People’s Republic of China
Chiang Kaishek and 268; and Cold War 269; constitution 179; and demilitarisation 273; foundation 5; and Korean War 261; and new order 271; organisation 272–3; peace and friendship treaty with Japan 268; Provisional Government for the Republic of China 115; and San Francisco Peace Treaty (1945) 265; and wartime history 1–2
Pescadores see Penghu
Philippines 160, 181
Picasso, Pablo, Guernica 82
Pingxingguan Pass 144
prisoners of war 96–7
Pu Songling: Marriage Destinies to Awaken the World 100
Purple Mountain 46–7, 55, 132
Q
Qian Duansheng 103
Qian Liqun 272
Qian Yishi 89
Qin Hui 131, 132
Qing Dynasty 21, 32
Qingdao 106
Qinghua University 277
al-Qurashi, Abu Ubayd 7–8
R
Rabe, John 85
radio 38
Rai, Gulshan 85
railways
Beijing–Suiyuan 59, 71, 78; Beijing–Tianjin 65; Beijing–Wuhan 107, 184, 234; Communists’ destruction of 238; Hanoi–Kunming 128; Longhai 103, 234, 237; Nationalists and 38, 40, 49; Peiping–Canton 180; post-Second World War 222, 229; Qingdao–Ji’nan 234; refugees’ use of 110; Soviet Union and 212; Tianjin–Nanjing 102, 237; Tianjin–Pukou 82; Yunnan–Hanoi 180
Rangoon 163
Red Army 25, 60, 137–8, 140, 244
refugees 8, 38, 42, 56, 93, 94, 106, 107, 108, 110–12, 124, 188, 228, 249–50
Rehe 39, 58
Ren Bishi 198
research culture 37–8
Reuters news agency 84
Revolutionary Alliance 22
revolutions 4–5
1848 134; China 134–5; Communist 2; post-First World War 25; Russia 134; Sun Yatsen on 49
Reynolds, David 10, 11
rice 129, 139, 163, 181, 225, 228, 253
Rickert, Heinrich 54
Ridgway, Matthew, General 263
riots 225, 253
Rogov, V. 101
Romance of the Three Kingdoms, The 140
Roosevelt, Eleanor 83
Roosevelt, President Franklin D. 11, 40, 85, 160, 162, 169, 171, 172, 173, 174, 176, 177, 178, 180, 191, 192, 193–4, 227
Roundup (magazine) 197
rural crisis 41–2
Rusk, Dean 267
Russia
civil war 25
Communist Party 26; defeat of Napoleon 106; October Revolution (1871) 134; see also Soviet Union Ryuku islands 266
S
Saburo Kobayashi, General 204
Sakhalin Island 212, 266
Sato Naotoko 68
schools
Communist influence 154; elites and 23, 30; Nankai Middle School 112; New Life Movement and 37; North-east Zhongshan 56; Patriotic Education 3; Sun Yatsen High School 110, 111, 112
scorched earth policy 106–8, 119, 189
Second World War
aerial bombing 82; Atlantic Charter (1941) 162, 174; Cairo Conference (1943) 171, 176–7, 232; and civil war 6–7; concept of 10–12; Doolittle Raid (1941) 162; escalation to 69–72; Europe-first strategy 160; memorialisation 2–3, 4; Munich Agreement (September 1938) 116; Operation Carbonado 196, 197; Operation Matterhorn 194, 195; Operation Overlord 179; portrayal of 2; Potsdam Declaration 180; reconciliation 3; South East Asia Command (SEAC) 171; supplies 166, 167
Seeckt, General Hans von 35
Selden, Mark 142
Selznick, David 176
Shaan-Gan-Ning 239
Shaanxi 58, 64, 144, 145, 184
Shandong 23, 42, 58, 102, 147, 236, 238
Shangdu 60
Shanghai
Battle of see Battle of Shanghai; demilitarised zone 121; docks 229; International Settlement 24, 78; Japanese bombing of 71; Japanese withdrawal from 210–11; Little Tokyo 78, 79, 80; population 38; post-Second World War 223; protests 24; resistance to Japan 67; strikes 253; Sun Yatsen High School 110, 111, 112; trade 44; UNRRA in 228; World Expo (2010) 3
Shanhaiguan Pass 58, 200
Shanxi Army 144–5
Shanxi–Chahar–Hebei Border Region 145
Shenyang 248, 249
September 18 Memorial Museum 2
Shenyang Incident (1931) 56, 70
Sherman, General William 108
Shimenwan 223
Shimizu Setsuro, Captain 66
Shimura Kukujiro, Private 66
Shizilin 80
Shun Dynasty 32
Sichuan 43, 67, 77, 129, 179
Simon, John 86
Singapore 160
Siping 236
Battle of (1946) 233, 246–7
