28 Schecter and Deriabin, Spy Who Saved the World, p. 94
29 Penkovsky Operation, Parts 3 and 4, Tapes 22 October 1966, declassified by CIA and available at www.cia.gov
30 Ibid.
31 Meeting #4, 23 April 1961
32 Ashley, CIA Spymaster, p. 191
33 Meeting #1, p. 22
34 Meeting #5, 24 April 1961
35 Professor Stephen Kotkin, ‘Soviet Capitulation’, lecture at the London School of Economics, 20 May 2010
36 Meeting #5
37 Meeting #7
38 Meeting #12
39 Meeting #13
40 Bower, Perfect English Spy, p. 272
41 Ibid., p. 275
42 The fact that it had never been done before was mentioned by MI6 station chief Gervase Cowell in ‘The Role of the Intelligence Services in the Second World War’, seminar held 9 November 1994, Institute of Contemporary British History, 2003, http://www.ccbh.ac.uk/witness_intelligence_index.php, p.45
43 Interview with Baroness Park
44 ‘Baroness Park of Monmouth: Lives Remembered’, The Times, 3 April 2010
45 Ashley, CIA Spymaster, p. 197
46 Penkovsky Operation, Parts 3 and 4, Tapes 22 October 1966
47 Meeting #16
48 Schecter and Deriabin, Spy Who Saved the World, p. 175
49 Ibid., p. 178
50 Obituary of Janet Chisholm, Daily Telegraph, 6 August 2004
51 Gordon Barrass, The Great Cold War, Stanford University Press, Stanford, 2009, p. 132
52 Christopher Moran, ‘Fleming and CIA Director Allen Dulles’ in Robert G. Weiner, B. Lynn Whitfield and Jack Becker (eds), James Bond and Popular Culture, Cambridge Schools Publishing, Newcastle upon Tyne, 2010; Andrew Lycett, Ian Fleming, Weidenfeld & Nicolson, London, 1995, pp. 383 and 367
53 http://www.jfklibrary.org/Historical+Resources/Archives/Reference+Desk/Speeches/JFK/003P0F03BerlinCrisis07251961.htm
54 ASSESSMENT OF [BLANK], 13 July 1961, declassified and available at www.cia.gov
55 Richard Deacon, C: A Biography of Sir Maurice Oldfield, Macdonald, London, 1984, p. 131
56 Meeting #15
57 Ashley, CIA Spymaster, p. 224
58 Meeting #19
59 Penkovsky Operation, Parts 3 and 4, Tapes 22 October 1966
60 Ibid.
61 Hart, CIA’s Russians, p. 99
62 Schecter and Deriabin, Spy Who Saved the World, p. 217
63 Bower, Perfect English Spy, pp. 272 and 277
64 Wynne, Wynne and Penkovsky, pp. 128 and 131
65 Ibid., p. 76
66 Schecter and Deriabin, Spy Who Saved the World, p. 221; Wynne, Wynne and Penkovsky, p. 140
67 Penkovsky Operation, Parts 3 and 4, Tapes 22 October 1966
68 See Chapter 7
69 Penkovsky Operation, Parts 3 and 4, Tapes 22 October 1966
70 Ashley, CIA Spymaster, p. 212
71 Ibid., p. 211
72 Ibid., p. 212; Schecter and Deriabin, Spy Who Saved the World, p. 262
73 See, for instance, Meeting #4, p. 6
74 Meeting #15, p. 5
75 Meeting #35
76 Schecter and Deriabin, Spy Who Saved the World, p. 257. Wynne would receive $213,700 jointly from the CIA and MI6 after he was released from prison
77 There is a note in the transcript reading: ‘There is no question that subject both wittingly and unwittingly can be most trying in his often capricious demands and handling him on the part of all concerned requires great patience even if understanding is not always possible.’ This appears to refer to Wynne, although it might refer to Penkovsky
78 Meeting #36
79 Peter Hennessy, The Secret State, Penguin, London, 2002, pp. 6–7
80 Michael Herman quoted in ibid., p. 12
81 National Archives CAB 159/34, Minutes of meeting of 29 September 1960
82 Meeting #37
83 Meetings #1 and #33 include discussions
84 Meeting #33
85 Bower, Perfect English Spy, p. 281
86 Memorandum for the record, 11 January 1962 (misdated at top 1961), declassified and available at www.cia.gov
87 See, for instance, CIA memo ‘Discussion between SR/COP, CSR/9, DCSR/9, (blank) Re: SR/COP’s European Trip February’, 6 February 1962
