Becker, Gary, 126n
Begay(e), 51, 310–11
Benner, Nina, 26
Bergeron, 50, 302, 303f
Berkeley/Barclay, 79, 79n, 245n, 314
Berners, 7
Berners-Lee, Sir Timothy, 7
Berzelius, John Jakob, 24
birth rates. See fertility
Björklund, Anders, 41, 138, 268n, 330
black Africans: immigrants to United States, 50, 249; surnames of, 45, 248, 249. See also African Americans
Bleakley, Hoyt, 269–70
Borjas, George, 63, 124
Boscawen, 302, 303f, 307, 313, 314
Boserup, Simon Halphen, 136–37
Botticini, Maristella, 228–30
Bottom, 88, 93–94n
Bowles, Sam, 112n
Brahmins: endogamy of, 163; first names of women, 161t, 162; Kulin subcaste of, 147–48, 152–54, 153f, 158, 161t, 162, 163; political leaders, 167; poor, 154, 154n; status of, 144; status persistence of, 10, 154, 282; surnames of, 147–48, 150, 152–54, 153f
Britain. See England; Wales
British Empire, 144, 147, 154–55, 157
Brudenell-Bruce, 91–92
Cajuns, 62, 249–50, 249–50n
Cambridge University: admissions policies of, 99–100, 102–3; costs of, 130n; lineage effects for students of, 122, 123f; membership records of, 72, 77, 99, 99n; social status of students of, 74
Cambridge University student surnames: artisan, 72, 73f; common, 89, 89f; elite, 79–80, 80f; locative, 77, 77f; Norman, 83, 83f, 84, 87; rare, 6, 122, 221–23, 298–99, 299t; relative representation of rare, 101–2, 101f, 222f, 223, 224, 224f; relative representation of rare wealthy, 99–101, 100f, 221–23, 222f
Campbell, Cameron, 180–81
Canada: French population of, 49, 65–66; income shocks in, 272–73; surname frequencies data in, 305; Taiwanese immigrants to, 179. See also New France settlers
Caplan, Bryan, 132, 281, 285
Carnegie, Andrew, 213, 213n
castes, Indian: classifications of, 144; “creamy layer,” 144; educational attainment and, 144–45, 145f; endogamy within, 160–64, 166; genetic distinctions of, 144, 144n; scheduled castes, 144, 149, 150, 151, 156–57, 156f, 158; surnames of, 147–51; untouchables, 144, 157. See also Brahmins; reservation system
Cater, Bruce, 66
Catholics, in Ireland, 231–32, 233–35, 233f, 234f, 235n, 315
Celsius, Anders, 24
Census Bureau. See U.S. Census Bureau
Chaucer, Geoffrey, 75, 75n, 76f
Cherokee: gaming profits of, 271; removal of, 270
Chiang Kai-shek, 168
children. See adopted children; education; families
Chile: coup d’état (1973), 209, 209f, 211; electoral register (2004), 201–2, 205; elites in, 203–5, 208; encomenderos in, 203, 210; immigrants to, 204–5; income inequality in, 199; incomes in, 201–2, 202f, 206–8, 207t; indigenous groups in, 202–3; landowners in, 204, 206; Pinochet dictatorship in, 209, 210, 211; poverty in, 199, 200f; social mobility in, 200, 207–11; Spanish settlement of, 203
Chilean surnames: Basque, 203–4; in census (2004), 206, 206t; of elites, 203–5, 206t, 207t, 208, 210; French, 205; German, 205; Italian, 204–5; Mapuche, 202–3, 206, 207–8, 210; occupational incomes by group, 206–8, 207t, 210, 210f, 211f; rare, 203, 204–5, 205; of underclass, 202–3, 206–8, 206t, 207t
China: Cultural Revolution in, 168–70, 169f; education in, 169–70, 173–74, 177; emigration from, 177; kin networks in, 180–81, 180–81n; land reform in, 168; modern elites in, 172–75, 173f; Republican era in, 168, 173, 175, 176, 177; revolution in, 168; war casualties in, 175. See also Qing China
