23 Wright, Spycatcher, p. 166
24 National Archives CRIM 1/4003; D. R. Thorpe, Supermac: The Life of Harold Macmillan, Chatto & Windus, London, 2010, p. 539
25 Interview with Sir Gerry Warner for BBC Radio 4, 2009
26 Wright, Spycatcher, pp. 310–11
27 Interview with Sir John Scarlett for BBC Radio 4, 2009
28 Christopher Andrew and Oleg Gordievsky, Instructions from the Centre, Sceptre, London, 1993, p. 94
29 National Archives ADM 1/30088; Harry Houghton, Operation Portland, Granada, London, 1972, p. 18
30 Houghton, Operation Portland, p. 31
31 Nigel West and Oleg Tsarev, The Crown Jewels, HarperCollins, London, 1999, ch. XI
32 Ibid., p. 264
33 National Archives ADM 1/30088
34 Houghton, Operation Portland, p. 71
35 West and Tsarev, Crown Jewels, p. 270
36 National Archives ADM 1/30088, The Romer Report
37 Andrew, Defence of the Realm, pp. 486–7; Wright, Spycatcher, pp. 130–1
38 Wright, Spycatcher, p. 132
39 Ibid., p. 136
40 National Archives ADM 1/30088
41 Thorpe, Supermac: The Life of Harold Macmillan, p. 527
42 Tom Bower, The Perfect English Spy, Heinemann, London, 1995, pp. 265–7
43 George Blake, No Other Choice, Jonathan Cape, London, 1990, p. 213
44 National Archives FO 953/2264
45 Gordon Lonsdale, Spy: Memoirs of Gordon Lonsdale, Mayflower-Dell, London, 1966; Greville Wynne, Wynne and Penkovsky, Corgi, London, 1984, p. 191
46 Blake, No Other Choice, p. 264
47 Quoted in Miranda Carter, Anthony Blunt: His Lives, Macmillan, London, 2001, p. 447
48 Andrew, Defence of the Realm, p. 499
49 Interview with Mikhail Lyubimov
50 National Archives PREM 15/582 includes a copy of the booklet
51 Peter Wright details the new strategy in Spycatcher, pp. 123–4
52 Norman, ‘Lunching with the Enemy’, p. 56
53 Leppard, ‘With smiles and cash’
54 Oleg Kalugin, Spymaster, Smith Gryphon, London, 1994, p. 131
55 ‘I arrested a KGB superspy’, BBC News website, http:// news.bbc.co.uk/ onthisday/ hi/ witness/ September/ 30/ newsid_2523000/2523457.stm
56 National Archives PREM 15/1935
57 Ibid.
58 This account derives from an interview with Mikhail Lyubimov and from Philby et al, Private Life of Kim Philby, part 3
59 Ibid., p. 274
60 Ibid., p. 280
61 Eleanor Philby, The Spy I Loved, Hamish Hamilton, London, 1968, p. 78
62 Philby et al., Private Life of Kim Philby, pp. 30–1
63 Ibid., p. 245
64 Kalugin, Spymaster, p. 142
65 Genrikh Borovik, The Philby Files, Little, Brown, London, 1994, p. 371
66 Norman Sherry, The Life of Graham Greene, vol. 2, Jonathan Cape, London, 1994, pp. 488–9
67 Borovik, Philby Files, p. 245
68 Michael Shelden, Graham Greene: The Man Within, Heinemann, London, 1994, p. 323
69 Marie-Françoise Allain, The Other Man: Conversations with Graham Greene, The Bodley Head, London, 1983, pp. 183–4