88 Schecter and Deriabin, Spy Who Saved the World, p. 292
89 Bower, Perfect English Spy, pp. 398–9
90 Translation of letter dated 10 April 1962, declassified by CIA and available at www.cia.gov
91 Gervase Cowell in ‘The Role of the Intelligence Services in the Second World War’ seminar, p. 45
92 Ibid.
93 Ibid.
94 Hart, CIA’s Russians, p. 119
95 Ibid.
96 See, for instance, Meeting #11,1 May 1961
97 Dino Brugioni, Eyeball to Eyeball, Random House, New York, 1992
98 Schecter and Deriabin, Spy Who Saved the World, pp. 334–6
99 Ibid., p. 336
100 Len Scott, ‘Espionage and the Cold War: Oleg Penkovsky and the Cuban Missile Crisis’, Intelligence and National Security, vol. 14, no. 3, Autumn 1999
101 Profession of Intelligence, BBC Radio 4, 23 August 1981
102 Hennessy, Secret State, p. 44
103 Schecter and Deriabin, Spy Who Saved the World, p. 341
104 Tape No. 4, Friday afternoon 9 November 1962, declassified by CIA and available at www.cia.gov
105 Ashley, CIA Spymaster, p. 234
106 Joe Bulik in a 1998 interview published on the website of the National Security Archive, George Washington University
107 Penkovsky case memorandum, 16 June 1963, declassified by CIA and available at www.cia.gov
108 Bower, Perfect English Spy, p. 278
109 Schecter and Deriabin, Spy Who Saved the World, p. 409
110 Christopher Andrew and Oleg Gordievsky, KGB: The Inside Story of its Foreign Operations from Lenin to Gorbachev, Hodder & Stoughton, London, 1990, pp. 393–4
111 Fatal Encounter, BBC TV, 1991
112 Schecter and Deriabin, Spy who Saved the World, p. 410
113 2 November 1962, from Wynne, Wynne and Penkovsky, p. 9
114 Ibid., p. 13
115 Ibid., p. 41
116 National Archives FO 181/1155; private information
117 Memorandum for Chief SR Division from Joe Bulik, 10 May 1963, declassified by CIA and available at www.cia.gov
118 Bower, Perfect English Spy, p. 286
119 Schecter and Deriabin, Spy who Saved the World, p. 35
120 Ibid., p. 361
121 Frank Gibney (ed.), The Penkovsky Papers, Collins, London, 1965, p. 283
122 Ibid., p. 110
123 Schecter and Deriabin, Spy Who Saved the World, p. 356
124 Ibid., p. 358
125 Gibney (ed.), Penkovsky Papers, p. 125
126 Schecter and Deriabin, Spy Who Saved the World, p. 414
127 Interview with Sir Gerry Warner for BBC Radio 4, 2009
128 S-jak SZPIEG Case of Radio Operator Adam Kaczmarzyk, Polish TV documentary, 2004; The Times, 10 January 1969 and 8 August 1967, and additional private information
129 Details of the Freed case and Dearlove’s role come from the Czech archives and the work of Prokop Tomek. The issue of the payments to Freed is covered in Chapter 9
130 Martin L. Brabourne, ‘More on the Recruitment of Soviets’, Studies in Intelligence, vol. 9, Winter 1965, originally classified secret, declassified and available at www.cia.gov
131 Wilhelm Marbes, ‘The Psychology of Treason’, in H. Bradford Westerfield (ed.), Inside CIA’s Private World, Yale University Press, New Haven, 1995, p. 71
132 Interview with Sir Colin McColl for BBC Radio 4, 2009
CHAPTER 5: THE WILDERNESS OF MIRRORS
1 The account of Golitsyn’s defection comes from the first volume of his unpublished memoir. It concurs closely with the account provided from the American side – for instance in David Wise, Molehunt, Random House, Ne
w York, 1992
2 Friberg’s reaction is recounted in Wise, Molehunt, p. 3, and Tom Mangold, Cold Warrior, Simon & Schuster, London, 1991, p. 50
