6th Airborne Division 166, 173
11th Armoured Division 219, 225
15th Scottish Infantry division 220, 221
23rd Hussars 143–5, 219–20, 221, 222, 224, 225, 226, 276
British Expeditionary Force (BEF) 132, 142
Fife and Forfar Yeomanry 225, 226, 228
British Embassy, Lisbon 31, 57, 64–5
British Embassy, Madrid 242–3
Brooke, Field Marshal Sir Alan 148, 207
Brotherhood in the Aryan World Order (fictitious) 102–5, 139, 194
‘Brutus’ (double-cross agent) 136, 137
Buénaga, Roberto 242–4
Bulge, Battle of the, 1944–5 274
Burgess, Anthony 129
Burgess, Guy 33, 36, 259, 265, 271
Burgos, Spain 53, 54, 56
Buschlen, Arthur B. 283
Byron, Lord 69
Caballero, Francisco Largo 277
Cabinet War Rooms 123, 169
Cádiz, Agustín 44–5
Caen, France 131–2, 135, 166, 173, 174, 220, 223, 228, 230, 231, 232
Café Bar la Moderna, Madrid 249, 250–1
Calais, France 124–5, 126–7, 134, 148, 177, 192, 201, 202, 203, 229
Calvo, Luis 16, 17, 19, 85
Cambridge spy ring 259, 270, 271 see also under individual name of spy
Camp 020, Ham Common (MI5 interrogation centre) 16, 85, 118, 119
Canada 90, 131, 139, 140, 157, 170, 247, 264, 265, 277–8, 292
Canadian armed forces 1, 2, 3, 131, 141, 167, 171, 173, 174, 219, 220, 231, 232
1st Canadian Army 141, 195
3rd Infantry Division 171, 231
Royal Regiment of Canada 1, 2, 3, 277–8
Canaris, Admiral Wilhelm 24, 25, 97, 198–9, 200, 208, 252
Cascais, Portugal 63
‘Case Three’ (scenario in which all German available armoured reserves are sent into Normandy to crush Allied invasion) 186, 193, 206, 207
Caucasus 71, 122
Celedonio (priest) 47, 53
Cervantes, Miguel de vii, 80, 239
Cherbourg, France 4, 135, 149, 165, 242
Chesterfield Gardens, London 35–6, 77
Chestnut, HMS 20
Chislehurst Caves, London 114–15, 125, 170, 292
Choltitz, General Dietrich von 237
Churchill tank 133, 150
Churchill, Winston 9, 66, 101, 115–16, 133, 155, 179, 180, 286
Clarke, Bob 221, 222
Clyde, Scotland 66, 92, 138, 169
CNT anarchist trade union 45, 47
Cockade, Operation, 1943 122–8, 193
Cold War 270
Colman, Ronald 18
Condor Legion 23
convoys, shipping 2, 14, 15, 19, 26, 35, 37, 65, 66, 78, 92
Counterfeit Spy, The (Delmer) 258
Cowgill, Colonel Felix 12–13, 21, 36, 38
Crespigny Road, Hendon 75, 77, 84, 170, 171
Cromwell tank 150
Cuba 247
Czechoslovakia 109, 265
Czerniawski, Roman 136, 137
D-Day, June 6, 1944 7, 126, 131, 136, 137, 140, 144, 147, 148, 150, 160, 161,162–72, 173–83, 184, 192–3, 194, 200, 210, 219, 220, 223, 242, 257, 283, 286, 287 see also Overlord, Operation
Dachau concentration camp, Germany 274
Darling, Donald 35
de Beauvoir, Simone 237
de Gaulle, General Charles 234, 235, 276
Delmer, Sefton 169, 258, 268
Denniston, Alistair 9
Dienz 275–6
Dieppe Raid, 1942 1–4, 7, 101, 122, 128, 132, 134, 148, 278
Dietrich, General Sepp 151, 229
Dirección General de Seguridad 242–3
double-cross system (British intelligence anti-espionage and deception operation) 16, 17–18, 20, 35, 36–7, 78, 79, 116, 117, 120, 121, 123, 136, 158, 159, 160, 167, 169, 178, 242, 257, 278, 281, 282, 284
Double-Cross System (Masterman) 257
Dover, France 125, 139, 141, 177, 192, 194, 229, 241, 285
Dronne, Captain 147, 234, 235–6, 277
Dunkirk, France 7, 12, 101, 132, 143, 148, 173
Egypt 144, 164
Eisenhower, General 142, 164, 168, 174, 179–80, 181, 234, 235, 242, 284, 286, 289
El Alamein, battle of, 1942 133, 144
English, Sam 220, 227
Enigma code/machine 9, 11, 13, 78, 115, 162, 168, 198, 278
Epsom, Operation, 1944 220, 223
Falaise, France 230, 232, 234
Falange, Spanish 55
FBI 242, 250
Feuchtinger, Edgar 175
Final Solution 109
First Word War, 1914–18 1, 18, 24, 115, 132, 144, 212
Fleming, Ian 137, 140
Fleming, Peter 140, 292
Flight 777 115–16
Fortitude, Operation, 1943–44 133–4, 137, 140–1, 158, 168, 177, 179, 185, 192, 211, 242, 284, 285, 286
