Italian, 162
military
Aquillius and, 187–189
Asiaticus and, 231–234
Carbo and, 206, 210, 212, 225–226
Cimbri tribe against, xi, 101, 107, 119, 121, 124–127, 140–144, 148–150
Cinna (cos. 87–84) and, 206–213
colony, x, xii, 85–86, 140–142
conscription, 19–22, 113–114
costs, 69
with expansion, 85–86
Gaius Marius and, 81–82, 84–86, 108–111, 113, 117–118, 129–131, 135–137, 140–141, 148–150, 176–178, 189–190, 193–195, 209–213
Italians in, 131
leadership, 109–111, 129, 190, 193
Marius the Younger and, 239
Norbanus and, 231–233, 240
novus homo and, 81–82, 84–86
Numidia and, xi, 88, 94–95, 103–113, 117–119, 122–124
Octavius and, 210
peasant armies, 48, 107
Metellus Pius and, 183, 207–208, 230, 232, 239–240
plague and, 210
Pompeius Magnus and, 177, 264
Pompeius Strabo and, 177–180, 205, 207, 210, 220
poverty and service in, 20, 21, 114
recruits from client-patron networks, 26
reforms, 135–137
in Rome, 197–202, 210–213
Sertorius and, 210, 232–235
slaves in, 114, 133, 150–151, 180, 196
Sulla and, 114, 116–119, 122–123, 131, 136, 149, 180–181, 185, 189, 193–197, 200–202, 205–209, 217–220, 235–242
See also cavalry
mines, state-owned, 51
Minturnae, 199–201
Mithridates I (King of Pontus), 185
Mithridates V (King of Pontus), 49, 65, 147, 175, 183, 186
Mithridates VI (King of Pontus)
in Asia, 188–189, 202, 208, 218–219
Cappadocia and, xiii, 190
debt cancellation and, 189
defeat of, 264
early years, 185–186
Gaius Marius and, xii, 186–188, 214–215
in Greece, 208
with massacre of Italians, 202
Nicomedes IV and, 188
Rome and, 147, 183
Sulla and, xiv, 219–220
with Tigranes I, xii, 187
mob tactics, 147–148, 154, 157–158
monarchy, 8
mos maiorum (“the way of the elders”)
break from, 27, 30–31, 34–37, 64, 113, 127, 136, 152, 194, 197
defined, 4, 128
Pomerium and, 197
Sulla and, 194, 197
Mucianus, Publius Licinius Crassus, 24–25, 48–49
mules, 135
Mummius, Lucius
consulship of, 13
in Corinth, ix, 1–2, 14
as quaestor, 10–11
triumph of, 11–12
murders
of Antonius, 212
of Asellio, 182
of Cinna (cos. 87–84), 223
of Drusus the Younger, xii, 171
of Gaius Memmius, 156
of Gaius Octavius, 212
of Julius Caesar, 264
of Nonius, 152
of Quintus Pompeius Rufus, 205
of Scaevola, 237–238
of Tiberius Gracchus, 35–37, 41, 60, 66, 75, 95
See also killings, political
Narbo, x, 86
Nasica, Publius Scipio, 32, 35–36, 40, 48
navy, Greek, 189
Nearer Spain, 6, 47
Nerva, Publius Licinius, 132
New Man. See novus homo
Nicomedes III (King of Bithynia), xiii, 175, 186, 187
Nicomedes IV (King of Bithynia), 187, 188
nobile, 10, 12, 56, 60, 137
Nola, 206, 207
noncitizens
citizenship reform and, x, 61–63, 67, 71–72, 161–165, 178–179, 207–208, 225–226, 229, 255
foreign provincials as, 262
Italians as, 25, 43, 71, 162–165, 168, 229
Lex Agraria and, 25, 28
population, 43
Roman citizenship for some, 178–179, 225–226
See also Allies
Nonius, xii, 152
Norbanus, Gaius
consulship of, 227–228
as governor of Sicily, 226
military and, 231–233, 240
proscriptions and, 247, 249
violence and, 138, 145
Noreia, x, 101–102, 106, 124, 141
North Africa
Bocchus and, 122
colonies, 72–73, 74, 199
famine in, 68
Masinissa and, 88
