Endeavour Society 71
Endo Saburo, Lieutenant General 134
Enshi 123
Erasmus: ‘Antipolemus, or, the Plea of Reason, Religion, and Humanity against War’ 271
F
Falkenhausen, General Alexander von 35, 36, 77, 101
famines 43, 107, 135–6, 183, 271, 273; see also food shortages
Fan Changjiang 89–90, 91
Fang Xianjue, General 187
Far Eastern Survey 229
federalism 116
Fei Xiaotong 135
Feng Yuxiang, General 33, 71, 87, 100, 102
Feng Zikai 90, 223
Fengtai 66, 69
Fengtian Army 34, 58, 61, 64, 65, 88
Field, Brigadier F. 235
Figaro, Le (newspaper) 79
Finley, John 42
First World War 23, 46, 82, 102
flooding 5, 42, 46, 106–7, 186, 195, 216
food shortages 129, 240, 257; see also famines
football 3
Foreign Affairs (journal) 39
foreign policy 31, 39–43
Formosa see Taiwan
Forrestal, James 10
Fort Bayard (Beihai) 197
France
army 240; Communards 134; Communists 232; concept of Second World War 10; Munich Agreement 116; Paris International Exhibition (1937) 82; reaction to Japanese bombing of China 86
Fu Zuoyi, General 60, 251
Fumimaro Konoye 114–15
G
Gansu 256
Gao Zongwu 119, 122
Gauss, Alexander 192–3
Germany 33–4
aerial bombing of Guernica 82; Anti-Comintern Pact (1936) 61–2; Chiang Kaishek and 34, 35, 36; and Manzhouguo 117; non-aggression pact with Soviet Union 127; reaction to Japanese bombing of China 85; Second World War 11, 12, 170, 179
grain 147, 183, 188, 201, 227–8, 239, 249
Great Leap Forward (1958–62) 273, 276
Great Wall of China 58
Gromyko, Andrei 266
Guangdong 24–5, 26, 27, 28, 44, 59, 62, 188
Guangxi 59, 62, 128, 129, 179, 228
Battle for (1944) 188–90
Guangxi Army 81, 101
Guangxi Clique 33, 59–60, 87, 101, 129, 147, 185, 189, 236
guerrilla warfare
Communists 7, 237, 245; Mao on 141, 142, 145
guerrillas 112, 147, 211, 242
Guilin 111, 123, 185, 189
Guizhou, Battle for (1944) 188–90
Guo Moruo 101, 268, 276
‘In Commemoration of the 300th Anniversary of 1644’ 200, 201–2, 217–18, 261
Guo Songling, General 54, 55
Guo Taiqi 119, 175
Guomindang see Nationalist Party
H
Hainan 255
Hamilton, Maxwell 174
Han Deqin, General 148
Han Fuju, General 58, 62, 100
Hangzhou 83, 128
Hankow see Wuhan
Happy Mountain 216
Harbin 233
Harriman, Averell 157
Hashimoto Guma, Major 59
Hata Shunroku, General 102, 181
He Jian, General 119
He Long, General 144, 255
He-Umezu Agreement (1935) 63, 69, 70
He Yingqin, General 38, 71–2, 203, 204, 206, 207, 209
He Zizhen 139
Hearnshaw, F. J. C.: An Outline Sketch of the Political History of Europe in the Nineteenth Century 52
Hebei 23, 58, 67, 69–70, 227, 238
East Hebei Anti-Communist Autonomous Council 59, 69
Henan 23, 42, 43, 107, 179, 182–5
Hengyang, Battle of (1944) 186, 195
Herder, Johann Gottfried: Outlines of a Philosophy of the History of Man 178
Herodotus: The Histories 1
Hindenburg, Field Marshal Paul von 102
Hinton, William: Fanshen: A Documentary of Revolution in a Chinese Village 240, 243
Hirohito, Emperor of Japan 180, 182, 205, 206
Hitler, Adolf 85, 116, 130
Ho Chi Minh 256
Honan 43
Low Key Club 119
Hongqiao air field 78
Hopei see Hebei
Horiba Kazuo, Lieutenant General 114
Hornbeck, Stanley 116–17
Hu Hanmin 28–9
Hu Linyi 23
Hu Shi 90, 109, 119–20, 158
Hu Zongnan, General 100, 184, 198, 254, 256
Huai river 102, 104, 107
Huaihai Campaign (1948-49) 2, 252
Huang Zongxi: Ming Confucianism 202
Huangpu river 80
Huangqiao 148
Huayuankou dike 107, 228
Hubei 127, 130, 198, 255
Huiyang 123
Hull, Cordell 40, 157–8, 175, 176
Hunan 136–7, 179
Battle for Hunan Province (1944) 185–6; conference (1938) 112; Winter Offensive (1939-40) 127
Hunan Army 113
Hurley, Patrick 180, 193, 212, 213
I
imperialism 27, 152, 153
British 173, 177, 178; European 178; Japanese 69; Western 2, 115