Fortitude North, Operation 133, 138, 169
Fortitude South, Operation 133, 138, 175
Fraguas, Rafael 54
France 1–4, 50, 57, 58, 73, 74, 100, 101, 104, 109, 110, 122, 126, 131–5, 136, 140, 144, 145, 146, 147, 148–50, 159, 163, 164–5, 166, 169, 170, 171, 173–7, 178–83, 184–7, 191–7, 201–2, 204, 206–8, 217, 219–37, 241–2, 265, 266, 275, 276, 277, 285, 286, 287 see also under individual area or place name
Franco, General 22–3, 25, 28–9, 48, 56, 74, 117, 138, 145, 146, 194, 233, 242, 248, 250, 263, 277
Francoist army, Spanish Civil War 50, 51, 52, 53, 54, 55, 56, 58, 59, 263, 267
Free French 147, 235
Fremde Heere West (FHW) (German military intelligence) 177, 200, 201, 207, 290
French Army units 146, 147, 241
2nd Armoured Division 147, 233, 234, 235, 237, 276
La Nueve company 145, 147, 233–4, 235–6, 237, 276, 277
French Foreign Legion 146
GARBO (codename for Juan Pujol):
‘Artist’ disappearance and 158–61, 178
‘Alaric’ (code name given by Germans) 11, 14, 19, 26–7, 33, 95, 97, 171, 211, 216, 276, 291
Arabal/Arabel network (German codename) 11, 13, 14, 15, 19, 19n, 20, 27, 33, 36, 37–8, 64, 76, 77, 88, 97, 123, 195, 199, 208, 211, 215, 237, 243, 291
arrest stories, fake 118–20, 213–16, 241
becomes star player in double-cross system 116
Buénaga threat to reveal identity of 242–4
bureaucracy involved in drawing up messages 127
Churchill’s announcement of D-Day landings in Parliament endangers validity of 179
continues deception after fall of Paris 241, 247–8
D-Day, supplies Germans with information on build up to 137–40
D-Day, warns Germans of coming assault 167–72, 178, 181–3
Eisenhower’s radio broadcast of D-Day as ‘initial assault’ endangers validity of 179–81
explanation for pause in letters on arrival in London 85
first letter from London (first Garbo letter) 85–6, 87, 93
FUSAG, supplies information on fictitious army group 141, 168, 177, 191, 192, 193, 197, 202, 203, 207, 208, 241, 242, 243
Garbo code name given to 38–9
German failure to order reinforcements to Normandy area during Allied landings, influence upon 134, 135, 137, 141, 175–7, 191, 192, 193–7, 200–5, 206–8, 241
halting of attacks on civilian planes on Lisbon route after KLM Flight 777 and 115–16
Hitler, influence upon see Hitler, Adolf
Iron Cross awarded to 215, 242, 252
Knappe, post-war visit to 251 see also Knappe-Ratey, Friedrich
Kühlenthal sends photographs of new cypher tables to 115
Kühlenthal, post-war visit to 251–2 see also Kühlenthal, Karl–Erich
last German message sent to 248–9
last messages sent by 247
more specific and sensational messages receive more attention 127
&nbs
p; need for coordination of messages with media 127
network of agents/sub-agents see GARBO network agents
never a member of MI5 84–5
Operation Cockade and 122–8
Operation Fortitude and 137–237
Operation Overlord and 131–237
payments from Germans 26, 29–30, 62, 65, 76, 87, 91–2, 95–6, 102, 114
payments from MI5 253, 262
pícaro (lovable rogue)/picaresque novel character/language of mischief, use of in communication 5, 8, 80–1, 288
prose style/tone of letters to German intelligence 5, 8, 26–7, 66, 80–1, 82, 88, 93–4, 99–100, 114
pseudonyms used in letters 87
Pujol’s wife’s unhappiness/marriage problems and 116–20, 122, 157, 210, 213, 244, 245–6 see also Pujol, Araceli
secret arms depot in Chislehurst Caves story 114–15
sends ‘most important report of his career’ on FUSAG absence from Normandy landings 193–7, 200–5, 206–8
sends RAF recognition handbook to Germans 95–7
sent German Abwehr cypher table 114
time as double-agent comes to end 253
the 29 names 291–2
urgent messages reach Berlin within an hour 127
V weapons and 157, 158, 208, 209–15