China, social mobility in: Cultural Revolution effects, 168–70; evidence from Qing elite surnames, 171–75, 173f, 180; evidence from surname–place of origin identifiers, 175–78, 177t; geographic limitations on, 172; in lower Yangzi River valley, 175–78, 177t, 226–27, 227f; low rates of, 180, 181; persistence rates, 226; in postreform era, 170; in Qing era, 171–75, 180, 225–27, 227f; studies of, 180
Chinese surnames: common, 170, 170n, 172, 175, 175n; from lower Yangzi River valley, 172–74, 175–78, 175n; place of origin identifiers and, 175–78, 225–27, 226f; of Qing elites, 171–75, 173f, 176, 180, 181, 225–27; rare, 171–75, 173f; relative representation among modern elites, 172–75, 173f, 176–78, 180; relative representation over time, 226–27, 226f, 227f; in Taiwan, 178
Cholmondeley, 316
Christians: Catholics, 231–32, 233–35, 233f, 234f, 235n, 315; Coptic, 10, 238, 247, 249, 282, 285; early, 230–31; first names in India, 161, 161t, 162; from India, 248; intermarriage in India, 162; Jewish converts, 230–31; Maronites, 247, 248; in Muslim societies, 238–39; Protestants, 229, 231–35
Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints, FamilySearch website, 313–14
Clark(e), 71, 89, 218, 307
cognitive ability (IQ), 110n, 112, 112n, 116–17, 264, 264n, 265f
Cohen, 47, 308, 312
Colorado Adoption Project, 264
Coming Apart: The State of White America, 1960–2010 (Murray), 69, 263–64
Communist Party, Chinese, 168, 176, 180
Coptic Church, 248
Copts: conversions to Islam, 238; elite status of, 238, 249; physicians, 247; status persistence of, 10, 282, 285; surnames of, 247, 285; in United States, 247, 249
Corak, Miles, 146n, 292n, 319
Cornwallis, Charles, 91
cultural capital, 63
Dalton School, 279
Darwin, 132–33, 134–35, 135n, 284
Darwin, Charles, 132–33, 134, 135f, 284
Defoe, 93–94
Defoe, Daniel, 93–94
Denmark: noble surnames in, 22–23; wealth inheritance in, 136–37, 138f. See also Nordic countries
Dickens, Charles, 213, 213n
Directory of Physicians in the United States, 45–46, 51, 52, 54, 68, 164, 194–95, 309
doctors. See physicians
Doherty/Dougherty, 310–11, 312–13, 312f, 315
Domesday Book, 7, 51, 81, 85, 107, 314, 316
downward mobility: avoiding, 14–15, 281–86; of elites, 13–14, 212–15, 214f, 216, 280–82; in England, 13–14, 76–78, 79–80, 85, 86–87; fertility rates and, 246–47, 246f; of samurai, 185–86, 195, 196; surname variants and, 316–17; in Sweden, 41. See also regression to mean; social mobility
earnings. See incomes
Eastern Europe, Jews in, 235, 236–37, 237n
East India Company, 147
Eckstein, Zvi, 228–30
education: in China, 169–70, 173–74, 177; economic outcomes of, 273; in England, 73, 130–31, 131n; in India, 144–46; intergenerational correlations in, 3–5, 4f, 100–103; in Japan, 183, 185, 185t, 284; preschool, 273–74; private schools, 130–31, 131n, 279–80; public support for, 129–31, 272, 273–74; in Sweden, 19, 129–30, 266–68, 275; in United States, 111, 131, 131n, 279–80. See also medical schools; universities
educational attainment: of adopted children, 266–68, 267f; of African Americans, 55, 56f; family influences on, 284; of Gypsies and Travellers, 240; of immigrants to United States, 249, 251, 251n; of Indian castes, 144–45, 145f; of Japanese Americans, 67; of Jews in United States, 55, 55f; life expectancies and, 275; of women, 281
educational mobility: in England, 99–103, 117, 221–24; in Japan, 185–86, 186t, 284; in Korea, 197–98; measuring with surname frequencies, 298–99, 299t; persistence rates of, 117, 223–24; in Sweden, 35–39; symmetrical movements in, 221–23; in United States, 54
Edward I, King, 253
Egypt. See Copts