India 85, 173–4, 266, 269
inflation 189
infrastructure 35, 49; see also railways
Isao Kawada 267–8
Isherwood, Christopher 101
Ishiwara Kanji, Colonel 32, 68
Isogai Rensuke, General 102
Itagaki Seishiro, General 102
Izumo (Japanese flagship) 79, 83
J
Japan
aggression of 1, 21, 40; air force 76, 77, 80, 83–4, 116, 124, 125; Anti-Comintern Pact (1936) 61–2, 76;
army 208; China Expeditionary Army 181; China Garrison Army 65, 66; Imperial Japanese Army 32, 80, 130, 144–5, 163, 186, 208; Kuantung Army 32, 33, 39, 59, 76, 127;
autonomous authorities 58; and Battle of Henan (1944) 184; and Battle of Shanghai (1937) 75–7, 78–87, 88–91; and Battle of Taierzhuang (1938) 103, 104–5; and Battle of Wuhan (1938) 102, 104–5; bombing campaigns 6, 71, 123–6; bombing raids on 196; and Chinese Nationalists 41, 114, 115; and Communists 143; Confucianism 264; disarmament of 197; economy 269; First World War 23, 46; food imports 129; imperialism 69; India and 173; isolation 39, 91; in Manchuria 8, 12, 21, 32, 33, 39, 52, 55, 56, 58, 231–2, 248; and Marco Polo Bridge incident 65–9; military operations 116; Nanjing attack 95–6; Nanshin (Southern Expansion Doctrine) 158, 159, 163; Nationalists 6, 267; navy 23, 71, 78, 79, 80; new order 115–16, 121; non-aggression policy (1935) 59; repatriation to 231, 244, 245; resistance to 32, 33, 63; and San Francisco Peace Treaty (1945) 265, 266–7; Second World War 10, 179–82; atomic bombing of 206, 230; Buna-Gona defeat 170; Burma 163, 165; Doolittle Raid 162; Ichigo Campaign (1944) 6, 8, 183–90, 198, 199, 202; Instruction 1380 205–6; invasion of colonies 157;
Pearl Harbor attack (1941) 7, 12, 158, 161; strategies 6–7; surrender 203–9;
Shanghai Expeditionary Army 80; and Soviet Union 76, 116; and Taiwan 267; and Wang Jingwei administration 122; Winter Offensive (1939–40) 126–32
Jiang Baili 36, 103
Jiang Dingwen, General 183, 185
Jiang Qing (Lan Ping) 140
Jiang Tingfu 40–1
Jiang Zemin 180
Jiangsu 23, 147
‘Jiangsu–Zhejiang Military Region’ 199
Jiangxi 138
Jiangyin 36
Jilin (Kirin) 239
Ji’nan 106
Jinzhou 248, 250
Jiujiang 126
Johnson, Nelson 176
K
Kaifeng 34–5, 126
Kang Sheng 151–2
Katsuki, General 70
Kawamoto Suemori, Lieutenant 32
Kerr, Archibald Clark 236
Kim Il-sung 256, 257, 264
Kirin see Jilin
KMT see Nationalist Party
Knatchbull-Hugessen, Hughe 85–6
Kong Xiangxi 65, 90, 120
Konoye Fumimaro 68, 69, 101, 118, 120, 122, 123
Korea 177, 212, 230, 256–7
North 256, 257, 261, 264; South 256, 257, 264, 269
Korean War (1950–3) 11, 193, 258–64
Chinese People’s Volunteers 260, 261, 263
Kuangtung see Guangdong
Kubishev, General N. V. 29
Kunlun Pass 128–9
Kunming 166, 189
Kuomintang see Nationalist Party (KMT)
Kurile Islands 212, 266
Kusano Fumio: ‘Chinese Communist Guerrilla Warfare’ 237, 238–9
L
Lamb, Lionel 238, 252
Lan Ping see Jiang Qing
landlords 41, 135, 137, 138, 142, 150, 240, 241
Lattimore, Owen 58, 157, 158
League of Nations 39
Ledo Road 167
Lei Haizong 109
‘National Reconstruction: Anticipating a Third Cycle’ 109
Leith-Ross, Frederick 40
LeMay, General Curtis 195
Li Chen, Professor 244
Li Fen 151
Li Pinxian, General 148
Li Yu, Emperor 225
Li Zicheng 32, 200, 201, 217–18
Li Zongren, General 33, 59, 87, 100, 101, 102, 104, 106, 129, 131, 147, 236, 254
Liang Hongzhi 115
Liang Shuming 42, 53, 103, 135
Liao Zhongkai 28–9, 47
Liaoshen Campaign (1948) 2, 244, 248–55
Liaoxi Corridor 237
Liberation Daily 200
Lieberman, Henry 249
Lin Biao, General 144–5, 237, 239, 244–8, 250–1, 255, 259–60, 272
Lin Boqu 199
Lincoln, Abraham 32
Lindsay, Michael 101
Linggu Monastery 47
Linlithgow, Victor Alexander John Hope, second marquess of 173–4
