8. Quote: App. BC i.82. See also: Livy Per. 84.
9. Plut. Sulla 27; Vell. Pat. ii.24.
10. App. BC i.79, 84; Plut. Sulla 27; Flor. ii.9.21; Sall. Hist. i.28; Vell. Pat. ii.25; Eutr. v.7; Livy Per. 85.
11. Plut. Sulla 27.
12. App. BC i.81.
13. App. BC i.80–81; Plut. Cras. 6; Dio xxx/xxxv.106; Livy Per. 84.
14. App. BC i.80.
15. Diod. xxxviii.9; App. BC i.80; Plut. Pomp. 6–8, Cras. 6; Cic. Phil. v.43–44, Leg. Man. 61; Sall. Hist. v.16; Val. Max. v.2.9; Dio xxx/xxxv.107; Livy Per. 85.
16. Quote: Plut. Cras. 6.
17. App. BC i.80; Cic. Pro. Cons. 21; Livy Per. 85.
18. Plut. Sulla 27.
19. App. BC i.84; Plut. Sulla 27; Vell. Pat. ii.25; Flor. ii.9.21; Oros. v.20; Eutr. v.7; Livy Per. 85.
20. App. BC i.85; Plut. Sulla 28, Sert. 6.
21. Quote: App. BC i.85. See also: Plut. Sulla 28, Sert. 6; Cic. Phil. xii.27, xiii.1.
22. App. BC i.85; Plut. Sert. 6.
23. Quote: Plut. Sulla 28. See also: App. BC i.85–86; Sall. Hist. i.29; Diod. xxxviii.16; Vell. Pat. ii.25; Flor. ii.9.21; Eutr. v.7; Livy Per. 85.
24. App. BC i.86.
25. Quote: Diod. xxxviii.13. See also: App. BC i.86; Cic. Phil. xii.27.
26. App. BC i.86; Plut. Pomp. 6; Flor. ii.10.22; Vell. Pat. ii.25.
27. Quote: Diod. xxxviii.10. See also: Plut. Pomp. 7.
28. App. BC i.86; Plut. Sert. 6.
29. App. BC i.87; Sall. Hist. i.30; Vell. Pat. ii.26; Livy Per. 86.
30. App. BC i.87.
31. App. BC i.87; Diod. xxxviii.12–13.
32. App. BC i.87; Plut. Sulla 28; Sall. Hist. i.30–32; Flor. ii.9.21; Vell. Pat. ii.26; Oros. v.20; Eutr. v.8; Livy Per. 87.
33. App. BC i.87.
34. App. BC i.87–88; Dio xxx/xxxv.108; Livy Per. 87.
35. App. BC i.88.
36. Diod. xxxviii.17; App. BC i.88; Cic. Brut. 311, Nat. Deo. iii.80, Fam. ix.21; Diod. xxxviii.17; Vell. Pat. ii.26; Flor. ii.9.21; Val. Max. ix.2.3; Oros. v.20; Livy Per. 87.
37. App. BC i.88–89; Eutr. v.8; Livy Per. 87.
38. App. BC i.89.
39. Quote: Plut. Sulla 30.
40. Plut. Pomp. 6.
41. App. BC i.89; Vell. Pat. ii.28; Pliny NH viii.82.
42. App. BC i.89–90; Oros. v.20.
43. App. BC i.90.
44. Plut. Sulla 28.
45. Quote: App. BC i.91.
46. Plut. Sulla 28; Sall. Hist. i.33; Eutr. v.8; Livy Per. 88.
47. App. BC i.92; Plut. Sulla 29.
48. App. BC i.92; Plut. Sulla 29; Sall. Hist. i.34.
49. Quote: Vell. Pat. ii.27. See also: Strabo v.4.11; Livy Per. 88.
50. App. BC i.93; Plut. Sulla 29, Cras. 6; Strabo v.4.11; Oros. v.20; Eutr. v.8; Livy Per. 88.
51. Quote: App. BC i.94. See also: Diod. xxxvii.29, xxxviii.15; Vell. Pat. ii.27; Val. Max. xi.8.2, ix.2.1; Strabo v.3.11; Front. ii.9.3; Livy Per. 88.
