post-war spy work 247, 248
regarded as one of the most talented officers involved in double-cross 167
search for Arabal and 34–6, 38
as Soviet spy 270–4, 273n
Spanish Art Gallery, London and 20, 33, 264, 271
spreads rumour that Garbo had passed away 266
strong character 34
sub-agent stories and 90, 101–5
United States, post-war visit to 250
V weapons and 157–8, 209, 210, 212
visits Juan Pujol in Venezuela 262, 263–4
wine cellar 36, 77
Hart, Herbert 14, 19
Hasselt, Belgium 152, 186–7
Hastings, Max 132–3
Healey, Denis 224, 228
Heine, Heinrich 9
Hendon 75, 76, 77, 84, 116, 117, 157, 170, 173, 193, 196, 260
Herrlingen, Germany 164–5, 166
Hesketh, Roger 142, 169, 171, 183, 280, 284, 285
Heydrich, Reinhard 73, 74, 109
Hill 112 (Battle for Caen, 1944) 221, 223
Himmler, Heinrich 24, 25, 71, 72, 73, 74, 109, 152, 165, 198–9, 208, 277
Hinrichsen, Sigurd 72–3, 151
Hitler, Adolf 29, 56, 73, 83, 101, 122, 124, 163, 182, 250, 276, 286–7, 290
‘almost mystic confidence’ in Garbo 241
ascent to power 24, 72, 110
Atlantic Wall and 148–9, 164
awards Garbo Iron Cross 215, 242, 252
Berchtesgarden and 164, 165–6, 191
command over Panzer divisions 149
commits suicide 246, 287
D-Day and 166, 174, 175, 176, 177, 182, 185, 186
falls for Allied deception that Normandy landings are a diversion for bigger assault elsewhere (Operation Fortitude) 192, 201, 202, 203, 204, 206, 207, 226, 285
French regime and 146
Lüttich Operation, 1944 and 231, 232
meets Ōshima 191, 192
Norway invasion and 57
Paris battle and 217, 235
Patton, admiration for 141
Peiper and 151
plots to remove from power 200
Spanish Civil War 22, 23
V weapons and 208
Hogg, Lance-Corporal 221
Holocaust 109
Home Defence 78
Home Forces 78
Hoover, J. Edgar 250
Horsfall, Jock 34, 38
Hotel Marisel, Venezuela 267
Houssar, Captain 3
Howard, Leslie 115, 116
Interallié 136
International Brigades 51, 55
Iron Cross 73, 112, 151, 215, 242, 252
Isle of Wight 90
Italian Navy 9
Italy 9, 37, 56, 74, 126, 132, 146, 163, 166, 179, 268, 275
Ivens, Jack 15, 243
Jahn, Helmut 230
Japan 10, 31, 67, 145, 191–2, 203, 250
Japanese Imperial Army 191
Jarvis, Ralph 18, 21, 32
Jebsen, Johannes ‘Johnny’ 158–60, 161, 178, 278
Jews 24, 25, 73, 97, 102, 141, 152, 199, 223, 252, 275
Jodl, Colonel-General 176, 177, 201, 203, 204
Juan Carlos, King 277
Juan Pujol y Compañía 43, 47
Juno beach, Normandy 173, 174, 219, 220
Keitel, Field Marshal Wilhelm 201, 204, 285
Kell, John 18
Kell, Vernon 18
KGB 273
Kharkov, Ukraine 110–11, 112, 134, 151, 226
King Tiger tanks 274
KLM 26, 64, 65, 85, 93, 115–16
Knappe-Ratey, Friedrich 59, 60, 61, 62, 63, 66, 67, 248, 251, 252, 266
Knesselare chateau, Belgium 222–3
Knight’s Cross of the Iron Cross 112, 151
Knox, Dillwyn 8, 9, 10, 11, 13, 35, 71, 79, 162, 279
Kreisler, Edward 267
Kremlin, Operation, 1942 122
Krummacher, Colonel Freidrich-Adolf 202–3, 204, 290
Kühlenthal, Ellen 275
appearance 23
‘Artist’ informs British that all of Kühlenthal’s spies in Britain are double-agents 158, 160
as ‘a one-man espionage disaster area’ 87–8
attempts to have agents send tennis racket to 99
award of Iron Cross to Garbo and 215, 252
becomes head of Madrid Abwehr station 139
becomes increasingly happy with Garbo 97, 98
becomes increasingly reliant on Garbo material 93–4
Buénaga and 242–4
Canaris and 24, 97, 199
connection with Spain 23, 24
created an Aryan 25, 27
creates code name ‘Alaric’ 26
D-Day misinformation and 137–8, 140, 169, 170, 171, 172, 178, 182, 183
death 276
eccentricities of Garbo and 93–4
encouraged to regard Garbo as quixotic, temperamental genius 93
fake arrest of Garbo and 213, 214, 215
first meets Señor López 26