Litvinov, Maxim 40
Liu Bocheng, General 144, 145, 255
Liu Shaoqi 211
Liu Xiang, General 33, 88, 100–1
Liu Yalou, General 245–6
Liuqiu (Okinawa) 177
Liuzhou 189, 197
livestock 228
London
Royal Academy of Arts exhibition of Chinese art 41; World Economic Conference (1933) 40
Long Bow 241–3
Long March 4, 133, 139
Long Yun, General 117, 118, 119, 128, 158, 233
Louza 24
Loyang 60, 184
Lu Xun 56, 136
Lu Yanzhi 48
Ludendorf, Erich 102
Luo Zhenyu 273, 274
M
Ma Zhonglian 107
MacArthur, General Douglas 169, 203, 212, 236, 259, 261, 263
McCarthy, Senator Joseph 190
MacKinnon, Stephen 104
McLure, General Robert 195
Madame Curie (film) 274
Madang barrier 104
Malaya 178
Malaysia 269
Mallory, Walter: China: Land of Famine 42
Manchester Guardian 68, 84, 209
Manchuria
Battle of Siping (1946) 233; Communists 213, 239, 244, 245–8; food imports 129; grain requisitions 239; Japanese in 8, 12, 21, 32, 33, 39, 52, 55, 56, 58, 231–2; Lin Bao in 244–8; and Marshall Mission 231; Nationalists and 233–4; Operation August Storm 205; post-Second World War 177, 215, 226; Soviet Union and 6, 25, 206, 217, 230, 232–3
Manchus 32, 44, 200
Manzhouguo 39, 59, 61, 68, 76, 115, 116–17, 118, 120
Manzhouguo Army 239, 248
Mao Dun 89
Mao Zedong
and Battle of Shanghai 88; in Changsha 185; character 139–40, 153; Chen Kewen and 52; and Chiang Kaishek 212–13, 214–15; and Communist Party 5, 136–7, 153, 198, 261; early life 136; and foundation of Republic 5; on guerrilla warfare 141, 142, 145; and Guo Moruo 201, 202, 217, 218; and Japanese surrender 209, 210, 212–13; and Korea 257, 259, 260, 261, 263; and Liaoshen Campaign 248, 250, 251; marginalisation of 138; and May Fourth Movement 136; meeting with Edgar Snow 133; meeting with Tanaka Shin’ichi 134; at National Political Consultative Conference 103; and New Fourth Army Incident 148; and new order 271; and Rectification Campaign 149–54; as a revolutionary 134; revolutionary strategy 140; Thought 179; and United Front 199; and violence 137, 149, 272; and Wang Jingwei 136;
writings; ‘On Contradiction’ 140; ‘On New Democracy’ 152; ‘On the New Stage’ 140; ‘On Practice’ 140; On Protracted War 140–2; On War of Attrition 105; ‘Report on an Investigation of the Peasant Movement in Hunan’ 137;
and Wu Han 277; and Yan’an 133–4, 139–40
‘March of the Volunteers, The’ 99
Mariana Islands 190, 194
Maritime Customs Service 116
Marshall, General George 162, 164, 167, 169, 171, 191, 192, 193, 194–5, 197, 236
Marshall Mission 231, 233, 234, 235; Marshall Plan 229
Marx, Karl 54, 134
Marx, Karl and Engels, Friedrich: The Communist Manifesto 22
Marxism-Leninism 134, 140, 150
Matsui Iwane, General 80, 81, 86, 95, 96, 122
Matsuoka Yosuke 39
May Fourth Movement 23–4, 46, 51, 135, 136
Maze, Frederick 41
media 38
Mei Lanfang 53
memorial parks 3
Menon, Krishna 266
Meston, James Scorgie, first Baron 84–5
Military Affairs Commission: ‘War Plan for the Winter Offensive of the National Army’ 126–7
Military Affairs Council 26
military reform 34–6
military service 35–6, 38
Ming Dynasty 32, 200, 201, 276, 278
Ming Syndrome 32
Ming Xiaoling 47
Mitter, Rana 3
monarchical movement 46
Mongol federation 59
Mongolia 60
Inner 58, 67, 118; Outer 187, 212, 215, 230
Mongolian Alliance 115
Mongols 22, 44
Mountbatten, Louis, first Earl Mountbatten of Burma 171, 190
Mufushan Mountain 97
Mukden see Shenyang
museums 2–3
Chinese Military History Museum 107; Museum for the Commemoration of the Nanjing Massacre 2, 98; September 18
Memorial Museum, Shenyang 98
Muslims 256
Mutaguchi Renya, Colonel 65, 66
Muto Akira 67
N
Nakajima Kesago, Lieutenant General 96
names: personal 51–2
Nanchang 128