what if? (counterfactual historical scenario) 284–8
wireless communication 82, 92, 93, 94, 114, 119, 124, 140, 169
workload 81–2
see also Pujol, Juan
GARBO network agents:
J’s (Juan’s) network:
Agent J(1) – the courier 64, 243, 291
Agent J(2) – the aviator 291
Agent J(3) – the work colleague (known to Germans as ‘Ameros’. Role played by W.B. McCann) 65, 89, 138–9, 180, 181, 291
Agent J(4) – the censor 291
Agent J(5) – the mistress (known to the Germans as ‘Amy’) 125, 139, 157, 194, 196, 291
Agent 1 – Senhor Carvalho (the Portuguese) 14, 65, 88, 124, 125, 291
Agent 2 – William Maximilian Gerbers (the German-Swiss) 14, 65, 88, 91–2, 96, 291
2(1) Mrs Gerbers, The Widow 92, 96–7, 171, 182, 213, 214, 291
Agent 3 – Pedro (known to Germans as ‘Benedict’. Role played by Harris) 65, 66, 88, 89, 92, 95, 96, 124, 125–6, 138, 139, 140, 141, 157, 194, 213, 214, 243, 291, 292
3(1) RAF NCO 95, 96, 291
3(2) – the Lieutenant in the 49th Infantry Division 292
3(3) – The Greek Seaman (known to the Germans as ‘Ben’) 138, 169, 170, 171, 292
Agent 4 Fred (known to the Germans as ‘Camillus’) 89, 92, 114, 115, 124, 138, 170–1, 181, 194, 247, 292
4(1) – the Operator (role played by Charlie Haines) 157, 171, 292
4(2) – the Guard at the Chislehurst Caves 292
4(3) – the American NCO (known to the Germans as ‘Castor’) 138, 140, 194, 292
Agent 5 – the Brother (known to the Germans as ‘Ahorn’ or ‘Moonbeam’. Role played by from Canada by Cyril Mills) 89–90, 139, 140, 157, 292
5(1) – Con, Agent 5’s cousin (known to the Germans as ‘Prescot’) 292
Agent 6 – Dick the South African 90, 292
Agent 7 – Stanley, the Welsh nationalist (known to the Germans as ‘Dagobert’) 102, 103, 124, 125, 139, 243, 292
7(1) – the Soldier in the 9th Armoured Division 103, 292
7(2) – David (known to the Germans as ‘Donny’) 103, 139, 194, 195, 292
7(3) – Theresa Jardine (known to the Germans as ‘Javelin’. Role played by Peter Fleming in Ceylon) 104, 139, 140, 194, 292
7(4) – Rags the Indian poet (known to the Germans as ‘Dick’) 103–4, 139, 194, 195, 292
7(5) – the Relative of 7(2) (known to the Germans as ‘Drake’) 139, 292
7(6) – the Low Grade Spy (known to the Germans as ‘Drommond’) 139, 292
7(7) – the Treasurer (known to the Germans as ‘Dorrick’) 139, 194, 195, 203, 292
García Guijarro, Mercedes (mother) 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 262
Garibaldi’s restaurant, Jermyn Street, London 84, 259
Gaswagen 73, 74
German Army units:
2nd SS Panzer Division (Das Reich) 110, 186
6th Army 110
7th Army 149, 165, 185, 232, 234
7th Tank Company 222
9th SS Panzer Division 202
10th SS Panzer Division 202
12th SS Panzer Division Hitler Youth 149, 151, 176, 177, 186, 219–20, 221
15th Army 149, 204, 229, 241, 242, 286
21st Panzer Division 175, 186
116th Panzer Division 186, 207
320th Infantry Division 110–11
Army Group B 149, 164
Einsatzgruppen (Nazi special murder squads) 25
Einsatzkommando 10a 73
Gestapo 25, 58, 118, 122, 159
High Command 88, 126, 142, 176, 181, 185, 186, 191, 196, 197, 198, 200, 201, 202, 223, 290
Leibstandarte Adolf Hitler (LAH) (1st SS Division) 72, 73, 109, 110, 112, 149, 151–3, 186–7, 193, 204, 205, 207, 220, 222, 223, 224, 225–6, 228, 229, 231, 232, 234, 274, 285
III Battallion (Blowtorch Battalion) 110, 111, 112, 113
Panzer Lehr Division 148, 176, 177, 186
Sicherheitsdienst (SD) 25, 159, 199, 200
Totenkopf (Death’s Head) (3rd SS Division) 110
Waffen-SS 72, 112, 133–4, 149, 152, 274
Wehrmacht 7, 72, 110, 111, 122, 126, 132–3, 144, 148, 149, 161, 174, 185, 199, 200, 216, 226, 232
German Cross in Gold 111
German Embassy, Lisbon 159
German Embassy, Madrid 23, 58, 61, 199
Glasgow, Scotland 14, 19, 65, 66, 92, 95, 124, 214
Godfrey, Admiral 10
Goebbels, Joseph 165, 166
Goering, Hermann 165