elites: downward mobility of, 13–14, 212–15, 214f, 216, 280–82; emergence of, 140, 228–31, 239, 251–52, 299–300; endogamy among, 135n, 163, 239, 282; fertility rates of, 192, 236, 237n, 280; initial mean status of, 298, 298f; investments in children by, 279–81, 285; status persistence of, 10, 216, 229, 239, 251, 252; in United
States, 45, 247–51, 263–64, 277–78, 279–81. See also nobility; individual countries and groups
elite surnames: bimodal distributions of, 41, 42f; regression to mean by, 107; relative representation of, 20; in United States, 45, 47–49, 54–55, 247–51, 248f. See also nobility; rare surnames
endogamy: among elites, 135n, 163, 239, 282; as explanation of status persistence, 160, 252, 282; genetic transmission and, 139–40; in India, 160–64, 166; of Jews, 237; of minorities in Muslim societies, 239; of New France descendants, 64–65, 64f; status persistence and, 13, 239; in United States, 282–83
England: Glorious Revolution in, 167; Industrial Revolution in, 6, 75, 87, 218, 219; Jews in, 102, 240–41, 242f; nobility of, 91. See also Parliament members
England, medieval: artisans in, 71–73, 74; class structure of, 74; downward mobility of elites, 76–78, 79–80, 85, 86–87; education in, 73; elites in, 72–73, 76–87, 236; Norman conquerors in, 76, 79, 81–84; Parliament members in, 72, 253–55; persistence rates in, 74, 74f, 84; poll taxes in, 71–72; probate records in, 84–86, 86f, 216–18; social mobility in, 70, 72–80, 83–84, 86–87, 105–6. See also English surnames, medieval
England, modern: church records in, 313; educational mobility in, 99–103; education in, 130–31, 131n; fertility and status in, 132–35, 133f, 134f; immigrants to, 90, 240–41; inheritance tax rates in, 96, 97f; life expectancies in, 114, 115–16, 116f, 116t, 314; military of, 256–57, 257t; minority groups in, 240; persistence rates in, 84, 95, 117, 219–20; probate rates in, 96–98, 97f, 117, 117f, 138, 244–45, 306–7, 306t, 312–14; probate records in, 91–98, 216–20, 306, 307, 313; Reform Acts, 105; social mobility in, 88, 95, 105–6; underclass in, 240; wealth inheritance in, 94–98, 95f, 95t. See also English surnames, modern; Parliament members
England, social mobility in: consistent rates of, 135, 138; downward mobility of elites, 13–14, 76–78, 79–80, 85, 86–87; educational mobility, 99–103, 117, 221–24; in Industrial Revolution, 218, 219; low rates of, 6–8, 95–96, 100, 102, 105–6; in medieval era, 70, 72–80, 83–84, 86–87, 105–6; in modern era, 88, 95, 105–6; persistence rates, 84, 86t, 98, 219–20, 219t, 221t; regression to mean, 83–84, 87, 88, 216–19; rich as share of population, 10–11
English surnames, medieval: artisan, 71–73, 73f, 75, 85, 87, 254, 254f; changes in, 75–76, 80; inheritance of, 71–72; noble, 91; occupational, 71–72, 89–90; patronyms, 314; persistence rates, 85, 86–87, 86t, 217; of property owners, 78–80, 79t; rare, 216–18, 217t, 222f; regression to mean by, 79–80, 83–84; toponyms, 314; variants of, 316–17. See also locative surnames; Norman surnames
English surnames, modern: of African Americans, 50–51; of barristers, 88–89, 309; changes in, 93, 93–94n; common, 88, 89–90, 89f, 242, 244–46; data sources for, 304–5, 312–14; hyphenated, 90; of Irish origin, 312–13; longevity rates by groups, 115–16, 116f, 116t; of medical professionals, 307–9, 308t; origins of, 316–17; of Parliament members, 103–4, 104f; persistence rates, 217, 219–20, 221t; rare, 6–7, 88–89, 90–102, 91t, 103–4, 216–23, 217t; status of, 88, 306–9, 312–14; wealth inheritance and, 94–95, 95f, 95t
