
prevention, [>]–[>]
through rewiring, [>]
See also Mental disorders and disabilities
Neurologists, [>]
Neuromodulators, [>]–[>]
Neuronal connectome, [>], [>], [>], [>], [>], [>], [>], [>]
Neurons, [>], [>]–[>]
activity of, [>]–[>]
collective action of, [>]–[>]
communication between, [>]–[>]
excitatory and inhibitory synapses and neurons in, [>]–[>]
and nonspiking neurons, [>]–[>]
through pathways, [>]–[>]
and “weighted voting model,” [>]–[>], [>]
as computing, [>]–[>]
and connectionism, [>], [>]–[>]
connections among, [>], [>]
part-whole rule in, [>]–[>]
rules of, [>]–[>]
and connections to outside world, [>]
creation of, [>], [>]
in parallel with elimination, [>]–[>]
question of in adults, [>]
and Dale’s Principle, [>]
degeneration and death of, [>], [>]
elimination of, [>]–[>], [>]–[>]
excitatory, [>]–[>]
extrasynaptic interactions of, [>]–[>], [>]
four R’s in change of, [>], [>]–[>], [>] (see also Reconnection; Regeneration; Reweighting of synapse; Rewiring of brain)
and genes, [>], [>]
Golgi staining of, [>]
image of, [>]
inhibitory, [>]–[>], [>], [>]
in perception, [>]
previous impossibility of seeing, [>]
reading of thoughts and perceptions from, [>]
of retina (reconstructed automatically by computer), [>]
rules of connection governing, [>]–[>]
simulations of, [>]
spiking for specific celebrity, [>]
and synapses, [>] (see also Synapse)
technological progress in imaging of, [>]–[>]
tracing branches of through cross-sections, [>]
types of, [>], [>]–[>], [>]–[>], [>]–[>], [>]
and C. elegans, [>]–[>]
and connectionism, [>]–[>]
models of, [>]
pyramidal, [>], [>]–[>], [>]–[>], [>]
variety of, [>]
“weighted voting model” of, [>]–[>], [>], [>], [>], [>], [>]
Neuropathology(ies)
, [>]
and autism or schizophrenia treatment, [>]
for diverse genetic defects, [>]
and drug evaluation, [>]
Neuroscience and neuroscientists, [>]
of change, [>]
and challenge of empirical investigation of connectome, [>]–[>]
and challenge of overwhelming amounts of information, [>], [>]
and changing our brains, [>]
and dilemma of phrenology vs. connectionism, [>]
and extrasynaptic interactions of neurons, [>]–[>]
and fashioning of connectome, [>]–[>]
and four R’s, [>] (see also Reconnection; Regeneration; Reweighting of synapse; Rewiring of brain)
of future (connectomics), [>]
vs. “ghost in the machine,” [>]
“grand challenges” for, [>]
and great inventions, [>]–[>]
and hypotheses about memory, [>]–[>]
and mind vs. brain, [>]
and self-improvement, [>]
through simulation, [>]
stains important in, [>]
unachieved benefits of, [>]
understanding brain as goal of, [>]
and unknown, [>]–[>]
Neurotransmitter, [>], [>]–[>], [>]–[>], [>], [>], [>]–[>]
Dale’s Principle on, [>]
discovery of, [>]–[>]
surplus or deficiency of in mental disorders, [>]
New Organon (Bacon), [>]
Newton, Sir Isaac, [>], [>]
Nicolelis, Miguel, [>]
Nicotine, [>]
and brain function, [>]
Nissl, Franz, [>]
Nobel Prize in economics, [>]
Nondeclarative (implicit) memory, [>]–[>]
Notebook parable about memory theories, [>]–[>]
Nottebohm, Fernando, [>]–[>], [>], [>]
Nucleotides, [>], [>], [>]
Obsessive-compulsive disorder, [>], [>]
Occipital lobe, [>]–[>], [>], [>], [>]
Olfactory bulb, [>], [>]
Olson, Charles, [>], [>]
On Memory (Aristotle), [>]–[>]
Optic nerve, [>]
Optogenetics, [>]
Organization of Behavior, The (Hebb), [>]
“Organology,” [>]
Organ transplantation, [>]–[>]
of brain, [>]–[>]
Pangloss, Dr. (Voltaire character), [>]
Paparazzi metaphor for perception, [>]–[>]
Paré, Ambroise, [>]–[>]
Parietal lobe, [>]–[>], [>]
learning to juggle as thickening, [>]
left parietal lobe, [>]
Parietal lobule, inferior, [>]
Parkinson’s disease (PD), [>]–[>], [>], [>], [>]
Pascal, Blaise, [>]
on immensity of universe, [>]–[>], [>], [>]
Pascal’s Wager, [>]–[>], [>], [>]
Pasteur, Louis, [>], [>]
Patch clamp recording, [>]
Pathways, [>]–[>]
and neural voting, [>]–[>]
and nonspiking neurons, [>]–[>]
Pearson, Karl, [>]
Pearson’s correlation coefficient, [>]
Penfield, Wilder, [>], [>]–[>]
Penicillin, discovery of, [>]
Pensées (Pascal), [>], [>]
Perception
association in, [>] (see also Association)
through collection of specific functions, [>]–[>]
hierarchical organization of, [>]–[>], [>]–[>]
and neural code, [>]–[>]
“grandmother cell” theory of, [>]
machines incapable of (Leibniz), [>]
memory compared with, [>]
and MTL, [>]
neuron functions in, [>]
Plato on (wax metaphor), [>]
spiking provides picture of, [>]
Perceptron, [>], [>], [>], [>]
Peripheral nervous system (PNS), [>]
Peters’ Rule, [>]
Phantom limb, [>], [>]–[>]
and rewiring, [>]
Phaedrus (Plato), [>]
Pharmaceutical industry
and drug development, [>]
as Ehrlich’s invention, [>]
Phencyclidine (PCP), [>]
Phenothiazines, [>], [>]
Pheromone, [>]
Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, [>]
Photoreceptors, [>], [>]–[>]
Phrenological map, [>]
Phrenology and phrenologists, [>], [>], [>], [>]
and factory analogy, [>]
need to imrove on, [>]
and study of cortical plasticity, [>]
Piltdown Man, [>]
Plasticity, [>], [>]
cortical, [>]
“cross-modal,” [>]
rule of, [>]–[>]
vs. stability, [>]
Plastination, [>], [>]–[>]
Plato
carving metaphor of, [>], [>]
on memory, [>], [>]
Plum, Fred, [>]
Pompeii, discovery of, [>]–[>]
Ponce de León, Juan, [>]
Pony Express, [>]–[>]
Pope, Alexander, [>]
Porter, Keith, [>]
Posterior hippocampus, [>]
Postsynaptic density, [>]
Primary visual cortex (V1), [>], [>], [>]
Probability
and Pascal’s Wager, [>]–[>]
and rational decision-making, [>]
and reanimation issues, [>]–[>]
“Problem of Serial Order in Behavior, The” (Lashley), [>]
Profound Hypothermia and Circulatory Arrest (PHCA) (procedure), [>]
Prospect of Immortality, The (Ettinger), [>]
Proteins, [>], [>]–[>], [>]
and genes, [>], [>]
ion channels, [>]
and Parkinson’s disease, [>]