intergenerational elasticity, 296
intermarriage: across class lines, 14; of Christians in India, 162; of Irish Americans, 64–65; of Jews in United States, 282–83; mobility effects of, 140; of New France settlers in United States, 64–65, 64f; of samurai descendants, 190–91. See also marriages
Internet Surname Database, 317
in-vitro fertilization, 285n
IPM. See Inquisitions Post Mortem
IQ. See cognitive ability
Iran: emigration from, 249; religious minorities in, 238–39; revolution (1979), 249
Iranian surnames of U.S. physicians, 247
Ireland: Catholics in, 231–32, 233–35, 233f, 234f, 235n, 315; censuses of, 315; Gypsies / Travellers in, 240, 243n; Protestants in, 231–35, 232f, 234f
Irish Americans: assimilation of, 63; intermarriage of, 64–65; physicians, 63–64, 63f
Irish surnames: in England, 312–13; in Ireland, 231–35, 315; religious affiliations and, 231–35, 233f; of Scottish origin, 231–32, 232n, 233, 315; social differentiation and, 233–35, 234f; status of, 315, 315t; in United States, 63–65, 310–11
Islam. See Muslims
Italian surnames, 64, 204–5
Japan: commoners in, 191–92; constitution (1947), 184; cultural homogeneity of, 182, 183, 184; education in, 183, 185, 185t, 284; elites in, 182–84, 188–94, 195–96; Gentleman’s Agreement, 67, 68; Meiji restoration in, 182–83; minority groups in, 184; occupational distribution in, 67–68, 68t. See also samurai
Japan, social mobility in: educational mobility, 185–86, 186t, 284; evidence from rare surnames, 187–91, 189f, 190f, 192–94, 193f, 195–96; low rates of, 194, 195, 198; of samurai, 185–86, 195, 196; studies of, 182, 184, 186
Japanese Americans: educational attainment of, 67; immigrants, 67–68, 68t, 124; internments of, 67n; physicians, 67f, 68, 192, 194–95; regression to mean by, 66–68; social mobility of, 66–68, 123, 124; surnames of, 45, 48, 66–68, 192, 194–95, 310–11
Japanese surnames: changes in, 187–88; common, 191–92, 192f, 193–95, 193f; inheritance of, 187; of kazoku families, 187–91, 189f, 189t, 190f, 193–94, 193f, 194t, 195–96; rare, 187–91, 189f, 190f, 192–94, 193f, 195–96; romanization of, 188; of samurai, 187–91, 189f, 189t, 190f, 193–94, 193f, 194t, 195; in United States, 45, 48, 66–68, 192, 194–95, 310–11
Jefferson, 50n
Jewish surnames: in Australia, 312; in England, 240–41, 242f; geographic distribution of, 302–4, 302f; of physicians in United States, 47–48, 53–54, 57, 58; in United States, 60, 302–4, 304f, 310
Jews: conversions to other religions, 230–31, 235–36; converted Khazars, 236–37; emergence as elite, 228–31; endogamy of, 237; in England, 102, 240–41, 242f; first names in India, 161, 161t; literacy rates of, 229–31; Mizrahi, 235–36; in Muslim societies, 238, 239; occupations of, 230, 237n; origins of modern population, 235–37; proportion of population, 230, 230t, 231n; Sephardic, 45, 48, 235–36; social mobility of, 125; status persistence of, 10, 229, 231. See also Ashkenazi Jews
Jews, in United States: Ashkenazi, 45, 47, 58, 152–54; educational attainment of, 55, 55f; as elite, 47n, 278; intermarriage of, 282–83; medical school quotas for, 53–54, 54n, 57; occupational status of, 55, 56f; physicians, 47–48, 53–54, 57, 58, 67f; Sephardic, 45, 48; social mobility of, 5–6, 58, 123, 282–83; status persistence of, 10; surnames of, 47–48, 302–4, 304f, 310
Jiangsu, China, 175–76, 177–78, 226–27
jinshi, 171–72, 173, 174, 181
Jones, 89
judges, relative representation of surname groups among, 147–50, 148f, 150f
juren, 176, 181, 226–27
Katz, 47, 60, 310–11, 312
kazoku families: appointed, 195–96; as elite, 183; establishment of, 183; number of, 183, 184t; persistence rates of, 195–96; privileges of, 183; ranks of, 184t; surnames of, 187–91, 189f, 189t, 190f, 193–94, 193f, 194t
Keats-Rohan, Katharine Stephanie Benedicta, 81
Keynes, 79t, 135n
Khazars, 236–37
King, Robert, 236
Kolkata (Calcutta): electoral register of, 147, 161; endogamy in, 166; police force of, 149, 152, 153f, 155
Kopczuk, Wojceich, 136–37