Gold beach, Normandy 173, 174, 219
González Carballo, Araceli (wife) 62, 261, 281
accuses Juan Pujol of involvement in faking old master paintings 264–5
airbrushed out of Juan Pujol’s autobiography 57, 264–5
approaches U.S. Embassy in Lisbon 28–32, 57, 68
asks Juan Pujol for a divorce 267, 281
Bristow and 264, 265
celebrations for Juan Pujol’s MBE and 244, 245
children and 61, 63, 82
delivers letter by hand to Knappe 66–7
forms attachment to an Allied naval officer 157
leaves Portugal for London 83
marriage problems 157, 244, 245, 246, 250
marries Juan Pujol 56
meets Juan Pujol 54
returns to Spain 248
split with Juan Pujol 265
threatens to go to Spanish Embassy in London and reveal husband’s work for British 117–20, 122
told her husband had died in Africa 266
Venezuela, post-war life in 262, 263
Goodwood, Operation, 1944 224–8, 229, 230, 231, 276
Government Code and Cypher School (GC&CS), Bletchley Park 71, 140, 278, 279, 289
Abwehr messages, deciphering of 10–11, 114
community spirit within 9
‘Case Three’ scenario and 206–7, 210
‘Cottages’ 8–9
D-Day and 162, 163
decipher messages stating Kühlenthal’s happiness with Garbo intelligence 127, 167
‘Dilly’s Girls’ 8–9
discovery of ‘Arabal undertaking’ 11, 15, 20, 35, 36, 37
Enigma Codes and see Enigma codes/machine
Hut Six 162
identification of Juan Pujol and 78, 79
Intercept messages describing actions of Garbo sub-agents 65, 97
ISK (‘Illicit Services Knox’) 13
ISOS (Illicit Services Oliver Strachey) 13, 15
Italian naval codes, breaking of 9–10
Jebsen arrest and 159, 160, 161
Juan Pujol not allowed to read intercepts from 84–5
Kühlenthal passing photographs of new Enigma cypher tables to Juan Pujol speeds up code cracking 115
‘rodding’ system 10
see also GARBO
Granell, Lieutenant Amado 145–6, 147, 233, 234, 235–6, 237, 276–7
Gruhle, Hans 230
Guernica 23
Guerra, Mr and Mrs 116–17
Haines, Charlie 114, 119, 157, 169, 170, 171, 172, 178, 183, 194, 195–6, 197, 202, 253, 281
Hansen, Georg 208
Harris, Enriqueta 273
Harris, Hilda 33, 77, 119, 244, 253, 258–9, 271, 272, 273
Harris, Lionel 33, 271
Harris, Tomás (Tommy) 114, 142, 237, 251, 253, 260, 284, 288, 289
allegations of faking old master paintings 264–5
appearance 34
Araceli Pujol and 116, 117, 118, 119, 120, 245, 246, 264–5
‘Artist’ (Jebsen) and 158, 159, 160–1
award of Iron Cross to Garbo and 215
background 20, 33, 77
birth of Garbo work and 79, 80–1, 82, 84–5, 88
Blunt and 34, 259, 264, 265, 270, 273–4
Bristow and 76–7
Burgess as friend of 33
combination of Juan Pujol and in Garbo deception 80–1, 82, 84–5
D-Day misinformation and 168, 169–70, 171, 172, 173, 178, 179, 180, 181, 182, 183
daily routine during Garbo 84, 85,
damning assessment of Kühlenthal 276
Eisenhower comments on importance of Garbo to 286
fake arrest of Garbo and 213, 214
first meets Juan Pujol 38, 39, 76
Garbo’s final message to Madrid and 248
Garbo’s temperament and 93
interviewing of Juan Pujol by MI5 and 77–8
joins MI5 33
Juan Pujol visits in Mallorca 266, 267
Juan Pujol’s MBE and 244
Juan Pujol’s post-war involvement in art world and 263–4
killed 258–9, 270, 271–3, 277
leaves security service 271
‘lives’ the Garbo deception 100
Mayfair home 35–6, 77
move to Mallorca 271
moves to Logan Place 157–8
Normandy landing Garbo misinformation and 191, 192, 193, 197, 202, 203, 207, 208, 241, 242, 243
OBE 271
observes Garbo messages reaching Berlin within an hour 127
on German gullibility 121
on importance of obtaining new Enigma cypher tables 115
on Juan Pujol’s imagination 99
Operation Overlord and 131, 137–8
Philby and 35–6
plan for Pujol to infiltrate a group of Czech expatriates in Venezuela and 265–6
plays role of Agent 3 – Pedro 139, 140, 157, 213, 243, 291