70 Philby et al., Private Life of Kim Philby, p. 175
71 Borovik, Philby Files, p. 234
72 Norman Sherry, The Life of Graham Greene, vol. 3, Pimlico, London, 2004, p. 749
73 Olga Craig, ‘John le Carré: Espionage is an accident, like love’, Sunday Telegraph, 29 August 2010
74 Sherry, Life of Graham Greene, vol. 2, p. 487
75 Ibid., p. 494
76 Yuri Modin, My Five Cambridge Friends, Headline, London, 1994, p. 270
CHAPTER 7: ESCAPE FROM MOSCOW
1 This account is drawn from interviews with Mikhail Lyubimov and Oleg Gordievsky
2 Interview with Mikhail Lyubimov; Christopher Andrew and Oleg Gordievsky, KGB: The Inside Story of its Foreign Operations from Lenin to Gorbachev, Hodder & Stoughton, London, 1990, p. 453
3 Oleg Gordievsky, Next Stop Execution, Macmillan, London, 1995, p. 336
4 Helen Womack (ed.), Undercover Lives, Weidenfeld & Nicolson, London, 1998, p. 190
5 Gordievsky discusses his family life and motivations in an interview with Dr Anthony Clare, In the Psychiatrist’s Chair, BBC Radio 4, 1995, IWM 15628
6 Womack (ed.), Undercoverr Lives, p. 188
7 Rufina Philby, Mikhail Lyubimov and Hayden Peake, The Private Life of Kim Philby, St Ermin’s Press, London, 1999, p. 290; Womack (ed.), Undercover Lives, p. 184
8 Interview with Oleg Gordievsky
9 Letter from Oleg Gordievsky to The Times, 18 August 2008
10 Interview with Oleg Gordievsky
11 Ibid.
12 Gordievsky, Next Stop Execution, pp. 198–206
13 Ibid., p. 219
14 The only time Gordievsky has ever publicly discussed these doubts was in an interview with Dr Anthony Clare, In the Psychiatrist’s Chair, BBC Radio 4, 1995. Also additional private information
15 ‘Literary world applauds Rushdie knighthood’, Guardian, 16 June 2007, http://www.guardian.co.uk/society/2oo7/jun/16/books.politics
16 Interview with Sir John Scarlett for BBC Radio 4, 2009
17 See ‘MI6 versus KGB/FSB: The Battle in Moscow’, 30 January 2006, Axis Information and Analysis, http://www.axis globe.com/article.asp?article=634
18 Interview with Sir John Scarlett for BBC Radio 4, 2009
19 Gordievsky, Next Stop Execution, p. 239
20 Interview with Oleg Gordievsky
21 Christoper Andrew and Oleg Gordievsky, Instructions from the Centre, Sceptre, London, 1993, p. 77
22 Christopher Andrew, The Defence of the Realm: The Authorized History of MI5, Allen Lane, London, 2009, pp. 441 and 712
23 Ibid., p. 724 has the details of the drop
24 Eliza Manningham-Buller interviewed on Desert Island Discs, BBC Radio 4, 23 November 2007
25 ‘War secrets pigeon trainer dies’, BBC News website, 1 April 2004, http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/northamptonshire/ 3589853.stm