Korea: adoptees from, 265–66, 266t, 267f, 268; clans (bon-guan) in, 196–98; cultural homogeneity of, 182, 196; educational mobility in, 197–98; elites in, 196, 197; social mobility in, 196, 197–98; surnames in, 196–98
Kreiner, Claus Thustrup, 136–37
Kulin Brahmin subcaste, 147–48, 152–54, 153f, 158, 161t, 162, 163
Laos, Hmong people of, 250–51
latent characteristics. See underlying status
Latin America, immigrants from, 251. See also Chile
latinized Swedish surnames, 23–25, 25f, 28, 30, 33–34, 38–39, 39f, 40, 41
Latino Americans: immigrants, 251; middle-class, 124; social mobility of, 5–6, 123–24; surnames of, 251
lawyers. See attorneys
Lee, James Z., 180–81
Leijonhufvud, 28, 29f
Levy, 302, 302f, 312
Lew, Byron, 66
life expectancies. See longevity
lineage effects, 118–22, 123f, 140
lineages: Chinese, 180–81; Japanese, 187; Korean clans, 196–98; underlying status of, 285–86. See also families; grandparents; intergenerational correlations; surnames
Linnaeus, Carolus, 23–24
locative surnames: downward mobility of, 76–78, 77f, 87; of Norman origin, 76–77, 78–79; of Parliament members, 254, 255, 255f, 256f; in probate records, 85–86, 85f, 86f; social mobility rates of, 255, 256f; of university students, 77–78, 77f
Løken, Katrine V., 272
longevity: educational attainment and, 275; of Gypsies and Travellers, 240; increase in modern societies, 98; inheritance of, 114–16; of parents, 115; status and, 114–16, 310, 314; by surname, 310
Loveridge, 244–46, 245f, 245n, 247, 307, 312–13, 312f, 314
luck, 3, 11, 108, 181, 224–25, 282
Lund University, 36–39, 38f
Mandeville, 76, 314, 316
Mao Zedong, 170, 170n, 180
Mapuche, 202–3, 206, 207–8, 210
Markov process, 12, 113, 140
Maronite Christian surnames, of U.S. physicians, 247, 248
marriages: advertisements in West Bengal, 147n, 163, 166; assortative mating, 14, 139, 163, 281, 285–86; records of, 6, 313–14; selecting partners, 14–15, 282, 285–86; wife’s surname adopted by husband, 75, 80. See also endogamy; intermarriage
measures of social mobility. See social mobility measures
medical professionals: in Australia, 311–12; nurses, 308–9, 308t; relative representation of surname groups among, 307–9, 308t. See also physicians
medical researchers, Japanese, 194, 194t
medical schools: for African Americans, 54; in India, 145–46, 151–52, 154, 156–57, 157, 157n, 159t; quotas for Jews, 53–54, 54n, 57
medieval England. See England, medieval
meritocracies, 262
Mexican immigrants, 251. See also Latino Americans
minority groups: in England, 240; in Japan, 184; in Muslim societies, 238–39; social mobility rates of, 5–6, 62, 111, 113, 123–25; social phenotypes of, 285. See also individual groups
Miranda, Leslie, 207
Mizrahi Jews, 235–36
mobility. See social mobility
Murdoch, Iris, 279
Murray, Charles, 69, 263–64, 281, 282
Muslims: converts, 238; first names in India, 161, 161t, 162; in India, 144, 149–50, 151–52, 154, 239n; social mobility of, 151–52
Muslim societies: head taxes in, 238; religious minorities in, 238–39. See also Iran
names. See first names; surnames
Nanjing University, 177
National Archives of Ireland, 315
Nationalist Party, Chinese, 168, 172, 173, 174. See also Taiwan
Nation
al Jewish Population Survey, 283
National Taiwanese University, 178, 179
Native Americans: gaming profits of, 271; physicians, 52n, 250; removal of, 270; social mobility of, 5–6; surnames of, 45, 51, 310–11
nature vs. nurture: adoption studies, 264–69; dominance of nature, 13, 14–15, 126, 131–32, 136–37; nurture seen as dominant, 6. See also genetic transmission
Nazer Ahumada, Ricardo, 204
Netherlands, universities in, 277
Neville, Gary, 84f
New Age Travellers, 244
New France settlers in United States: descendants of, 45; immigration of, 49, 62, 66; intermarriage of, 64–65, 64f; social mobility of, 58; surnames of, 49–50, 50f, 58, 62–66, 63f, 67f, 249–50; as underclass, 49–50, 63–64, 65–66
New York Times, taxpayer lists of (1923 and 1924), 48
nobility: Danish, 22–23; English, 91. See also Swedish nobility
Nordic countries: income inequality in, 275–76; social mobility rates in, 5, 19; status persistence in, 20; taxes in, 275; unionization rates in, 276. See also Denmark; Norway; Sweden