52. Dio xxx/xxxv.109.
CHAPTER 13: DICTATOR FOR LIFE
1. Seut. Caes. 77.
2. Plut. Sulla 30; Dio xxx/xxxv.109.
3. Quote: Plut. Sulla 30. See also: Dio xxx/xxxv.109; Flor. ii.9.25; Val. Max. ix.2.1; Strabo v.4.11; Oros. v.21.
4. App. BC i.95.
5. Quote: Plut. Sulla 31. See also: App. BC i.95; Livy Per. 88.
6. Plut. Sulla 31; App. BC i.95; Cic. Leg. ii.56; Vell. Pat. ii.28; Dio xxx/xxxv.109; Val. Max. ix.2.1; Pliny NH vii.54; Gran. xxxvi.33; Seut. Caes. 11; Flor. ii.9.25.
7. Plut. Sulla 31; App. BC i.95; Diod. xxxviii.19; Dio xxx/xxxv.109; Oros. v.21.
8. Plut. Sulla 31; App. BC i.95; Cic. Verr. ii.3.8, Leg. Agr. ii.56, Rosc. Am. 126; Dio xxx/xxxv.109.
9. Plut. Sulla 31, Cras. 3, 6; App. BC i.96; Dio xxx/xxxv.109.
10. Plut. Sulla 32; Sall. Cat. 5, 16, 37, Hist. i.36–37; Flor. ii.9.25; Val. Max. ix.2.1; Ascon. 84, 90–91; Pliny NH xxxiv.12; Oros. v.21; Livy Per. 89.
11. Plut. Sulla 1; Cic. Rosc. Am. 15–32; Dio xxx/xxxv.109; Oros. v.21.
12. Quote: Plut. Pomp. 9. See also: Plut. Sulla 31; App. BC i.95–96; Sall. Hist. i.44; Val. Max. v.3.5, vi.2.8, ix.13.2; Eutr. v.8; Oros. v.21; Livy Per. 89.
13. Quote: Vell. Pat. ii.22. See also: Dio xxx/xxxv.109; Sall. Cat. 37.
14. Quote: Seut. Caes. 1. See also: Seut. Caes. 74; Plut. Caes. 1; Dio xliii.43; Vell. Pat. ii.41, 43.
15. App. BC 95, 103; Cic. Rosc. Am. 128; Flor. ii.9.25.
16. Plut. Sulla 34 Mor. 318.d, 542.f; App. BC i.97; Cic. Phil. ix13; Diod. xxxviii.15; Vell. Pat. ii.27, 61; Livy xxx.45; Val. Max, xi.4.4, ix.2.1; Pliny NH vii.43.
17. Plut. Sulla 33, Pomp. 9; App. BC i.98; Vell. Pat. ii.28; Livy Per. 89.
18. App. BC i.3, 98; Cic. Verr. ii.3.82, Leg. Agr. Iii.5–6, 8, Leg. i.42; Oros. v.21.
19. Plut. Sulla 33.
20. App. BC i.98–99.
21. Livy Per. 89.
22. App. BC i.100, ii.29; Cic. Verr. ii.1.155, Leg. iii.22; Caes. BC i.7; Vell. Pat. ii.30; Ascon. 67, 78; Seut. Caes. 5; Livy Per. 89.
23. App. BC i.100; Cic. Luc. ii.1; Tac. Ann. 11.
24. Cic. Fam. i.9.25, iii.6.3, 6.6, 10.6.
25. App. BC i.100; Sall. Cat. 37; Livy Per. 89.
26. Cic. Verr. i.37–38, ii.2.77; Vell. Pat. ii.32; Tac. Ann. xi.22.
27. Cic. Clu. 151, 154, Fam. iii.11.2, Rab. Post. 8–9, Pis. 50; Just. i.2.2.32, ix.2.5.1, xxix.5.25.1, xlvii.5.23.2, 10.5.1–7, 37, xlviii.2.12.4, 5.33.1, 8.1.17.