26 Interview with Baroness Manningham-Buller for BBC Radio 4, 2009
27 Interview with Sir Stephen Lander for BBC TV, 2009
28 Interview with Baroness Manningham-Buller for BBC Radio 4, 2009
29 Interview with Dame Stella Rimington for BBC TV, 2009
30 Interview with Baroness Manningham-Buller for BBC Radio 4, 2009
31 Ibid.
32 Andrew, Defence of the Realm, pp. 716–20
33 Gordon Barrass, The Great Cold War, Stanford University Press, Stanford, 2009, p. 278
34 Quoted in Andrew and Gordievsky, Instructions from the Centre, PP. 31–3
35 Ibid., p. 122
36 Ibid., pp. 45 and 129
37 Barrass, Great Cold War, has the best analysis of Ryan and Able Archer, pp. 299–300
38 Interview with Sir John Scarlett for BBC Radio 4, 2009
39 Private information
40 Barrass, Great Cold War, pp. 304–5
41 Interview with former CIA analyst indoctrinated into the information at the time
42 Quoted in Barrass, Great Cold War, p. 305
43 Milt Bearden and James Risen, The Main Enemy, Century, New York, 2003, p. 47; the British reaction comes from private information
44 Gordievsky, Next Stop Execution, p. 310
45 Ibid., p. 311
46 Margaret Thatcher, The Downing Street Years, HarperCollins, London, 1993, pp. 87 and 461
47 Gordievsky, Next Stop Execution, p. 328
48 Ibid., p. 343
49 Private information
50 Interview with Mikhail Lyubimov
51 Private information
52 Bryan Cartledge, interview for the British Diplomatic Oral History Programme, Churchill College, Cambridge. Available at http://www.chu.cam.ac.uk/archives/collections/BDOHP/Cartledge.pdf
53 Interview with Oleg Gordievsky and for
mer British officials
54 James Adams, The New Spies, Pimlico, London, 1995, p. 35
55 Interview with Sir Rodric Braithwaite for BBC Radio 4, 2009
56 Gordievsky interview with Dr Anthony Clare, In the Psychiatrist’s Chair, BBC Radio 4, 1995
57 Private information
58 Ibid.
59 Bearden and Risen, Main Enemy; Tim Weiner, Legacy of Ashes, Allen Lane, London, 2007, p. 416
60 James Robarge, ‘Deceptions: James Angleton and CIA Counter-intelligence’, Journal of Intelligence History, vol. 3, no. 2, Winter 2003
61 Interview with Mikhail Lyubimov
62 The author put each man’s comments to the other. They did not speak directly
63 Interview with Sir John Scarlett for BBC Radio 4, 2009
64 Quoted in Phillip Knightley, The Second Oldest Profession, W. W. Norton, New York, 1987, p. 285
65 Professor Stephen Kotkin, ‘Soviet Capitulation’, lecture at the London School of Economics, 20 May 2010
66 Interview with Sir Rodric Braithwaite for BBC Radio 4, 2009
CHAPTER 8: THE AFGHAN PLAINS
1 National Archives WO 106/6148, Lecture on the Secret Service from early in the twentieth century by a British officer to the Staff College in Quetta
2 Vladimir Kuzichkin, Inside the KGB, André Deutsch, London 1990, p. 316
3 Rufina Philby, Mikhail Lyubimov and Hayden Peake, The Private Life of Kim Philby, St Ermin’s Press, London, 1999, p. 87
4 Gary C. Schroen, First In, Ballantine Books, New York, 2005, pp. 38 and 43
5 Special Co-ordination Committee Meeting on Afghanistan, 17 December 1979, available through http://www.margaretthatcher.org/document/D5EE99CO3C4147B091AE83160A8085 FF.pdf
6 Margaret Thatcher, The Downing Street Years, HarperCollins, London, 1993, pp. 87 and 168
7 Interview with Stansfield Turner, 29 November 2004
8 Sandy Gall, Behind Russian Lines, Sidgwick & Jackson, London 1983, p. 150
9 George Crile, My Enemy’s Enemy, Atlantic Books, London, 2003, p. 18
10 Quoted in Brigadier Mohammad Yousaf and Mark Adkin, Afghanistan: The Bear Trap, Leo Cooper, Barnsley, 1992, p. 20
11 Steve Coll, Ghost Wars, Penguin, New York, 2004, pp. 52–4
12 Crile, My Enemy’s Enemy, p. 354
