Claudius Pulcher, Appius, 18, 24–25, 27, 32, 40
Cleon, 45–46
client-patron networks, 4, 26, 91
cohorts
of cavalry, 114
of Italians, 154
from maniple to larger, 136
of populares, 134
of slaves, 263
Sulla in Athens with, 214
Colline Gate, xiv, 241–242, 245, 248
colonies
military, x, xii, 85–86, 140–142
in North Africa, 72–73, 74, 199
role of, 201
for Roman citizens, 71–72, 78
commerce, publicani with, 50–52, 56
Concord. See Temple of Concord
Conflict of the Orders, 3, 10, 44
conscription
land and, 22, 113–114
Punic Wars and, 19–20
Spain and, 21–22
consulship
Aemilianus and, 13, 26
Antonius and, 156
Carbo and, 235–237
Cinna and, xiii, xiv, 203–205, 215–217
Crassus and, 164, 169
discrimination with, 10–11
elections, xiii, 156–157, 190–191, 203–205, 215
Flaccus (cos. 100) and, 152
Gaius Marius and, xi, xii, xiii, 127, 136, 139, 151–153, 155–157, 215
loss of, 23
Mummius and, 13
Norbanus and, 227–228
novus homo with, 13
Octavius and, 204–205, 206
Opimius and, 73–77
Pius Metellus and, 189, 256–258
Pompeius Rufus and, xiii, 190–191
Pompeius Strabo and, 178–180
Scaurus and, 91
Sulla and, xiii, 190–193, 203–205, 256
Sulpicius Rufus and, 190–191
contracts
for publicani, 50–51, 69–70, 84, 91
tax-farming, 69, 132, 163
Corfinium, xii, 172
Corinth, fall of, ix, 1–2, 14, 63
corruption, xi, 105–106
election fraud, 90–91
graft, 47
publicani and, 165–166
See also bribery
costs
grain prices, 68–69, 78, 87, 153–154, 167–168
land, rent-free, 73
military, 69
Cotta, Gaius Aurelius, 169, 173
Cotta, Lucius Aurelius, 259
Crassus, Lucius Licinius (the Orator)
consulship of, 164, 169
death and legacy, 169–170
oration and, 83–84, 86, 120–121
trial of Caepio and, 78
Crassus, Marcus Licinius (Dives), 211, 213
Crassus, Marcus Licinius (the Triumvir)
Battle of the Colline Gate, 241–242
First Triumvirate, 263–264
joins Sulla, 230–231
proscriptions and, 248
Cretans, 176
culture, salons, 79
curses, on treasure, 121
cursus honorum (“path of honors”), 10–11, 103, 254
Cynoscephalae, 5
death, Cicero on, 169
debt
canceled, 189, 216–217
crisis, 3, 181–182
governors and, 47–48
democracy, 3, 8, 9, 145, 260
Denmark, 99
deposition bill, voting on, 30–31
Diana. See Temple of Diana
Dictatorship
parameters of, 8–9
Sulla with, xiv, 251–257
Dio, Cassius
on Roman citizenship, 262
on Sulla, 242–243
Diodorus
on the Cimbri, 100
on despots, 39
on inequality, 20
on Saturninus, 137
on slavery in state mines, 51
discrimination
with consulship, 10–11
against novus homo, 10, 11, 13, 83, 92, 117, 125
Drusus, Marcus Livius (the Elder)
defeats Scordisci tribe, 102
opposition to Gaius Gracchus, 71–72, 73, 78, 167
Drusus, Marcus Livius (the Younger)
Italian citizenship and, xii, 161–162
murder of, xii, 171
tribunate of, xii, 167–171, 231
eagles, 135, 199
economy
with commerce and publicani, 50–52, 56
debt crisis, 3, 181–182
debt laws, 216–217
grain prices and, 68–69, 78, 87, 153–154, 167–168
inequality, 20, 24
quaestors with provincial treasury, 47
Rome with cash, 43
elders. See mos maiorum
elections
consulship, xiii, 156–157, 190–191, 203–205, 215
fraud, 90–91
reforms, 22, 42
rules, 127
tribunate, 3, 9, 22, 65–66, 70–71, 73
elephants, 94, 108