gap in Garbo transmissions on arriving in England and 85
Garbo sends letter to on 2nd anniversary of spying for 123
Garbo suggests post-war scenerios to 247
immediately retransmits to Berlin any information from Garbo on military matters 140
Juan Pujol meets after war 251–2
Knappe and 59, 62
last wartime meeting between Juan Pujol and 62, 63
Normandy landings Allied deception plan and 193–4, 195, 196, 198, 199, 200, 203, 207, 208, 233 see also D-Day
on location of sub-agents 89, 90
Operation Cockade and 124, 125, 126
orders Juan Pujol to build up network of sub-agents 62, 65
persecution of Jews/Jewish blood and 23–4, 25, 139–40, 199, 252
post-war life 248, 275–6
pseudonyms 26, 87–8
RAF aircraft recognition handbook, authorizes Garbo to purchase 95, 96, 97
receives monthly accounts from Garbo 82
SD and 25
sends Garbo photographs of new Enigma cypher tables 115
shooting down of KLM Flight 777 and 116
V weapons and 157, 209, 210, 211, 212, 213
was he really duped? 251–2
wireless transmitter, allows Garbo to send messages via a 93, 114
La Roche-Guyon, France 164, 185
Lagunillas Hotel, Venezuela 267
Lancaster bombers 225
Leclerc, General Philippe 147, 234, 235, 237, 276
León, Enriqueta Rodríguez 33
Libération 237
Liddell, Guy 36, 99, 118, 159, 160, 244, 245, 259
Lisbon, Portugal 12, 18, 21, 26, 28–32, 35, 36, 37, 59, 60–1, 62, 63–8, 75, 78, 82, 83, 85, 86, 88, 92, 93, 96, 97, 115, 116, 137, 140, 157, 158, 159, 193, 243, 244, 248, 250, 253, 263
London 12, 14, 16–21, 26, 27, 28, 30, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 38–9, 57, 59, 60, 61, 63, 64, 66, 67, 71, 75–86, 87–8, 93, 95, 96, 97, 99–105, 114–20, 123, 125–7, 131–5, 137, 138, 139, 142, 144, 146, 157, 158, 161, 162, 163, 164, 167–72, 177, 178–83, 191–7, 199, 201, 202, 203, 204, 206–16, 220, 231, 233, 237, 241, 242, 243, 244, 246, 247, 248, 249, 250, 253, 257, 259, 260, 262, 263, 264, 265, 266, 269, 271, 273, 276, 280, 282, 285, 289
London Controlling Section (LCS) 123, 142, 191, 206, 207, 242, 289
Luances (poet) 60
Luftwaffe 115, 122, 126, 163, 164, 175
Lüttich, Operation, 1944 231, 232
Macintyre, Ben 87
Maclean, Melinda 271
Maclean, Donald 259, 265, 271
Madrid, Spain 11, 12, 14, 15, 16, 19, 21, 22–7, 28, 29, 30, 31, 35, 55–6, 57, 59, 60, 61, 64, 65, 66–7, 74, 76, 78, 82, 87, 88, 91, 93–4, 95, 96, 97, 114, 124, 127, 139, 140, 146, 147, 158, 167, 168, 169, 170, 171, 172, 178, 180, 181, 196, 198, 199, 200, 203, 207, 210, 211, 213, 233, 242, 244, 245, 246, 247, 248, 249, 250–1, 252, 253, 263, 266, 277
, 289
‘Magic’ (American tapping of Japanese communications) 192
Majestic Hotel, Madrid 28, 55–6, 61, 250, 263
Malmedy massacre trial, 1946 274
Malta 37, 78
Mark IV tank 150, 151, 225, 232
Mark VIB light tank 144
Marriot, John 78
Marshall, General George C. 192, 204, 207
Masterman, John 17–18, 78, 79, 84, 91, 104, 121, 122, 124, 137, 142, 159, 160, 244, 253, 257, 268, 289
Matapan, Battle of, 1941 9
McCann, W.B 89, 291
McCarthy, Joseph 275
Melero, Señora 55
Menzies, Sir Stewart 79, 207
Merchant Navy 102, 103
MG42 ‘Spandau’ machine gun 151
MI5 33, 34, 266, 270
Araceli Pujol and 116–20, 210, 246
‘Artist’ disappearance and 158–61, 178
BIA section 16, 17–18, 20, 34, 35, 78, 159
Bletchley Park and see Government Code and Cypher School (GC&CS), Bletchley Park
brings Juan Pujol to England 33–5
building, 58 St James’s Street 82
Cambridge spy ring and 259, 270–4 see also under individual spy name
Camp020 interrogation centre, Ham Common 16, 85, 118, 119
Churchill’s speech to House of Commons on D-Day and 179
code name given to Garbo 38–9, 80
courier network for Garbo letters and 86