Norman conquerors, property holders, 81
Norman surnames: of Cambridge and Oxford students, 83, 83f, 84, 87; in Domesday Book, 81, 82t; in English military, 256–57, 257t; evolution of, 78–79, 79t, 82t; locative, 76–77, 78–79; of Parliament members, 254–55, 255f; population share of, 83; probate rates of, 314; in probate records, 85–86, 85f, 86f, 87; social mobility of, 83–84, 83f; in United States, 51; variants of, 316
North Carolina, Eastern Bank of Cherokee, 271
North Zhejiang, 175–78, 176f
Norway: education in, 266, 272; oil boom income in, 272. See also Nordic countries
Núñez, Javier, 207
nurses, 308–9, 308t
Obama, Barack, 50n
occupational mobility, income inequality and, 199–200
occupational status: of groups in United States, 55, 56f; relative representation of surname groups by, 307–9; in Sweden, 20, 21t
occupational surnames, 71–72, 89–90, 316, 317. See also artisan surnames
OECD (Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development), 275, 276
Office of National Statistics, UK, 304–5, 307
Olson/Olsen, 59, 60
Oreopoulos, Philip, 272–73
Oxford University: admissions policies of, 99–100, 102–3; lineage effects for students of, 122, 123f; membership records of, 72, 77, 99; social status of students of, 74
Oxford University student surnames: artisan, 72, 73f; common, 89, 89f; elite, 79–80, 80f; locative, 77, 77f; Norman, 83, 83f, 84, 87; rare, 122, 221–23, 298–99, 299t; relative representation of rare, 101–2, 101f, 222f, 223, 224, 224f; relative representation of rare wealthy, 99–101, 100f, 221–23, 222f
Page, Marianne E., 272–73
Paik, Christopher, 197–98
parents: incomes of, 126–28, 289–92, 289f; influence of status on children’s status, 121–22; investments in children by, 128, 130–32, 279–81, 285; longevity of, 115; mothers, 15–16, 290–92; social competence of, 13. See also adopted children; families; genetic transmission; intergenerational correlations
Parliament members: constituencies of, 104–5, 253; English, 253–55; in medieval era, 72, 253–55; rotten boroughs of, 104–5; surnames of, 72, 103–4, 104f, 254–55, 254f, 255f, 256f; Welsh, 253
Parsis, 238
patronyms: English, 314; Swedish, 25–27, 26f, 27f, 28, 30, 33–34, 35–36, 37, 40–41
PCC. See Prerogative Court of Canterbury
Peeps, 225
Pepys, 6–7, 90, 93, 223–25, 224f
Pepys, Samuel, 6, 7f, 7n
Perry Pre-School Program, 273
persistence rates: consistency, 12, 125, 126, 136–39, 140; of educational mobility, 117, 223–24; estimation from elite surnames, 297–300; influence of grandparents, 118–22, 294–95; intergenerational correlations and, 3; in Japan, 185, 186t; in Korea, 198; low, 5; as Markov process, 12; in Nordic countries, 20; for rare English surnames, 95, 98, 99–102, 117; similarities across societies, 107–9, 261, 262; in Taiwan, 178–79, 179t; underlying social mobility and, 108–10. See also status persistence
Pew Charitable Trust, 123–24
phenotype: definition, 11–12; social, 12, 14–15, 282, 283–86
physicians: English, 225, 307–8, 308t; Japanese, 192; relative representation of surname groups among, 307–8, 308t; in Taiwan, 178. See also medical schools
physicians, Indian: Christians, 164–65; relative representation of surname groups among, 147–50, 148f, 150f, 151, 152–57, 153f, 158; surname group shares of, 164–65, 165f; in United States, 164–65, 165f
physicians, in United States: African American, 54, 58, 250; of foreign origin, 45, 68, 164–65, 165f; Japanese American, 67f, 68, 192, 194–95; Jewish surnames of, 47–48, 53–54, 57, 58; licensing of, 165; longevity by surname group, 311, 311f; medical school quotas for Jews, 53–54, 54n, 57; with New France surnames, 49–50, 58, 63–64, 65, 67f, 249–50; relative representation of ethnic surnames among, 247–51, 248f, 250f; relative representation of surname groups among, 46, 47–54, 47f, 52f, 53f, 53t, 57–59, 58f, 60f, 67f. See also American Medical Association
physicians, Swedish: of foreign origin, 32–33; relative representation of surname types among, 32–35, 32f, 33f; status persistence rates of, 20, 21t, 34f; surname changes by, 26–27, 34