3 Wise, Molehunt, p. 5
4 Wise, ibid., says there was a security alert regarding a bomb and that Golitsyn was allowed to remain on the plane at his request
5 Jerry D. Ennis, ‘Anatoli Golitsyn: Long Time CIA Agent?’, Intelligence and National Security, vol. 21, no. 1, February 2006, p. 32
6 Richard Deacon, C: A Biography of Sir Maurice Oldfield, Macdonald, London, 1984, pp. 121 and 167
7 Obituary of the Reverend Vivian Green, Daily Telegraph, 26 January 2005, http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/obituaries/ 1481995/The-Reverend- Vivian-Green.html
8 Interview with Charles Allen for BBC Radio 4, 2009
9 National Archives PREM 11/4463
10 Mangold, Cold Warrior, p. 68
11 Christopher Andrew and Oleg Gordievsky, KGB: The Inside Story of its Foreign Operations from Lenin to Gorbachev, Hodder & Stoughton, London, 1990, p. 490
12 Peter Wright in Spycatcher, Heinemann, Melbourne, 1987, and Tennent Bagley in Spy Wars: Moles, Mysteries, and Deadly Games, Yale University Press, New Haven and London, 2007, are both of this view
13 Deacon, C: A Biography of Sir Maurice Oldfield, p. 190; Chapman Pincher, Treachery, Random House, New York, 2009, p. 571
14 Christopher Andrew, The Defence of the Realm: The Authorized History of MI5, Allen Lane, London, 2009, p. 435
15 Miranda Carter, Anthony Blunt: His Lives, Macmillan, London, 2001, p. 451
16 Anthony Blunt in his unpublished memoir held in the British Library and opened to the public in 2009
17 Andrew, Defence of the Realm, p. 438
18 Yuri Modin, My Five Cambridge Friends, Headline, London, 1994, p. 43; Genrikh Borovik, The Philby Files, Little, Brown, London, 1994, p. 365
19 Unless otherwise indicated, material regarding Stephen de Mowbray is drawn from an interview by the author
20 Andrew Boyle, The Climate of Treason, Coronet, London, 1980, pp. 210 and 323
21 Wright, Spycatcher, p. 54
22 Ibid.
23 Ibid., p. 243
24 Ibid., p. 264
25 Michael Shelden, Graham Greene: The Man Within, Heinemann, London, 1994, p. 41
26 Tom Bower, The Perfect English Spy, Heinemann, London, 1995, pp. 314–15
27 Wright, Spycatcher, p. 170
28 Andrew, Defence of the Realm, p. 506
29 Bower, Perfect English Spy, p. 316
30 Andrew, Defence of the Realm, p. 507
31 Golitsyn unpublished memoir
32 Jerrold L. Schecter and Peter S. Deriabin, The Spy Who Saved the World, Macmillan, New York, 1992, p. 379
33 Ibid., p. 390
34 Wright, Spycatcher, p. 208
35 Golitsyn, unpublished memoir
36 Golitsyn, New Lies for Old, Dodd, Mead & Co., New York, 1984, goes into more detail on this
37 Yuri Nosenko speech to the CIA in 1998. Previously available as a podcast by the Centre for Counterintelligence and Security Studies, Alexandria. Also Bagley, Spy Wars
38 John Limond Hart, The CIA’s Russians, Naval Institute Press, Annapolis, 2003, p. 129
39 Bagley, Spy Wars, p. 14
40 Ibid., p. 88
41 Ibid., p. 18
42 Clarence Ashley, CIA Spymaster, Pelican, Gretna, 2004, p. 271
43 Mangold, Cold Warrior, p. 147
44 Ibid., p. 149
45 Richards J. Heuer, ‘Nosenko: Five Paths to Judgment’, in H. Bradford Westerfield (ed.), Inside CIA’s Private World, Yale University Press, New Haven, 1995, p. 398
46 Bagley, Spy Wars, p. 85
47 Ashley, CIA Spymaster, p. 277
48 Yuri Nosenko speech to the CIA
49 Walter Pincus, ‘Yuri I. Nosenko, 81: KGB agent who defected to the U.S.’, Washington Post, 27 August 2008; Hart, CIA’s Russians, p. 144