entropy, social, 3, 5, 107
equality. See inequality
ethnic capital, 124
ethnic groups. See minority groups; individual groups
exogamy. See intermarriage
families: incomes of, 126–29; kin networks, 180–81, 180–81n; underlying status of, 283–86; windfall gains of, 128, 271–73. See also adopted children; genetic transmission; grandparents; lineages; surnames
FamilySearch website, 313–14
family sizes: of elites, 10–11, 236, 280; of English upper classes, 14, 132–35, 133f, 134f, 236; of Gypsies and Travellers, 240, 241t, 245–46; investments in children, 279–81; regression to mean and, 128, 280; social mobility and, 13, 132–35, 246–47. See also fertility
Feliciano, Cynthia, 249
Ferrie, Joe, 118n, 269–70, 290n
fertility: correlation to status, 132–35, 133f, 134f, 237n; of elites, 192, 236, 237n, 280; regression to mean and, 246–47, 246f
fertility rates, of underclasses, 246–47
Finland. See Nordic countries
first names: of Gypsies / Travellers, 243–44; in India, 161–63, 161t, 162t
Franco-Americans. See New France settlers
Frei, Eduardo, 209, 210
French Canadians, 49, 65–66. See also New France settlers
French immigrants to Chile, 205
French surnames, 49, 205. See also New France settlers
Gagnon, 49, 50, 50f, 63, 65
Galton, Francis, 25n, 90, 136, 137f, 223, 292n, 325
Gates, Bill, 11
generations, length between, 20n. See also intergenerational correlations
genetic transmission: of biological traits, 136, 137f, 266; endogamy and, 139–40; importance of, 6, 12–14, 268–69, 274, 281; of intelligence, 264, 264n; as primary source of status persistence, 13, 14–15, 126–27, 136–37; regression to mean, 136, 139; of underlying abilities, 14–15, 126–27, 128, 263. See also inheritance; nature vs. nurture
genotype: definition, 11–12; social, 12, 14–15, 282, 283–86
Georgia, land lottery in, 270
German immigrants to Chile, 205
German surnames, 50–51, 205, 308
German universities, 277
Gini coefficient, 5
Gintis, Herb, 112n
Glasgow, 1, 2f
good society, 1, 5, 274
Google Scholar, 193–94, 195–96
grandparents: influence of, 118–22, 119f, 294–95; intergenerational correlations with, 5, 119–21, 120t, 292–95. See also families; lineages
Great Britain. See England; Wales
Great Britain Family Names website, 305
Gu, 172
Gypsies/Travellers: children of, 240, 241f, 243–44; in England, 10, 89n, 240–46, 241t; fertility rates of, 240, 241t, 245–46; first names of, 243–44; in Ireland, 240, 243n; origins of, 240–44; probate rates of, 307, 312–13, 312f; social mobility of, 244–46; status persistence of, 10, 240, 247; surnames of, 89n, 240–42, 243f, 244–46, 244n, 309, 312–13; as underclass, 240
Haitians, 248
Hamlet (Shakespeare), 22–23
Hao, Yu, 178, 179
Hardy, Thomas, Tess of the d’Urbervilles, 317
Harootunian, Harry D., 186
Hayls, John, 7f
HDI. See Human Development Index
Head Start Program, 273–74
Hebert, 50, 310–11
Heckman, James, 261, 262, 264, 273
heights, genetic transmission of, 136, 137f, 266
Hertz, Tom, 123, 123n, 124, 146n, 292n, 319
higher education. See education; universities
Hindus: endogamy of, 161–63; first names of women, 161–63, 161t. See also castes
Hindu surnames: elite, 147–48, 150; mixed, 149, 150, 157, 158, 165; of physicians in India, 147–50; of physicians in United States, 247, 251; of poor, 149, 150, 155, 158, 163
Hispanics. See Latino Americans
Hmong, 250–51
Ho, Ping-ti, 180
Homer, 107
Hu, Songhua, 180
Huguenots, 90, 91, 92
human-capital theory, 126–35. See also education