28. App. BC i.96, 102; Cic. Leg. Agr. ii.35, 68–70, 78, 81, iii.7, 12; Gran. xxviii.10; Flor. ii.9.25; Livy Per. 89.
29. Gell. ii.24.11; Amm. xvi.5.
30. Plut. Pomp. 22, Mor. 203.f-204.a; Cic. Verr. i.54l; Val. Max. v.9.1. See also Brunt, Italian Manpower, ch. 7.
31. Plut. Sulla 34; App. BC i.103.
32. Plut. Sulla 33; App. BC i.100; Ascon. 91; Livy Per. 89.
33. Quote: App. BC i.104. See also: Oros. v.22.
34. Plut. Sulla 35–36; App. BC i.103–104; Cic. Planc. 51; Sall. Hist. i.50–53; Val. Max. vi.9.6; Pliny NH xxxiii.47.
35. Plut. Sulla 37.
36. Quote: Plut. Sulla 37. See also: App. BC i.105; Pliny vii.43.
37. Quote: Plut. Sulla 37. See also: App. BC i.105; Dio lii.17; Val. Max. ix.3.8; Pliny NH vii.43; Paus. i.20.7, ix.33.6; Livy Per. 90.
38. Plut. Sulla 38, Luc. 43, Pomp. 15, 81; App. BC i.105–106; Cic. Leg. ii.57; Pliny NH vii.54; Gran. xxxvi.32–33.
39. Quote: Plut. Sulla 38. See also Plut. Pomp. 15; App. BC i.106.
40. Cic. Verr. ii.1.123, Fam. xviii.5.2; Dio xliii.50; Vell. Pat. ii.28; Livy Per. 88.
41. Tribunes: Cic. Verr. i.44, Leg. iii.22, 26; Sall. Cat. 38; Caes. BC i.7; Livy. Per. 97; Vell. Pat. ii.30; Ascon. 76; Tac. Ann. iii.27; Plut. Pomp. 22; App. BC ii.29. Juries: Cic. Verr. ii.2.174, 3.223, Clu. 130, Phil. i.20; Livy. Per. 97; Vell. Pat. ii.32; Ascon 17, 67, 78; Tac. Ann. iii.28; Plut. Pomp. 22. Land: Cic. Leg. Agr. ii.35, 68–70, 78, 81, iii.7, 12.
42. App. BC i.27–30; Plut. Mar. 29, Cras. 2; Cic. Leg. ii.14, Leg. Agr. ii.35, 68–70, 78, 81, iii.7, 12; “Caes.” BA 56; Livy Per. 69.
43. Plut. Cras. 12, Cato Min. 26, Caes. 8, Pomp. 50; Cic. Off. ii.58, Verr. ii.3.163, 173, 214–216, ii.5.52, Scaur. 3, Att. xv.9–12; Dio xxxix.24; Ascon. 48; Sall. Hist. ii.44–47, iii.48.
44. See Syme, Roman Revolution, ch. 5.
45. Quote: Seut. Tib. 32.
46. Quote: Dio lxxviii.9.
47. Plut. Pomp. 16–20, Sert. 6–27; App. BC 108–115; Flor. ii.11; Oros. v.24–25; Livy Per. 90–93, 96.
48. Plut. Cras. 12, Pomp. 23; Seut. Caes. 19; Sall. Hist. iv.51.
49. Plut. Caes. 5; Seut. Caes. 6.
50. See most especially: App. BC 8–29, Mith. 64–113; Plut. Pomp. 31–52, Luc. 5–42, Caes. 14–28, Cras. 14–33; Caes. BC, BG.