Pinochet, Augusto, 209, 210, 211
police, 149, 150, 152, 153f, 155
political status, of Brahmins, 167. See also Parliament members
poverty: in Chile, 199, 200f; in United States, 262. See also inequality; underclasses
Prerogative Court of Canterbury (PCC) records: artisan surnames in, 72, 73, 73f; elite probates in, 72, 73f, 85–86, 86f; elite surnames in, 85–86, 85f, 86f, 87, 218–19, 219f, 220, 220f; relative representation of rich and poor surname groups in, 216–20, 217t, 218f, 219f, 220f; surname research in, 72, 84–85, 313
preschool education, 273–74
probate rates: of Gypsies/Travellers, 307, 312–13, 312f; in modern England, 96–98, 97f, 117, 117f, 138, 244–45, 306–7, 306t, 312–14; of Norman surnames, 314; in Wales, 306–7, 306t
probate records: in medieval England, 84–86, 86f, 216–18; in modern England, 91–98, 216–20, 306, 307, 313; for Wales, 313. See also Prerogative Court of Canterbury
Protestants: in Ireland, 231–35, 232f, 234f; literacy rates of, 229; social status of, 229. See also Christians
public policy, reducing inequality with, 15, 268, 274, 275
Public Profiler: Great Britain Family Names website, 305; World Family Names database, 188, 301–4
Qian, 172
Qing China: collapse of, 168; elite surnames in, 171–75, 173f, 176, 180, 181, 225–27; examination system of, 171–72, 171f, 173, 174, 176, 180–81, 226; kin networks in, 180–81; social mobility in, 171–75, 180, 225–27, 227f
Quebec, 65–66, 305. See also New France settlers
racial groups. See African Americans; minority groups; whites
rare surnames: Chilean, 203, 204–5, 205; Chinese, 171–75, 173f; Japanese, 187–91, 189f, 190f, 192–94, 193f, 195–96; lack of status association, 90, 301; origins of, 90. See also English surnames; United States, surnames in
regression to mean: definition, 3; evidence of, 5, 11, 107; explanations of, 14; from extreme positions, 212–16, 214f, 280–82, 300; fertility effects on, 246–47, 246f; of genetic traits, 136, 139; of heights, 136; underlying status and, 108–9, 112–13, 212, 282. See also downward mobility
relative representation: changes in, 20; of elite surnames, 20; by occupational status, 307–9; researching, 307; of surnames in elite groups, 28–30, 46, 296–300, 298f
religions: converts, 230–31, 232–36, 235n, 238; influence of, 229–31; Zoroastrianism, 239. See also Christians; Jews; Muslims
reservation system, India: beneficiaries of, 164–65; in education, 145–46, 146t, 151–52, 154, 154n, 156–57, 157n; effects on mob
ility, 143, 145, 150, 154, 155, 156–60, 159f, 159t, 166; Muslims excluded from, 151–52; quota levels of, 145n
Rhineland hypothesis, 236, 237
Riddarhuset (House of Nobility), Sweden, 21–22, 21f, 22f. See also Swedish nobility
Roine, Jesper, 41
Roma. See Gypsies/Travellers
Rothschild, Alfred de, 102
Royal Academy, Swedish, 20, 21t, 39–41, 40f
Rudbeckius, Olaus, 24
Rusbridger, 8
Rusbridger, Alan, 8
Sacerdote, Bruce, 265, 330
Saleh, Mohamed, 238
samurai: adult male adoption by, 187; downward mobility of, 185–86, 195, 196; government officials, 182, 185, 186, 186t; intermarriage of descendants of, 190–91; Meiji restoration and, 182–83; population share of, 185–86; of Satsuma clan, 183f; social status of, 182, 185; surnames of, 187–91, 189f, 189t, 190f, 193–94, 193f, 194t, 195; university graduates, 185, 185t
scheduled castes, 144, 149, 150, 151, 156–57, 156f, 158. See also castes, Indian; reservation system
scholarly authors, 193–94, 195–96
Scotland. See Glasgow
Scottish surnames, in Ireland, 232–35, 232n, 234f
Selfish Reasons to Have More Kids (Caplan), 281, 285
Sephardic Jews, 45, 48, 235–36. See also Jews
Shakespeare, William: Hamlet, 22–23; A Midsummer Night’s Dream, 93–94n
Shen, 172
siblings, income correlations among, 268–69, 269t. See also adopted children; families
Sinclair, 81
Smalls, 51
Smith/Smyth/Smythe, 71, 80, 89, 89n, 242, 244n, 306, 316, 317
social competence: of parents, 13; underlying, 8, 108–13, 125, 282
social entropy, 3, 5, 107
social genotype, 12, 14–15, 282, 283–86