declassification of papers relating to Garbo 268
double-cross system and see double-cross
encourage Garbo’s wireless communication 124, 140
first hear of Arabal/Arabel network 14–21, 34–5
Garbo as ‘real star’ of double-cross network 137
Harris writes report on Garbo case for 271
interview Juan Pujol on arrival in London 75–9
Juan Pujol never a member of 84–5
Kühlenthal as mouthpiece of within German intelligence 98
LCS and see London Controlling Section
MBE award to Juan Pujol and 244
Normandy landings and 101
number of double-agents 136–7
Pas-de-Calais Allied landings deception and see Garbo
payments to Juan Pujol 84, 253, 262
plan for Juan Pujol to infiltrate a group of Czech expatriates in Venezuela and 265–6
post-war surveillance of German spy network 247, 251
story of Juan Pujol’s first contact with Germans and 57–62
Twenty Committee 18, 20, 78, 79, 84, 114, 142, 159, 257, 258, 289
see also under individual agent and member name
MI6 11, 18, 21, 35, 36, 37, 38, 75, 76, 79, 86, 121, 200, 207, 250, 259, 265, Section V 12, 13, 14, 32, 35, 36, 54, 65, 77–8, 243, 259
MI9 35
Military Cross 276
Mills, Cyril 34, 38, 39, 75, 76, 77, 139, 157, 280, 281, 292
Milne, A. A. 189
Milne, Tim 13–14
Ministry of Information, UK 84, 89, 90, 92, 138–9, 167, 180, 214
Molfenter, Arne 251–2
Montagu, Commander Ewen 15, 100, 137, 167
Montgomery, General 143, 220
Moorhouse, Roger 287
Moscow, Soviet Union 10, 54, 71, 73, 122, 163, 258, 270, 271
Muggeridge, Malcolm 270
Mulberry Harbours 134–5, 286
Mussolini, Benito 22, 126, 145
NAAFI 125
National Archive, Kew 99
Nazi-Soviet Pact, 1939 287
Normandy, France 1–4, 7, 101, 122, 128, 131–4, 137–42, 148–50, 161, 165, 167, 168, 170, 173–83, 185, 186, 187, 191, 192, 193, 201, 202, 203, 207, 208, 212, 219, 221, 223, 226, 229–32, 233, 241, 257, 260, 280 see also Overlord, Operation
North Africa 91–2, 97, 133, 144, 163, 164
Northern Ireland 90, 276
Norway 57, 74, 124, 133, 138, 148, 169, 192
Nuremberg Laws, 1935 23–4
Official Secrets Act, UK 167–8
Omaha beach, Normandy 173, 174, 184, 185, 219, 282–3
Operation Torch, 1942 91–3
Ops(B) (Allied military deception planning department) 142, 284, 289
Oran, Algeria 146, 147
Orne, River, Normandy 166, 173
Ōshima, Baron Hiroshi 191–2, 203
Overlord, Operation, 1944 131–5, 137–42, 161, 169, 171–2, 173–7, 185, 186, 285, 286
Allied air superiority 151, 223, 226
Atlantic Wall 148–9, 164
attempt to convince Germans that assault on Normandy is a feint to draw their best forces away from real attack on Calais area (Garbo deception) 133–4, 135, 141, 161, 176, 177, 192, 200–5, 206–8, 241
casualties 173–4
D-Day see D-Day
deception as vital for success of 131
geography and technicalities of attack 132–3
German armed strength and 132–3, 148, 149, 150–1
German command structure and 149–50, 164–6, 175
German confidence of success 148–9
German discovery of operational orders of US units and 184–6
German disputes over strategy 175, 176, 177, 184–7, 193, 197
German reaction to Garbo message on absence of FUSAG from Normandy landings 200–5, 206–8
Hitler and see Hitler, Adolf
Mulberry harbours and 134–5
Operation Bodyguard and see Bodyguard, Operation
Operation Epsom and 220–2, 223–4
Operation Fortitude and see Fortitude, Operation
Operation Goodwood and 224–8, 229, 231
Operation Lüttich and 231, 232
Operation Spring and 230–1
Panzer divisions and 133–4, 135, 149, 151–3, 161, 175, 176, 185–7, 193, 197, 201–2, 219–20, 221, 222–3, 224–8, 229–32
Paris, fall of 234–7
riskiness of 131–2
Rommel and Von Rundstedt order Panzer divisions to Normandy 185–7, 193, 197
Rommel’s absence during D–Day 164–5, 174, 184
scale of 131