51. Quote: Seut. Caes. 77.
52. See most especially: Dio liii.1–33; Seut. Aug. 25–31.
INDEX
Achaean League, 13–14
Adherbal (King of Numidia), x, 89–90, 92–93, 97
Adriatic Sea, 5, 207, 218, 222, 228, 239
aediles, 11, 27, 83, 87, 90
Aegean Sea, 175, 207–208
Aemilianus, Publius Scipio
Allies and, 54–55, 163
confrontation with mobs, 42, 55
consulship of, 13, 26
death of, x, 55
early years, 6–7
on Gaius Marius, 82
Homeric wisdom of, 15, 41
on Jugurtha, 88–89
legacy of, 56–57
Polybius, 7, 15
rise of, 12–15
rivalry with Claudius, 18, 26
rivalry with Cornelia, 18
sack of Carthage, ix, 1, 14–15, 17
siege of Numantia, 40–41, 88–89
on Tiberius Gracchus, 41, 42
Aenaria, 201
Africana, Cornelia, 17–18, 36, 55, 74, 79
Africanus, Scipio, 5, 6, 17, 36
ager publicus (publicly owned land), 24, 27, 29, 54, 68–69
Ahenobarbus, Gnaeus Domitius, 133, 134
Alexander the Great, 7, 185
Algeria. See Numidia
Allies
class and, 53
land and, 54
Latin Rights for, 72, 163–164
War Against the Allies, 172
See also foederati; Italians; Social War; socii
Alps, 85, 99–100, 102, 106
Ambrones, xii, 100, 140–141, 144, 148
anarchy, 8, 46, 150
Ancharius, 213
Ancona, 222, 225
animals
eagles, 135, 199
elephants, 94, 108
locusts, 68
mules, 135
Sacred Geese, 50
annexation
Greece, 14
Macedon, 14
North Africa, 15
Pergamum, 46
Spain, 6
Antiochus. See Eunus
Anti-Senate, 192–193, 195
Antonius, Marcus
Carbo and, 102–103
consular election and, 156
Crassus and, 84, 169
murder of, 212
oratory and, 66
Antony, Mark, 227, 264
Appian
on Asellio, 182
on Conflict of the Orders, 3
on military in Rome, 197
on social breakdown, 145
on Sulla, 185
on Tiberius Gracchus, 30, 36
on violence, 225
Apulia, 182–183, 229
Aquae Sextiae military colony, x, xii, 85–86, 140–142
Aquillius, Manius (the Elder)
settlement of Asia and, 49
trial of, 65–66, 69–70
Aquillius, Manius (the Younger)
gold and torture of, 202
military and, 187–189
as prisoner, 189
Second Servile War, 150–151
Arausio, xi, 126
Archelaus, 208–209, 214, 217–219
Ariobarzanes (King of Cappadocia), xii, xiii, 175, 187, 188, 208
aristocracy, 4, 8, 10, 47, 56, 255
Aristonicus, ix, x, 48, 49
Aristotle, 8
Armenia, xii, 175, 187
Arminium, 210
army, of peasants, 48
Asculum, xiii, 171–172, 177–178, 180
Asellio, 182, 216
Asia
invasion of Mithridates, 189, 202
role of, 48–50
with settlement ratified, 65–66, 69
taxes, 165–166, 228
with tax-farming contracts, 69
Asiaticus, Lucius Cornelius Scipio
fall of, 234–235
Macedonia and, 216, 226
military and, 231–234
assassinations, 169, 177, 186
See also killings, political
Assemblies, 9, 10–11, 26
See also Centuriate Assembly; Plebeian Assembly; Tribal Assembly
Athenion, 139, 150–151
Athens, xiii, 56, 209, 213–214, 226
Attalus III (King of Pergamum), ix, 33, 48, 65, 220
Augustus, 261–262, 264–265
Aurelius, Quintus, 248
Aventine Hill, 76–77, 157
banditry
in Sicily, 44
in Spain, x
barbarians, 85–86, 119–120, 129–130
See also Cimbri tribe; Gaul
Battle of Aquae Sextiae, xii, 140–142
Battle of Arausio, xi, 124–127, 136
Battle of Chaeronea, xiii, 217
Battle of Cynoscephalae, 5
Battle of Isère River, x, 86
Battle of Noreia, x, 101
Battle of Orchomenus, xiii, 218
Battle of Raudian Plain, xii, 148–149, 212
Battle of Sacriportus, 236
Battle of the Colline Gate, xiv, 241–242, 245, 248
Battle of the Muthul, 104–105
Battle of Tifata, 232
Battle of Zama, 5
Bay of Naples, 201
Bebius, Gaius, 96
Bellona. See Temple of Bellona
Bestia, Lucius Calpurnius, xi, 94–95, 105–106
Bithynia, xii–xiii, 175, 186–188, 219
Black Sea, 185, 186, 208, 218
Bocchus (King of Mauretania)
Jugurtha and, xi, 112, 118–119, 124