Nanjing 44–56
Central Military Academy 203; defence of 36, 94–6; Drum Tower 44, 223; expansion 44; fortifications 77; historical background 44; Japanese bombing of (1932) 83, 84; Japanese surrender 208; Massacre (1937–8) 93, 97–9; military demobilisation conference (1929) 33; Museum for the Commemoration of the Nanjing Massacre 2, 98; as Nationalist capital 30, 34–5, 44, 45–6, 51, 56, 122; post-Second World War 223, 225; resistance to Japan 67; Safety Zone 96
Nanjing Decade 33–4, 55–6
Nanjing University 2, 224
Nankou, Battle for (1932) 71
Nanning 128, 129
Nanuye conference (1938) 112–13
Nanyang 38
Nanyue Military Conference (1938) 126
National Defence Planning Council 35
national liberation war 7–8
National Revolutionary Army 26, 34
National Salvation Movement 89
Nationalist Party (KMT)
branch political councils 34–5; and Communist Party 137; flag 49, 50; independent military force 24; National Political Consultative Conference 103; and sacrifice 101; and unification 153; and war with Japan 103; Winter Offensive (1939–40) 129
Nationalists
alliance with Muslims 256 and Battle of Shanghai 75, 78, 79, 80–1, 91; civil wars 4; and CNRRA 229; and Comm
unists 5, 135, 138–9, 143, 144, 146–7, 233, 234–5; defeat of 2, 199; and defence of Guizhou 189–90; demise of 226, 238; and division 31; fiscal policy 252–3; and Huai-Hai Campaign 252, 253; and independence 115; and internationalism 178; Japan and 101, 115, 181, 182, 267; Japanese 6; and Japanese air raids 125, 126; and Japanese surrender 209; and Liaoshen Campaign 249–52, 253; Manchuria 233–4; and military service 35–6; move to Canton 275–6; and Nanjing 33, 44, 45; nation-building 34; and New Fourth Army Incident (1941) 147–9; and New Life Movement 37, 38; post-Second World War 109–10, 202, 222, 236; recruitment 183; retreat 112; scorched earth policies 8, 92–3, 95–6, 105–10;
Second World War 2, 3, 6–7, 158–9; Burma 163–4; diplomatic success 171–8; exclusion 161; training 166–7; Winter Offensive (1939–40) 255;
Soviet support for 117, 212; and Sun Yatsen 26, 50–1; support for 116; and Taiwan 224; United Front 25, 28, 60, 88, 101, 137, 143, 144, 148, 149, 151, 199; Yan’an offensive (1947) 236
navy 77, 94
Nehru, Jawaharlal 173, 174, 264–5, 266
New China Daily 101, 213
New Fourth Army 144, 146, 147–9, 157, 198, 199, 238
New Life Movement 34, 36–7, 41
New York Times, The 27, 43, 46, 79, 96, 122, 124, 165, 183, 189, 191–2, 193, 209, 211, 212, 249, 262, 267
New Youth (magazine) 22
Nie Rongzhen, General 145, 255
Nimitz, Admiral Chester 212
Nine Power Treaty (1922) 81–2
Ningbo 21, 36
Nomura Kichisaburo 158
Norman, Agnes 222–3
north China 147
army 58, 64, 65–6, 69, 71, 77–8; autonomous regions 68; Chiang Kaishek and 33, 39, 60–1, 65, 68, 69–70; Communists 5, 8, 239–40; drought 42; famines 43; Huahai campaign (1948–9) 2; Japanese intervention on 40; Manchus 32; schools 56; strategic importance 76, 82, 92, 102, 116, 118, 121
North China Daily 79
North China Famine Relief Commission 133
North China Herald 79, 85
Northern Expedition 29, 30, 31, 44
nuclear warfare 6, 205, 206, 230
O
oil 158, 163, 164, 180
Okamura Yasuji, General 128, 190, 203, 204, 205–6, 210
‘Guidelines for Our China Policy after the Restoration of Peace’ 207, 208
Okinawa 177, 266
Oliver, Frank 84
openness 38–9
opium 41–2, 142–3
Opium Wars 41, 152, 173
Oriental Affairs (newspaper) 83–4
P
Pakhoi 128
Pan Hannian 210–11
Panda (electronics firm) 51
Pantsov, Alexander 133–4
Peace Preservation Force 59, 78
Pearl river 42
peasants 8–9
and famines 42; Marx on 134; and revolution 137, 240, 241–3
Peng Dehuai, General 260, 263
Penghu 177, 265, 266
People’s Daily 135, 268, 276