13 Private information from US and British sources
14 Crile, My Enemy’s Enemy, p. 199
15 Interview with guide who became one of Massoud’s fighters
16 Interview with Abdullah Anas
17 Interview with Muslem Hayat
18 Ken Connor, Ghost Force, Orion, London 1993, p. 420
19 Mark Urban, War in Afghanistan, Macmillan, London, 1990, pp. 101–2
20 Private information
21 Interview with Abdullah Anas
22 Milt Bearden and James Risen, The Main Enemy, Century, New York, 2003, p. 218
23 Interview with retired CIA official who requested anonymity
24 ‘British and US “subversion” against Afghanistan’, BBC Summary of World Broadcasts, 12 October 1983; ‘Man named as British spy killed in Afghanistan found in pub’, Associated Press, 16 October 1983
25 ‘Dead UK spy alive and well’, South China Morning Post, 17 October 1983
26 Obituaries of Sir Edgar Beck, The Times, 3 August 2000, and Daily Telegraph, 3 August 2000
27 Interview with guide who accompanied the convoy
28 Interview with Muslem Hayat
29 ‘Kabul news conference on British “spy”’, BBC Summary of World Broadcasts, 4 October 1983; ‘Death of British “spy” in Afghanistan: Britain’s involvement’, BBC Summary of World Broadcasts, 19 October 1983; ‘Swede accused by Kabul of spying, possibly a journalist’, BBC Summary of World Broadcasts, 6 October 1983
30 ‘Death of British spy in Afghanistan: Britain’s involvement’, BBC Summary of World Broadcasts, 19 October 1983
31 Soviet report of career of CIA spy in Afghanistan, 24 November 1984
32 Coll, Ghost Wars, p. 130
33 Crile, My Enemy’s Enemy, pp. 197 and 201
34 ‘Reagan meets rebel leaders’, Facts on File World News Digest, 1 August 1986
35 Colin Berry, The Deniable Agent, Mainstream Publishing, Edinburgh, 2007, p. 116
36 Yousaf and Adkin, Afghanistan: The Bear Trap, p. 88
37 Ibid.
38 Lester W. Grau and All Ahmad Jalali, The Campaign for the Caves: The Battle for Zhawar in the Soviet-Afgan War, Foreign Military Studies Office, Fort Leavenworth, Kansas, http:// fmso.leavenworth.army.mil/documents/zhawar/zhawar.htm
39 Yousaf and Adkin, Afghanistan: The Bear Trap, p. 176; Coll, Ghost Wars, p. 150; Bearden and Risen, Main Enemy, pp. 248–52
40 Coll, Ghost Wars, pp. 11–12
41 Private information from former intelligence official working on Afghan campaign in the late 1980s
42 Urban, War in Afghanistan, p. 271
43 Crile, My Enemy’s Enemy
44 Coll, Ghost Wars, p. 100
45 Ibid., p. 104; Yousaf and Adkin, Afghanistan: The Bear Trap, p. 193
46 Yousaf and Adkin, Afghanistan: The Bear Trap, pp. 113–14 and 146
47 Ibid., p. 198
49 Schroen, First In, p. 46. The officer who had the hit put on him by Hekmatyar was Marc Sageman (private information)
50 Thatcher, Downing Street Years, p. 773
51 Crile, My Enemy’s Enemy, p. ix
52 Bearden and Risen, Main Enemy, p. 358
53 Yousaf and Adkin, Afghanistan: The Bear Trap, pp. 198 and 233
54 Gordon Corera, Shopping for Bombs: Nuclear Proliferation, Global Insecurity and the Rise and Fall of the A. Q. Khan Network, Hurst, London, 2006
55 Coll, Ghost Wars, p. 237
56 Jason Bennetto, ‘Boost for MI6 in war on drugs trade’, Independent, 29 August 1997
57 Coll, Ghost Wars, p. 466
58 Details of intelligence collection plan from George Tenet, At the Center of the Storm, HarperCollins, London, 2007, p. 120. Mike Scheuer of the Bin Laden unit has frequently complained of the failure to take more aggressive action
59 Intelligence and Security Committee, Rendition, HMSO, 2007, Cm 7171
60 The best account of Massoud’s final minutes is in Schroen, First In, pp. 5–6
CHAPTER 9: OUT OF THE SHADOWS
1 Interview with Sir Colin McColl for BBC Radio 4, 2009
2 Private information