elite
with land ownership, 20, 27
against Lex Agraria, 30
employment. See unemployment, social reform and; wage labor
enemies of the state
Gaius Marius as, 197–202
Sulla as, 211–213
Sulpicius as, 197–198, 199
See also proscriptions
Equestrian class
Anti-Senate and, 192
cavalry and, 50
Extortion Court with jurors from, 48, 69–70, 78, 153, 158, 165–167, 254
Italians as, 262
Mamilian Commission and, xi, 105–106
optimates and, 152
with power rolled back, 120–121, 168
priesthood and, 158
proscriptions and, 250
publicani, 50–52, 56, 69–70, 84, 91, 132, 165–166, 168–169, 181–182, 216
wealth of, 261
Eryx, 201
Esquiline Gate, 196
Etruria, 68, 180, 209, 234
Eunus (Antiochus), 45–46, 131, 133
Euripides, on ambition, 115
expansion, of borders, 85–86
expulsions
of foreigners, 62
of Italians from Rome, 164, 229
of Marians, 211
Extortion Court (quaestio de repetundis)
with jurors from Equestrian Court, 48, 69–70, 78, 153, 158, 165–167, 254
publicani and, 69–70
revolts and, 48, 78, 153
farming
with citizen-farmers and Lex Agraria, 24–25
with tax-farming contracts, 69, 132, 163
tenant-farmers, 20–21
feriae (holiday), 193
Fides. See Temple of Fides
Fimbria, Gaius Flavius
death of, xiv, 220
mutiny of, xiii, 218
Samnites and, 208
First Servile War, ix, 44–46, 131–132
First Triumvirate, 264
Flaccus, Lucius Valerius (cos. 86)
death of, 218
debt cancellation and, 216
eastern command, 217–218
Flaccus, Lucius Valerius (cos. 100), consulship of, 152
Flaccus, Marcus Fulvius
attack on Scipio Nasica, 40
citizenship reform and, x, 61–62, 67, 71–72, 163
fall of, 75–77, 95
land commission and, 53, 55
as tribune, 70, 72–74
Flaccus, Quintus Fulvius, 76, 77
Florus, on Social War, 161
foederati, 53
food
security, 44
shortages, 68, 181, 210
foreigners
expulsion of, 62
provincials as noncitizens, 262
Fortuna (goddess), 191, 195, 242, 256, 257
Forum, 29, 76, 212
fraud
in elections, 90–91
treasury
and, 258
freedmen, 43, 182
Fregellae, revolt, x, 62–63, 65, 105, 163
Further Spain, 6, 11, 47, 91
Gallia Narbonensis, 86, 119
Gauda (future King of Numidia), 110
Gaul
expansion into, 62, 85–86
with treasure, cursed, 121
See also Cimbri tribe; Cisalpine Gaul
geese, sacred, 50
Glaucia, Gaius Servilius
under arrest, 157
Cicero on, 145–146
as praetor, 152, 156–158
Saturninus, 146–147, 155–158
gold, 90
bounty for heads, 76, 77
conquered, 19, 121
Tolosa, xi, 121, 124, 134
torture with, 202
government, classical forms of, 8
governors, 47–48, 226, 253–254
Graccha, Sempronia, 18, 55, 146
Gracchus, Fake Son of Tiberius, 146, 147, 152, 155–156
Gracchus, Gaius
Cicero on, 60
colonies and, 68
early years, 17–18
Extortion Court reform and, 69–70
grain and, 68–69, 261
killing of, 73, 75–77, 95
as land commissioner, 32, 40, 53, 55
legacy, 167, 229, 261
with magistrates and abuse of power, 162–163
as martyr, 78–79, 146
rise of, x, 59–61
in Sardinia, 63–65
in Spain, 26
theatrical oratory and, 60, 64–65
with Tiberius Gracchus, 20, 59–61, 66–67
as tribune, 65–75
Gracchus, Tiberius Sempronius (the Elder), 17, 19, 23, 33, 36
Gracchus, Tiberius Sempronius (the Younger)
Appian on, 30, 36
legacy, 39–40, 42, 61, 67, 79, 146–148, 261