Smedley, Alice 101, 168
smuggling 43, 197
Snow, Edgar 101, 140
Red Star over China 133, 244
Song Meiling (wife of Chiang Kaishek) 41, 173, 175, 176
Song Qingling (wife of Sun Yatsen) 268
Song Zheyuan, General 58, 70
Song Ziwen 40, 62, 63, 229
Songhua river 111
South China Daily 52, 118, 120
Southern Tang Dynasty 225–6
Soviet Union
assistance to Communists 233; assistance to Nationalists 117, 129; bombing campaigns 187; and Chinese Communist Party 212; Chinese relations with 40–1, 64; Cold War 11, 230–1; conscription of Japanese soldiers 245; Far East Command 61; influence 28–9; intervention in war (1937) 94; and Japan 76, 116; and Korea 256–7; and Manchuria 6, 206, 217, 232–3; naval control of Shanghai 211; non-aggression pact with Germany 127; and Outer Mongolia 230; post-Second World War 230; reaction to Japanese bombing of China 85; Red Army 230
Second World War 161; concept of 10–11; Operation Bagration (1944) 179; Operation Barbarossa (1941) 161; war with Japan 159; Treaty of Friendship and Alliance (1945) 212, 232, 244
Spanish Civil War 82
Spring River Flows East, A (film) 225–6
Stalin, Joseph 159
and Kim il-sung 256, 257; and Korea 259, 260–1; meeting with Churchill and Roosevelt (1943) 171–2; Potsdam Declaration 180; relationship with China 117, 159–60; support of Chiang Kaishek 61, 64, 94; and Xi’an Incident 61
Stevenson, Ralph 234–5, 236, 248
Stilwell, General Joseph 163, 164, 169–70, 194–5, 196
Stilwell Affair 190–4
Stilwell Road 195
Stimson, Henry 10
Story of Dr Wassell, The (film) 83
strikes 253
Stuart, Leighton 235–6
students 27, 67, 110, 236
Su Yu, General 255
Sugiyama Hajime 69
Suiyuan 60
Sun Ke 180, 254
Sun Lianzhang 109
Sun Quan: tomb of 47
Sun Tzu: The Art of War 256
Sun Yatsen
and Chiang Kaishek 24–5; cult of 26, 27; exile 22; ideology 49, 153; Last Testament 28, 48, 50; legacy 180; Mausoleum 46–50, 51, 122; memorial ceremony 30; and military 26; Outline for National Construction 48; and revolution 25; suit 50–1; Sun Yatsen question 278; Three People’s Principles 22, 37, 48, 49, 64
Sun Yuanliang, General 108, 109
Sunzi: Art of War, The 140
Suzhou 83
Suzhou creek 81, 86
Syngman Rhee 256, 257
T
Taipei 254
Taiping Rebellion (1850–64) 23, 44–5
Taiwan 21, 215, 224, 226, 234, 256, 257, 260, 265, 266, 267, 269
Taiyuan
Battle of (1937) 82; KMT political council 34–5
Takeo Imai, Major General 207–8
Tan Kah Kee see Chen Jiageng
Tanaka Shin’ichi 67, 134
Tang Dynasty 216, 277
Tang Enbo, General 60, 71, 102, 130, 131, 182, 184, 185, 190
Tang Shengzhi, General 94, 95
Tanggu Truce (31 May 1933) 58, 70
Tao Chenzhang 22
&
nbsp; Tao Xisheng 122, 201–2
Tawney, R. H. 135
Taylor, George E. 68, 101
terrorism 6
Thucydides: History of the Peloponnesian War 1, 21
Tianjiazhen 104
Tianjin 2, 38, 43, 67, 71, 83, 228, 238
Tibet 226, 256
Tibetan Empire 216
Time and Tide (journal) 274
Time magazine 118, 183
Times, The 41, 66–7, 70–1, 79, 102, 188
Timperley, Harold 84
Tojo Hideki, General 187
Tongguan Pass 184
trade 44
transport 38, 228, 229; see also railways
Trotsky, Leon 1
Truman, President Harry S. 10, 197, 230, 231, 235, 253, 260, 263, 264, 265
Tung Wen-chi 249–50
typhoons 42
U
‘United Association of Liberated Areas’ 235
United Nations
Charter 265; and Korean War 259, 260, 263, 264; San Francisco Peace Treaty (1945) 265–7
United Nations Relief and Rehabilitation Agency (UNRRA) 226–9, 234, 238
United States
air force 180, 190, 194, 222, 229; bombing campaigns, 195, 196, 264, 269;
American Military Advisory Group 234; ‘Benning Revolution’ 164; Chinese relations with 40, 41; Civil War 108; and Cold War 11, 230, 268–70; Communists 190, 269; credit agreement 120; east Asia policy 230; and Japan 211–12, 257; and Japanese bombing of China 85, 86; and Korea 193, 256, 257, 258–9, 261, 262, 263–4; navy 12, 161, 222; Pearl Harbor attack (1941) 7, 12, 158, 161; relief programmes 227;