3 Philip H. J. Davies, ‘A Critical Look at Britain’s Spy Machinery’, Studies in Intelligence, vol. 49, no. 4, 2005
4 Private information from former member of Joint Intelligence Committee in the 1990s
5 Interview with Sir Gerry Warner for BBC Radio 4, 2009
6 Interview with Sir Rodric Braithwaite for BBC Radio 4, 2009; Rodric Braithwaite, Across the Moscow River, Yale University Press, New Haven and London, 2003
7 Stella Rimington, Open Secret, Arrow, London 2002, pp. 234 and 238
8 Mitrokhin’s story is recounted in Christopher Andrew’s foreword to The Mitrokhin Archive II: The KGB and the World, Allen Lane, London, 2005, pp. xiii-xxiv; the detail of the young MI6 officer comes from additional private information
9 Richard Tomlinson, The Big Breach, Cutting Edge, Edinburgh, 2001, p. 110
10 James Adams, The New Spies, Pimlico, London, 1995, p. 10
11 Interview with former British official, 2009
12 Milt Bearden and James Risen, The Main Enemy, Century, New York, 2003, p. 427
13 Private information
14 Private information and obituary of Sir David Spedding, Guardian, 14 June 2001
15 Interview with Lord Hurd of Westwell for BBC Radio 4, 2009
16 Interview with Sir Colin McColl for BBC Radio 4, 2009
17 Information comes from evidence at the inquiry into the death of Diana Princess of Wales, 2008, transcripts available on National Archives website
18 Interview with Sir John Scarlett for BBC Radio 4, 20
09; private information
19 Interview with Lord Hurd of Westwell for BBC Radio 4, 2009. An exchange on the subject was broadcast in A Century in the Shadows, BBC Radio 4, August 2009
20 Interview with former CIA official
21 Sir Richard Dearlove, ‘Our Changing Perceptions of National Security’, lecture at Gresham College, London, 25 November 2009
22 Interview with Sir John Scarlett for BBC Radio 4, 2009
23 Tony Blair, A Journey, Hutchinson, London, 2010, p. 346
24 Sir Richard Dearlove speaking at the Hay-on-Wye book festival, 31 May 2009
25 Interview with Baroness Manningham-Buller for BBC Radio 4, 2009
26 Sir Richard Dearlove speaking at the Hay-on-Wye book festival, 31 May 2009
27 Tenet, At the Center of the Storm, HarperCollins, London, 2007, p. 146; Joint Summit mentioned in Intelligence and Security Committee, Annual Report 2001–2002, HMSO. Available online at https://www.mi5.gov.uk/output/intelligence-and-security-committee-annual-reports.html
28 Christopher Andrew, The Defence of the Realm: The Authorized History of MI5, Allen Lane, London, 2009, p. 809
29 Intelligence and Security Committee, Annual Report 2001–2002
30 Account of this meeting from Alastair Campbell, The Blair Years, Random House, London, 2007, p. 561
31 Ibid., p. 562
32 Bob Woodward, Bush at War, Simon & Schuster, New York, 2002, p. 62
33 Tyler Drumheller, On the Brink, Politico’s, London, 2007, p. 30
34 Sir Richard Dearlove speaking at the Hay-on-Wye book festival, 31 May 2009
35 Drumheller, On the Brink, p. 31
36 Ibid., p. 33
37 Interview with Cofer Black by the author for Secret Wars: The CIA since 9/11, BBC World Service, 2006; statement of Cofer Black, Joint Congressional Inquiry into September 11th, 26 September 2002, http://www.fas.org/irp/congress/2002_hr/092602black.pdf
38 Woodward, Bush at War, p. 52; Drumheller, On the Brink, p. 35; interview with Cofer Black by the author for Secret Wars: The CIA since 9/11, BBC World Service, 2006
39 Campbell, Blair Years, p. 568
40 Sir Richard Wilson, evidence at the Iraq Inquiry
41 The Handling of Detainees by UK Intelligence Personnel in Afghanistan, Guantanamo and Iraq, Intelligence and Security Committee, March 2005, https://www.mi5/.gov.uk/output/intelligence-and-security-committee-special-reports.html