Human Development Index (HDI), 201–2
Iceland. See Nordic countries
immigrants: to Canada, 179; to Chile, 204–5; to England, 90; to Sweden, 26n immigrants to United States: assimilation of, 63; educational attainment of, 249, 251, 251n; Hmong, 250–51; illegal, 251; incomes of, 251n; Japanese, 67–68, 68t, 124; Latin American, 251; restrictions on, 67, 68; selectivity, 249; skilled, 249; social mobility of, 124, 277–78; Taiwanese, 179; Vietnamese, 249. See also New France settlers
income inequality. See inequality
income mobility: in Chile, 200; in Japan, 184; in Korea, 196; in Taiwan, 178. See also social mobility
incomes: of adopted children, 266, 267f; in C
hile, 201–2, 202f, 206–8, 207t; correlations among siblings, 268–69, 269t; education and, 273; exogenous shocks to, 128, 271–73; of immigrants to United States, 251n; intergenerational correlations of, 3, 4f, 5, 109, 126–28, 127f, 127n, 146; of parents, 126–28, 289–92, 289f; random component of, 108; as status measure, 108, 109, 111–12, 112t; Swedish surnames and, 27–28, 29f
India: British rule of, 144, 147, 154–55, 157; elites in, 143, 147–48, 150; independence of, 144, 154, 155, 156, 167; Muslims in, 144, 149–50, 151–52, 154, 239n; prime ministers of, 167. See also Brahmins; castes
India, social mobility in: in Bengal, 147–57, 158–60; of Christians, 143; endogamy and, 160–64, 166; at family level, 164; of Hindu groups, 143; intergenerational correlation in income, 146; low rates of, 143, 150, 159–60, 166; of Muslims, 151–52; persistence rates, 150–51, 151t, 154–55; of scheduled castes, 156–57; studies of, 146, 146n. See also reservation system
Indians. See Native Americans
Indian surnames: Christian, 162; common, 147; of elites, 147–48, 148f, 150, 152–55, 153f, 157, 158; first names from another religious group, 161–63, 162t; mixed Hindu, 149, 150, 157, 158, 165; Muslim, 148, 149–50, 151–52, 162; of poor Hindus, 149, 150, 155, 158, 163; relative representation among physicians and judges, 147–50, 148f, 150f, 151, 152–57, 153f, 158; of scheduled castes, 149, 150, 151, 156–57, 158
indigenous groups. See Mapuche; Native Americans
Industrial Revolution, 6, 75, 87, 218, 219
inequality: in Chile, 199; criticism of, 1; Gini coefficient, 5; in Nordic countries, 19, 275–76; reducing, 15, 274–77; status persistence and, 9–10, 126–28, 199–200; in Sweden, 113–14, 114f; in United States, 113–14, 114f, 261, 263–64, 277–78. See also elites; social mobility; underclasses
inheritance: of cognitive abilities, 110n, 112n, 116–17; of cultural traits, 126, 136, 137f, 139–40; economic models of, 126–28, 127f, 127n; of longevity, 114–16; matrilineal vs. patrilineal lines of, 15–16; of underlying status, 108–13, 126; of wealth, 94–98, 95f, 95t, 136–37, 138f. See also genetic transmission
Inquisitions Post Mortem (IPM), 78–80, 79t, 80f, 85–86, 85f, 86f, 87
intelligence. See cognitive ability
intergenerational correlations: in China, 173–75; in education, 3–5, 4f, 100–103; estimates of, 109; of fathers and children, 289–92; with grandparents, 5, 119–21, 120t, 292–95; in incomes, 3, 4f, 5, 109, 126–28, 127f, 127n, 146; in Japan, 185; of mother’s status, 290–92; with multiple generations, 5, 292–95, 293f; for rare English surnames, 94–98, 95t, 98t, 106, 120–21, 284; as social mobility measure, 1–3, 290; in Sweden, 20, 30, 32, 36, 37, 41; in Taiwan, 178; universal rate of, 12; of wealth in England, 94–98, 106, 120–21, 120t, 121f, 284. See also persistence rates