as martyr, 78–79, 146
murder of, 35–37, 41, 60, 66, 75, 95
Numantine Affair, 22–23
rise of, ix, 17–20
social reform and, 20, 25, 27–34
graffiti, 80
graft, 47
grain, 137
prices, 68–69, 78, 87, 153–154, 167–168
shortages, 56, 181
from Sicily, 44–45, 226
subsidies, 153–154
Gratidianus, Marcus Marius, 217, 249
Greece
Aemilianus and, 6–7
annexation of, 13–14
Cinna (cos. 87–84) and, 215
hostages from, 7
initial contact with, 5–6
navy, 189
Pontic invasion of, 208–209
Scordisci invasion of, 14
slaves from, 7
Sulla’s campaign in, 208–209, 213–214, 217–220
Hadrianus, 226
Hannibal, 5, 63, 88
heads
gold bounty for, 76, 77
on posts, 212, 213, 242, 251
proscriptions and, 248, 250
Heliopolis, 48, 49
Hellespont, 218, 220
Herennius, Gaius, 91
Hiempsal (King of Numidia), x, 89, 97, 124
Hirpini, 181, 234
holiday (feriae), 193
Homer, 15, 41
horsemanship, Numidians and, 88, 107
hostages, from Greece, 7
Iberia, 21, 263
indictment, of Sulla, 205–206
Isère River, x, 86
Italians
citizenship reform and, x, 61–63, 67, 71–72, 161–165, 178–179, 229
as Equestrians, 262
expulsion from Rome, 164, 229
massacre of, x, xiii, 93–94, 202
migration, 162
in military, 131
as noncitizens, 25, 43, 71, 162–165, 168, 229
Roman citizenship for, 178–179, 225–226, 229, 255
social reform and, 28, 154
Italy, xii
land distribution and, 161–162
roads, 68, 86
Social War and, 171–173, 181–182
judicial assemblies, secret ballots, ix, 22
Jugurtha (King of Numidia)
adopted by Micipsa, 89
attacks Adherbal, x, 89, 92
Bocchus and, xi, 112, 118–119
bribes senators, 90
campaigns of, xi, 89, 103–105, 107–108, 110–112, 117–119
death of, 128
fall of, xi, 122–124
massacre of Italians, x, 93
murders Adherbal, x, 93
murders Hiempsal, x, 89
Opimius and, x, 88–89
in Rome, xi, 96–97
Scaurus and, xi, 93–94
Scipio Aemilianus on, 88–89
at siege of Numantia, 88
Jupiter. See Temple of Jupiter
Justin, 121
killings, political
assassinations, 169, 177, 186
of citizens seeking regal power, 9
murders, xii, 35–37, 41, 60, 66, 75, 93, 95, 97, 152, 156, 158, 171, 182, 205, 211–213, 223, 237–238, 264
in Numidia, 93–94, 97
proscriptions, xiv, 247–250, 259, 263, 264
sanctioned, 75–80, 95, 157–158
as triggers for upheaval, 74–75
See also heads
Laenas, Publius Popilius, 39, 67
land
ager publicus, 24, 27, 29, 54, 68–69
conscription and, 22, 113–114
disputed, 53–54
elite with ownership of, 20, 27
Latin Rights with, 53
redistribution, 134, 154, 161–162, 168–170
rent-free, 73
Roman citizenship in exchange for, 163
slaves to work, 20–21
social reform and, ix, 20–21, 24–25, 27–34, 40, 54–57, 67–68, 154
for veterans, 138, 139
See also Lex Agraria
landlords, tenant-farmers and, 20–21
Laodice (Queen of Pontus), 186
Latin Rights, 52–53, 71–72, 163–164, 179
See also citizens, Latin
Latium, 52, 173, 255
Law of the Twelve Tables, 39
laws
debt, 216–217
deposition, 30–31
flouting of, 39–40
Lex Agraria, ix, 24–25, 27–34, 40, 55, 60, 78
Roman citizenship, xiii, 178–179, 182, 206
tribunals, 67
weapons, 35
See also mos maiorum
leadership, military, 109–111, 129, 190, 193
legati, 47, 94
legislative assemblies, secret ballots for, x, 42
Lepidus, 259, 263
Lesbos, 189
Lex Agraria