novus homo (New Man)
discrimination against, 10, 11, 13, 83, 92, 117, 125
military and, 81–82, 84–86
populare assault and, 106
Numa (King of Rome), 3
Numantia, fall of, ix, 40–41, 56, 63, 82, 88
Numantines, 22–23
Numidia (Algeria)
bribery and, 88, 90, 94, 102, 105
cavalry, 88, 107
Gaius Marius in, 108–111, 117–119, 122, 124
Opimius in, 89–90
Quintus Caecilius Metellus (Numidicus) in, xi, 103–112, 117–118
Sallust on war in, 106
Scaurus in, 93, 94–95, 102
Sulla in, 118–119, 122–124
treasury, 89, 110
See also Jugurtha
Numidicus, Metellus. See Metellus, Quintus Caecilius (Numidicus)
Octavius, Gnaeus
consulship of, 204–205, 206
military and, 210
murder of, 212
plebs urbana and, 206–207, 210
Octavius, Marcus, 29–31, 67
oligarchy
rise of, 8–10, 260
secret ballots to defy, 22
On the Orators (Cicero), 169
Opimius, Lucius
consulship of, 73–77
against Gaius Gracchus, 75–78
in Numidia, 89–90
sack of Fregellae and, x, 63
optimates, as political faction, 52, 79–80, 83, 106, 154, 169
Oracle at Delphi, 86, 121, 214
the Orator. See Crassus, Lucius Licinius
oratory, 169
Antonius and, 66
Crassus and, 83–84, 86, 120–121
Gracchi and, 28
theatrical, 60, 64–65
Orchomenus, xiii, 218
Ostia, 137, 199, 210
Palatine Hill, 76, 212
Parthian Empire, 175
Paterculus, Velleius
on dangerous precedents, 37
on fortunes of families, 174
on Cinna, 223
“path of honors.” See cursus honorum
patricians, 3, 4, 10
patrons. See client-patron networks
Paullus, Lucius Aemilius, 6–7
Pausanias, on madness, 14
peasants
with anarchy, 46
army, 48, 107
colonies and, 68
with Gaius Marius, 200
optimates and, 152
as tenant-farmers, 20–21
Pergamum, 33, 40, 46, 48, 49, 188
See also Asia; Attalus III
Perseus (King of Macedon), 6
Persian Empire, 175
Philip V (King of Macedon), 5–6
Philippus, Lucius Marcius, 134, 168–170, 173, 231
Phrygia, 49
Picenum, 179, 189, 234, 239, 255
Piraeus, 209, 214
Pius, Metellus. See Metellus, Quintus Caecilius (Pius)
Placenta, 210
plague
of locusts, 68
military and, 210
Plebeian Assembly, 3, 9, 264–265
plebeians
as clients, 4
Conflict of the Orders and, 3, 10
plebs urbana (residents of Rome)
Anti-Senate and, 192
citizenship reform and, 62, 226
conscription of, 114
food shortage and, 181
Gaius Marius and, 70, 87, 152, 157, 261
grain prices and, 68–69, 87, 153–154, 167–168
Lex Julia and, 182
Octavius and, 206–207, 210
Sulla and, 226, 238–239, 246
voting and, 44
wage labor and, 43
Plutarch
on first sedition at Rome, 36
on the Gracchi, 28, 59–60, 74, 79
on history repeating itself, xxi
on military leadership, 109, 129
on Sulla, 238
politics. See killings, political; Senate
Pollux. See Temple of Castor and Pollux
Polybius
in exile in Rome, 7–8
on glory of Rome, 1
as mentor, 15
Roman constitution and, 9, 10, 260
on Senate, 33
Pomerium, 35, 197, 198, 245
Pompeii, 181
Pompeius Magnus, Gnaeus (Pompey the Great)
birth of, xi
Cicero on, 227
legacy, 263
military and, 177, 264
proscriptions and, 249
with Sulla, xiv, 230–231, 235
Pompeius Rufus, Quintus (the Elder)
consular elections and, xiii, 190–191
murder of, 205
Sulla and, 192–193
Pompeius Rufus, Quintus (the Younger), 193