Second World War 10, 11–12, 157, 158–9, 193; American-British Conversations (ABC) 160; Army Observation Group (‘Dixie Mission’) 191; atomic bombs 205, 206, 230; Burma 164–5; Cairo Conferences (1943) 176–8; Europe-first strategy 160, 161; evacuation of Guilin 189; military aid 159; Plan Dog memorandum (1940) 160; victories 170;
Sun Yatsen’s memorial service (New York) 27; and Taiwan 257; Vietnam War 6, 128; withdrawal from China’s war with Japan 194–7
universities, 277
admissions to 3; and change 2; Nanjing 2, 224; and New Life Movement 37; Qinghua 277; Wuhan 216, 223, 224
USS Hornet 162
USS Panay Incident (1937) 86
USSR see Soviet Union
V
van Fleet, General, James 263
Van Slyke, Lyman 133
Vetter, Colonel Hans 80
Vietnam 233, 256
Vietnam War 6, 269
Vladimirov, Peter 142–3
Voroshilov, Marshall K. Y. 94
W
Wang Jingwei
assassination attempt on 121; and Chen Kewen 52, 93; and Chiang Kaishek 29–30, 52, 147; and Communists 143; death 132, 225; early life 27; grave 47; and Japan 59, 117–20, 122, 174; ‘Just an Example’ 121; and Mao Zedong 136; as Minister of Finance 71, 90; negotiations with Japan 121; poetry 27; rise to power 28, 29
Wang Kemin 115
Wang Ming 101, 103, 151
Wang Qisheng 90, 109
Wang Shijie 199
Wang Shiwei: Wild Lilies 151
Wang Yangming 23
Wanping 66
War Crimes Tribunals 98
War of Resistance 7, 10, 13, 40, 70, 91, 104, 118, 122–3, 233–4
governments 153; Hundred Regiments Offensive 130; internationalisation of 178; Mao on 141; New Fourth Army Incident (1941) 147–9; resentments 226; war zones 127, 128; Winter Offensive (1939–40) 126–32; Yichang Operation 131
War of the Central Plains (1930) 33
war plans 75
China 36, 76–8, 92; Japan 68, 75–6, 82, 92
Wartime Rural Work Promotion Association 146
Washington Post 41, 88, 102, 103, 107–8, 158
Wavell, General Archibald 161, 190
Weber, Alfred 54
Wedemeyer, General Albert 189, 190, 191, 194, 196–7, 202, 212, 236, 255
Wei-kuo 25
Wei Lihuang, General 128, 144, 251
Weizsäcker, Ernst von 85
Weng Wenhao 53
Whampoa Military Academy 26
White, Theodore 183
White Haired Girl, The (opera) 247
Winant, John 157
Wingate, Colonel Orde 168
Wong, H. S. ‘Newsreel’ 84
Woodhead, Henry 83–4
Wu, Lily 140
Wu Han 276–7
Hai Rui Dismissed from Office 277
Wu Sangui, General 32, 200, 201
Wuhan
anti-Japanese demonstrations 67; Battle of (1938) 92–3, 102, 104–5; bombing campaign (1944) 195; Communists 101; evacuation of 111; food imports 129; fortifications 36, 78; government offices 94, 99, 100; KMT political council 34–5; population 38; scorched earth policy 107–8; trade 44; UNRRA in 228
Wuhan University 216, 223, 224
Wusong, 80
Wusong creek 81
X
Xi Jinping 3, 37
Xiamen 36
Xi’an 60, 182, 199–200
Xi’an Incident (1936) 57, 61–4, 143
Xiang Ying 148
Xiangyang 123
Xichang 214
Xie Bingying: Diary of an Enlistee 101
Xie Wendong 239
Xikou 21, 136
Xinjiang 25, 187, 230, 256
Xinjing see Changchun
Xu Da: tomb of 47
Xu Yongchang, General 185
Xuchang 184
Xue Yue, General 119, 185
Battle of 106, 145
Y
Yan Huiqing 40
Yan Xishan, General 58, 60, 71, 128, 144, 158
Yanagawa Heisukei, General 95
Yan’an
as Communist capital 2, 7, 133, 143–4, 198; food shortages 239; Mao Zedong in 139, 149; Nationalist offensive (1947) 236; US Army Observation Group in 191
Yan’an Way 142–3
Yang Hucheng, General 57, 58, 60, 61, 63
Yang Kuisong 88, 148, 232
Yang Tianshi 23
Yang Weizhen 105–6
Yangzi region 115, 129
Yangzi (Yangtze) river 25, 36, 42, 78, 92, 94, 97, 102, 104, 110, 127, 128, 132, 190, 198, 222, 224, 229, 254
Yanmen Pass 144