Sulla and, 122–123, 174
Bomilcar, 97, 108, 111
borders
expansion, 85–86
Macedonia, 101–102
protection, 85–86, 101–103, 124–127
Bosporus, 189
bounty, gold for heads, 76, 77
bribery
corruption and, 47, 49, 65–66
Numidia and, 88, 90, 94, 102, 105
Brundisium, 206, 228–229
Brutus, 264
Caepio, Quintus Servilius (the Elder)
Battle of Arausio, xi, 124–127, 136
exile, 138
Tolosa Gold, 120–121, 134
Caepio, Quintus Servilius (the Younger)
clash with Saturninus, 153–154
murder of, 177
Caesar, Gaius Julius
ambition of, xx, 227
birth of, xii
murder of, 264
proscriptions and, 250
on republic, 245
rise of, 263–264
Caesar, Lucius Julius, 174, 176, 178, 213
Caesar, Sextus Julius, 169, 174, 177
Caesaria, Julia, 91–92, 263–264
Camillus, Marcus Furius, 150
Campus Martius, 65, 190, 194, 196, 238, 251
Capitoline Hill, 12, 28, 34–36, 175, 197
Cappadocia, xii, 175, 186, 187–188, 190
See also Ariobarzanes
Capua, 205, 232, 233
Carbo, Gaius Papirius
land commission and, 53, 55
trial and suicide, 78
tribunate of, 42, 60
Carbo, Gnaeus Papirius (the Elder)
defeated by Cimbri, xi, 100–101
trial and suicide, 102–103, 179
Carbo, Gnaeus Papirius (the Younger)
consulship of, 235–237
death of, 249
military and, 206, 210, 212, 225–226
as proconsul of Cisalpine Gaul, 227
against Sulla, 239–241
Carthage
colonies, 73, 74
fall of, ix, 1, 5–6, 12–15, 18, 63
silver from, 51
cash economy, in Rome, 43
Cassius, Gaius, 264
Castor. See Temple of Castor and Pollux
Catilina, Lucius Sergius, 248–249
Cato, Gaius Porcius, 101, 102, 106
Cato, Lucius Porcius, 179–180
Cato the Elder, 101
Carthage and, 12–13
on corruption and wealth, 17, 19
criticism of, 56, 79
Cato
the Younger, xii, 162
Catulus, Quintus Lutatius
Cimbri and, 141–144
suicide of, 212
Sulla and, 142, 148–149, 199, 200
triumph of, 151
cavalry
Cimbri and, 149
Equestrian class and, 50
Mummius and, 10
Numidian, 88, 107
Pontic, 188
Sulla and, 114, 116, 117, 118
Centuriate Assembly, 9, 253, 264
Cercina, 201, 202, 209
Cethegus, Publius Cornelius, 231
Chaeronea, xiii, 217, 218
Cicero, Marcus Tullius
on Asia, 165
birth of, xi
on Cinna (cos. 87–84), 223
composition of On the Orators, 169
on corruption, 81
on Crassus, 170
on expulsion of foreigners, 62
on Glaucia, 145
on the Gracchi, 60, 80
on the grain dole, 68
influences, 121
as novus homo, 262
as optimates and populares, 79–80
on Philippus, 134
on Pompey, 227
on Rutilius, 166
on Saturninus, 137, 145–146
on Scaurus, 83
student in Rome, 220
on suicide of Carbo, 78
on Sulpicius, 191
young staff officer, 180
Cimbri tribe
migration of, x, 99–101, 106–107, 131
military against, xi, 101, 107, 119, 121, 124–127, 140–144, 148–150
Cinna, Lucius Cornelius (cos. 87–84)
Cicero on, 223
with citizenship for Italians, 221
consulship of, xiii, xiv, 203–205, 215–217
early years, 204
military and, 206–213
Sulla and, 205–206, 221–223
violence and, 174
Cinna, Lucius Cornelius (cos. 127), 203
Circus Flaminius, 246
Cirta, x, 112, 118, 122
Cisalpine Gaul, 179, 189, 226, 227, 239, 251
citizen-farmers, Lex Agraria and, 24–25
citizens, Latin, 52–53, 71–72, 163–164
citizens, Roman (populus Romanus)
colonies for, 71–72, 78
with killing authorized, 9
population, 43
wealth and, 52, 59
See also noncitizens
citizenship, Roman
for Italians, 178–179, 225–226, 229, 255
land exchanged for, 163
laws, xiii, 178–179, 182, 206
loss of, 206
reform, x, 61–63, 67, 71–72, 161–165, 178–179, 207–208, 225–226, 229, 255
for Samnites, 207–208
civil liberty. See libertas
civitas per magistratum, 163–164
class
Allies and, 53
Athens and upper, 56
Senate and hierarchy of, 10–11
See also Equestrian class; peasants