Pompeius Strabo, Gnaeus (Pompey the Elder)
in Asculum, xiii, 177, 179–180, 205, 207
consulship of, 178–180
death of, 210
Lex Pompeia and, 179
military and, 177–180, 205, 207, 210, 220
in Picenum and Cisalpine Gaul, 179, 189
violence and, 174
pontifex maximus, 32, 35
pontiffs, 134
Pontus
Bithynia and, 175
cavalry, 188
history, 185–187
invasion of, 188–189
Phrygia and, 49
Rome and, 147, 183
See also Mithridates VI
Popillius, Gaius, 119–120
populares, as political faction
Gaius Marius and, 152
return of, 106
Sallust on, 79–80
Senate and, 133–135
population
citizens and noncitizens, 43
Rome, 43, 261
slaves, 43
populus Romanus. See citizens, Roman
posts, heads on, 212, 213, 242, 251
poverty
cash economy and, 43
military service and, 20, 21, 114
See also wealth
power
deposition and, 30–31
Dictatorship, xiv, 8–9, 251–257
magistrates with abuse of, 162–163
proconsular, 262, 265
senatus consultum ultimum and, 75, 157, 198, 205, 227
Sulla with withdrawal of, 257–258
tribunes with less, 253, 259
veto, 29–30, 96
violence and, 35–36, 152–153, 166, 168
Praeneste, xiv, 206, 236–237, 240, 242
praetors, 11, 90–92, 122, 123
prices, grain, 68–69, 78, 87, 153–154, 167–168
priesthood, 134, 158, 182, 206
princeps senatus, 18, 53, 105–106
proconsul
Carbo as, 227
with conquered gold and silver, 19
honorary role of, 256
power of, 262, 265
Scipio Aemilianus as, 88
Sextus Caesar as, 174, 177
proscriptions
abuse of, 249–250, 259, 264
defined, 247
exile with, 263
profit from, 248
role of, xiv
provincae, administration in, 47–48
public works projects, roads, 68, 78, 86
publicani
Cinna and, 216
with commerce, 50–52, 56
contracts for, 50–51, 69–70, 84, 91
corruption and, 165–166
with debt crisis, 181–182
land redistribution opposed by, 168–169
with tax-farming contracts, 69, 132
publicly owned land. See ager publicus
Punic Wars, 5, 6
conscription and, 19–20
Second, 19, 88, 114, 136
Pyrenees, 85, 119
quaestio de repetundis. See Extortion Court
quaestors
Aemilianus as, 12
Gaius Gracchus as, 63–65
Lucullus as, 195
Marius as, 85
Mummius as, 10–11
Saturninus as, 133–134, 137–138
Sulla as, xi, 114, 117
Tiberius Gracchus as, 22–23
with treasury, 11, 47, 152, 153
Raudian Plain, xii, 148–149, 212
Ravenna, 239
redistribution, of land, 134, 154, 161–162, 168–170
Remus, 2
rent, land with free, 73
residents of Rome. See plebs urbana
revolts
Asculum, 171–172, 180
Extortion Court and, 48, 78, 153
Fregellae, x, 62–63, 65, 105, 163
of Jugurtha, 110–111
slaves, xi, 40, 44, 45–46, 48–49, 57, 131–133, 139–140, 145, 263
roads
Via Domitia, 86
repair, 68, 78
Rome
cash economy in, 43
with enemies of state, 197–202, 211–213
expansion, 85–86
founding of, 2–3, 4, 9, 150
Italians with expulsion from, 164, 229
military in, 197–202, 210–213
population, 43, 261
See also citizens, Roman; citizenship, Roman; plebs urbana
Romulus (King of Rome), 2, 3, 4, 9, 150
Rupilius, Publius, 39, 46, 67
Rutilius Rufus, Publius,
military innovations, 130
trial and exile, 165–166
Sabaco, Cassius, 91
Sacred Geese, 50
Sallust
on bribery, 102
on civil war, 99
on populares and optimates, 79–80
on poverty and military service, 114
on Scaurus, 83