Yardley, Herbert 168
Yarnell, Admiral Harry E. 126
Ye Ting 148
Ye Zhaoyan: Nanjing 1937: A Love Story 44
Yeh Kung-ch’ao 267–8
Yellow river 36, 42, 106–7, 183–4, 228
Yen, Jimmy 42, 135
Yichang 123, 124, 130
Yixian 250
Yongfeng 111
Yoshida Shigeru 55, 264, 267
Youth National Salvation Association 146
Youth Party 129
Yu Hanmou, General 53
Yu Xuezhong, General 148
Yuan Shikai 4, 22, 46
Yue Fei, General 131
Yuelu Academy 185
Yuelu Mountain 186
Yun Hanmou, General 119
Z
Zeng Guofan 23, 113, 202
Zeng Zhongming 121
Zhabei 71, 86
Zhang Dafei 111, 215–16
Zhang Fakui, General 53
Zhang Guotao 146
Zhang Xueliang, General 57, 58, 60, 61, 62, 63, 186
Zhang Zhenglong: White Snow, Red Blood 249
Zhang Zhizhong, General 108, 130–1, 199
Zhang Zuolin, General 53, 55
Zhangjiakou 115
Zheng Dongguo, General 249
Zheng Sixiao: The History of My Heart 22
Zhenjiang 36
Zhongtiao mountains 127
Zhou Enlai 62, 63, 64, 101, 200, 212, 213, 232, 235, 260, 261, 266
Zhou Fohai 119
Zhu De, General 128, 209, 210, 212, 214
Zhu Guangqian 216
‘Oh Captain! My Captain!’ 170
Zhu Rui, General 245, 250
Zhu Yuanzhang 276–7
Zhukov, General Georgy 127
Zunyi 140
Zuo Zongtang 23
1. Chi Pang-yuan.
2. Chen Kewen in his study as a young man.
3. The Sun Yatsen Mausoleum in Nanjing, March 1934.
4. A relieved Chiang Kaishek and his wife, Song Meiling, return to Nanjing after Chiang Kaishek’s capture in Xi’an, December 1936.
5. Wang Jingwei, the Nationalist Number Two known for his handsomeness and his oratorical skills, in a white Changpao (Long Gown) at an outdoor rally. Date unclear, probably 1930s.
6. The famous Great World Amusement Centre in Shanghai was destroyed by a stray Nationalist bomb on Shanghai’s ‘Bloody Saturday’ – 14 August 1937. Images like this drove home the consequences of aerial bombardment around the world before it was used to such devastation. Japan, not China, was blamed around the world for unleashing this kind of destruction.
7. Chinese refugees waiting by a steel gate to gain access to Shanghai International Settlement during the Battle of Shanghai, August–November 1937.
8. Japanese soldiers during the Battle of Shanghai, summer or fall 1937.
9. In early June 1938, the Nationalists decided to break the Yellow River dikes near Zhengzhou in an attempt to stop the Japanese advance into central China. Large areas of land were inundated. Hundreds of thousands of people died and many more were forced from their homes. This photograph by Robert Capa was taken near Zhengzhou in June or July 1938.
10. A Presbyterian Mission orphanage in an unoccupied area of Guangdong Province, 1941. These 300 orphans were under the care of the missionaries who ran this orphanage.
11. The Nanjing Atrocity: bodies washed up on the shore of the Yangzi River, December 1937.
12. This young Nanjing boy lost all his family during the Nanjing Atrocity. He was taken in at Jinling Women’s College in the city. Under the leadership of Acting Principal Minnie Vautrin, the College offered sanctuary to thousands of victims. Date unclear, probably December 1937 or winter 1938.
13. The Japanese advance toward Wuhan, 1938.
14. Children being evacuated in orderly fashion from Wuhan, summer 1938. The Battle of Wuhan took place during the summer and early fall of 1938. The Nationalists did not want a repeat of the Nanjing Atrocity and did not stage a fight to the death for the city.
15/16. Harrison Forman was a journalist and photographer, working for The New York Times and National Geographic. He took these photographs of refugees from the Henan Famine in 1942 or 1943.
17. Henan Famine: Families like this took to the roads with all their belongings in search of survival.