suitability of Normandy over Calais area as area of attack 134–5
tank warfare and 133–4, 149, 150, 151, 220–28, 229–32, 233–7
without involvement of Garbo scenario 284–8
Owens, Arthur 16
Panther tank 133, 150, 151, 186, 193, 202, 221, 225, 226, 229, 230, 232, 274
Panzerfaust (German anti-tank weapon) 151
Paris, France 149, 175, 200, 206, 207, 217, 234–7, 241, 276, 277
Pas-de-Calais, France 125, 134, 135, 141, 149, 160, 161, 165, 174, 175, 179, 185, 191, 196, 201, 203, 204, 207, 211, 212, 223, 241, 285–6
Patton, General 141, 168, 177, 194, 204, 205, 212, 231, 233, 241
Paulus, General Friedrich 110
Pearl Harbor, 1941 10, 31, 67
Peiper, Jochen 71, 72–4, 109–13, 151–3, 186–7, 193, 202, 203, 204, 205, 220, 222, 223, 224, 225–6, 227, 228, 229, 230–1, 232, 274–5
Pemsel, Generalleutnant Max 185
Pétain, Marshal 146
Petrie, Sir David 244
Pharus map of London 211, 212
Philby, Kim 12, 13, 14, 15, 35–6, 54, 65, 71, 76–7, 88, 243, 258, 259, 266, 270, 272, 273
Philip, Prince 280, 281
PIAT 151
Poland 136, 137, 152, 166, 202, 234
Political Warfare Executive 180
Poolton, Private Jack 1–2, 122, 277–8
Popov, Dusan ‘Dusko’ 136–7, 158, 159, 160
Porsche 275
Portugal 12, 18, 21, 26, 28–32, 35, 36, 37, 56, 59, 60–1, 62, 63–8, 75, 78, 82, 83, 85, 86, 88, 92, 93, 96, 97, 115, 116, 137, 140, 157, 158, 159, 193, 243, 244, 248, 250, 252, 253, 263, 265, 277
Potthast, Hedwig 73
Pratt, Mike 227
Preuss, Georg 111
Princesses of Borbón 56
Profumo Affair, 1963 258
Puig, Teresa Llombart 4
4–5
Pujol Cilia, María Elena (daughter), 268
Pujol García, Elena (sister) 48
Pujol García, Joaquin (brother) 47–8
Pujol García, Juan:
‘Alaric’ ‘first letter from London’ (written in Lisbon) to German controllers 63–4
‘Alaric’, Germans payments to 60, 61, 62, 65, 76
‘Alaric’ shipping convoy messages 14–15, 19, 26, 35, 37–8, 78
approaches British in Lisbon 29, 35, 63, 64–5
approaches British in Madrid 57–8, 66, 67
approaches Germans in Madrid 26, 58–60
art dealings, post-war 262–5, 281–2
background/family and birth 43–7
becomes Nazi spy 62
‘Bovril’ name given by MI6 35, 37, 38, 76
Bristow reveals name of 259
British security services bring to London 37–9
couriers invented by 26, 64, 65, 85, 93, 116, 243, 291
daily life in Britain during Garbo deception 83–4
death 282
death faked 266
death of daughter 268
diary 82
diplomatic passport 60–1
discovery by British 11, 13–15, 19–21, 28–32, 34–9
divorce 267
dreamer, cheat, liar 8, 29, 58
English classes, takes 84
Europe, visits 1979 268–9
family see under individual family member name
fiancée Margarita 47, 48, 49
first meetings with Germans 26–7, 58–60
fortieth anniversary of Normandy landings, attends 260, 280–3
Garbo work see GARBO
gift shop in Venezuela, opens 267, 268, 269
as greatest double agent in history 8
heart bypass 268
hotel business in Venezuela 267–8
interviewed by MI5 on arrival in England 75–9
Knappe, post-war visit to 251 see also Knappe-Ratey, Friedrich
Kühlenthal, post-war visit to 251–2 see also Kühlenthal, Karl-Erich
Majestic Hotel, Madrid, manager of 28, 55–6, 250
MBE, awarded 244, 245, 281
MI5 payoff 253
motives for spy work 57–8
Nigel West search for 258–61, 269, 280–3
Official Secrets Act, signs 167–8
opens newsagent in Venezuela 266–7
passport 57, 59
plan to infiltrate a group of Czech expatriates in Venezuela and 265–6
post-war life, 1945–84 257–69, 280–3
Prince Philip, meets 280
return to Spain, post-war 249, 250–1, 267
reunion with surviving members of deception group, 1984 280–1
second wife and 266–7, 268
as Soviet agent 54
Spanish Civil War and 47–54, 55, 58, 138, 146, 147, 233, 263, 264, 267, 271, 277
starts inventing intelligence 65–6