amendments, 78
elite against, 30
enforcement of, 32–34
social reform and, ix, 24–25, 27–34, 40, 55, 60
Lex Julia, xiii, 178, 182, 206
Lex Plautia Papiria, 179
Lex Pompeia, 179
libertas (civil liberty), 52
Livy, on Tiberius Gracchus, 17
locusts, 68
Longinus, Lucius Cassius (cos. 107), 119
Longinus, Lucius Cassius (trib. 104), 133–134, 137
Lucullus, Lucius Licinius (the Elder)
exile, 140
Second Servile War and, 139–140
Lucullus, Lucius Licinius (the Younger)
lets Mithridates escape, 218–219
as quaestor who marches with Sulla, 195
in search of a navy, 209
Lupus, Publius Rutilius, 174, 176
Lusitanians, 11
Macedon, 47
annexation of, 14
fall of, 5–6, 7
Macedonia, 85
borders, 101–102
creation of, 14
Scordisci tribe in, 102
Macedonicus, Metellus. See Metellus, Quintus Ca
ecilius (Macedonicus)
magistrates, 47, 153
with abuse of power, 162–163
junior and senior, 9, 11
Magnus, Gnaeus Pompeius. See Pompeius Magnus, Gnaeus (Pompey the Great)
Mamilian Commission, xi, 105–106
Mamilius, Gaius, 105
Mancinus, Gaius Hostilius, 22–23
maniple, 136
Marius, Gaius
with barbarians, 129–130
with citizenship reform, 163–164
as conqueror of Rome, 210–213
consulships of, xi, xii, xiii, 127, 136, 139, 151–153, 155–157, 215
as enemy of state, 197–202
fall of, 158–159, 200–202, 213
influence of, x, 116, 125, 175, 216, 263–264
military and, 81–82, 84–86, 108–111, 113, 117–118, 129–131, 135–137, 140–141, 148–150, 176–178, 189–190, 193–195, 209–213
Mithridates VI and, xii, 186–187
plebs urbana and, 70, 87, 152, 157, 261
as praetor, 90–92, 122, 123
rise of, 106, 112–113, 117
slave revolts and, 132–133
Sulla and, 116, 118, 122, 128, 131, 149, 175–176, 193, 195–197, 199–200, 214
as tribune, 86–87
triumph of, 127–128, 151
Marius, Gaius (the Younger)
death of, 242, 251
military and, 239
political killings and, 237–238
against Sulla, 199–200, 235–237
market days, voting and, 27–28
Marsi tribe, 172
Marsic War, 172
See also Social War
martyrs, 78–79, 146
Masinissa (King of Numidia), 88
Massacres
of Gracchans, 35–36, 77
of Italians, x, xiii, 93–94, 202
proscriptions and, 247, 250
of Samnites, 237, 242, 246
Spiked Boots, 211–213
Massilia, 62, 85, 121
Massiva (King of Numidia), xi, 97
Mauretania, 112, 119, 122–123
See also Bocchus
Maximus, Gnaeus Mallius, 125–126, 138
Maximus, Quintus Fabius, 136
Memmius, Gaius, xi, 95–96, 133, 156
Merula, 206, 211, 212
Metelli family, 82–87
Metellus, Lucius Caecilius, 82
Metellus, Quintus Caecilius (Macedonicus), 14, 82
Metellus, Quintus Caecilius (Numidicus)
as censor, 146–147
consulship of, 103
exile of, xii, 152, 155, 158
Gaius Marius and, 108–113, 117–118, 155
military campaign in Numidia, xi, 103–112, 117–118
with Saturninus, 146–147, 152, 155, 158
with title Numidicus, 117
Metellus, Quintus Caecilius (Pius)
Cinna (cos. 87–84) and, 211, 230
consulship of, 189, 256–258
with exile of father, 158
military and, 183, 207–208, 230, 232, 239–240
Samnites and, 207–208, 210
Sertorius and, 263
with Sulla, xiv, 230, 232, 239–240, 256–258
violence and, 174
Metrobius, 115
Micipsa (King of Numidia), x, 88–89
middle class. See Equestrian class
migration
of Cimbri tribe, x, 99–101, 106–107, 131