on Sulla, 118
on war in Numidia, 106
on wealth and power, 203
on wealth of Roman citizens, 59
Salluvii tribe, 85–86
salons, culture, 79
Samnite Wars, 4
Samnites, 172, 207–208, 242
Samnium, 229
Sardinia, 47, 63–65
Saturn. See Temple of Saturn
Saturninus, Lucius Appuleius
with duties relieved by Senate, xi
with Gracchan legacy, 146
land-for-veterans proposal and, 139
mob tactics and, xii, 145, 147–148, 157–158, 226, 251
as quaestor, 133–134, 137–138
Sulpicius on, 192
treason court and, 254
as tribune, 152–158
Saufeius, Gaius, 152, 157
Scaevola, Publius Mucius
in Asia, xii, 165–166
citizenship reform and, 164
Crassus and, 120, 169, 229
Lex Agraria and, 25
murder of, 237–238
Nasica and, 35
Scaurus, Marcus Aemilius
Ahenobarbus and, 134
as censor, 167
consulship of, 91
corruption and, 90
death of, 191
Extortion Court and, 166
in Numidia, 93, 94–95, 102
as princeps se
natus, 93, 105–106, 137, 173
Sallust on, 83
Scordisci tribe, x, 101–102
Second Punic War, 19, 88, 114, 136
Second Servile War, 133, 150–151
secret ballots
judicial assemblies, ix, 22
for legislative assemblies, x, 42
voting, ix, x, 22, 42, 53, 79, 86–87
seers, 199–200
Senate
Anti-Senate, 192–193, 195
with Carthage, 5–6, 12–13
with citizenship reform, 62
class hierarchy in, 10–11
commerce and, 51–52, 56
with Dictatorship, 9
election reforms in, 22
Extortion Court and, 48
with Macedon, 6–7
overreach of, 9–10
political killings in, 35–37, 41, 60, 66, 74–75
Sulla and, 198, 221
with wealth, displays of, 19
Senate’s Final Decree (senatus consultum ultimum), 75, 157, 198, 205, 227
Sertorius, Quintus
Cimbri and, 126
Cisalpine Gaul and, 226
military and, 210, 232–235
proscriptions and, 247
against Sulla, 206–207, 232–233, 263
violence and, 174, 213
Servius Tullius (King of Rome), 3
Sicily, 47, 48
grain from, 44–45, 226
with Norbanus as governor, 226
slave revolt, 45–46, 131
Silanus, Marcus Junius, 106–107, 119
Silanus, Titus Turpilius, 110
Silo, Quintus Poppaedius
citizenship for Italians and, 161–162, 168, 170–171
death of, xiii
Marsi and, 172, 177, 180, 182–183
silver, 90
conquered, 6, 19, 51, 108, 121
for temples, 6
Sinope, 185, 186
slaves
abuse of, 162–163, 199
captured, 11, 12, 126, 127, 149
Diodorus on, 51
election fraud with, 90–91
First Servile War, ix, 45, 132
Gaius Gracchus and, 77
with Gaius Marius, 201
from Greece, 7
land worked by, 20–21
in military, 114, 133, 150–151, 180, 196
population, 43
revolts, xi, 40, 44, 45–46, 48–49, 57, 131–133, 139–140, 145, 263
Second Servile War, 133, 150–151
with suicide, 142
social reform
land and, ix, 20–21, 24–25, 27–34, 40, 54–57, 67–68, 154
Lex Julia, xiii, 178, 182, 206
unemployment and, 20–21
Social War (Marsic War, War Against the Allies), 164
aftermath of, 181–182
in historical context, 229
start of, xii, 171–173
socii, 53, 172
soothsayers, 109, 199–200
Spain, 82, 263
annexation of, 6
banditry in, x
conscription and, 21–22
Further, 6, 11, 47, 91
Nearer, 6, 47
resistance in, 21, 26, 48
roads, 86
silver in, 6, 19
Spartacus, 263
Spiked Boots, 209, 211–213
Strabo (geographer), 100
Strabo, Gnaeus Pompeius. See Pompeius Strabo, Gnaeus (Pompey the Elder)