50 Bagley, Spy Wars, p. 216
51 Hart, CIA’s Russians, p. 160
52 Yuri Nosenko speech to the CIA
53 Details taken from ibid.
54 Pincus, ‘Yuri I. Nosenko, 81: KGB agent who defected to the U.S.’
55 Heuer, ‘Nosenko: Five Paths to Judgment’, p. 383
56 Ibid.
57 References to this in ‘The Family Jewels’, p. 23, a CIA document which consists of almost 700 pages of responses from CIA employees to a 1973 directive from Director of Central Intelligence James Schlesinger asking them to report activities they thought might be inconsistent with the Agency’s charter. Declassified and available at www.cia.gov
58 Ashley, CIA Spymaster, p. 284
59 Warren Richey, ‘A cold-war case of CIA detention still echoes’, Christian Science Monitor, 8 January 2008; Bagley, Spy Wars
60 Pincus, ‘Yuri I. Nosenko, 81: KGB agent who defected to the U.S.’
61 Andrew, Defence of the Realm, p. 507
62 Pincher, Treachery, p. 393
63 Bower, Perfect English Spy, p. 338
64 Robert M. Hathaway and Russell Jack Smith, ‘Richard Helms as Director of Central Intelligence’, p. 124, internal CIA publication, originally classified secret, available at www.cia.gov
65 Wright, Spycatcher, p. 290; Andrew, Defence of the Realm, p. 511
66 Bower, Perfect English Spy, p. 135
67 Obituary of Andrew King, Daily Telegraph, 15 November 2002
68 Obituary of Donald Prater, The Times, 12 September 2001
69 Pincher, Treachery, p. 539
71 The Times, 20 July 1984
72 Barrie Penrose and Roger Courtiour, The Pencourt File, Secker & Warburg, London, 1978, p. 238
73 Mangold, Cold Warrior, p. 75
74 See David Omand, Securing the State, Hurst, London, 2010, p. 252
75 Chapman Pincher, The Truth about Dirty Tricks, Sidgwick & Jackson, London, 1991; and Stephen Dorril and Robin Ramsay, Smear!, Grafton, London 1992, p. 264.
76 Hathaway and Smith, ‘Richard Helms as Director of Central Intelligence’, p. 101
77 Haviland Smith quoted in Tim Weiner, Legacy of Ashes, Allen Lane, London, 2007, p. 326
78 The officer was David Murphy: David Wise, Molehunt; David C. Martin, Wilderness of Mirrors, Harper & Row, New York, 1980, p. 199
79 Wright, Spycatcher, p. 308
80 Mangold, Cold Warrior, p. 279
81 Christopher Andrew and Vasili Mitrokhin, The Mitrokhin Archive, Allen Lane, London, 1999, pp. 242 and 477
82 Mangold, Cold Warrior, p. 305
83 Wise, Molehunt, p. 256
84 See introduction to Heuer, ‘Nosenko: Five Paths to Judgment’
85 Bower, Perfect English Spy, p. 372
86 Pincher, Treachery, p. 545
87 Bower, Perfect English Spy, p. 372
88 Wright, Spycatcher, p. 378
89 Penrose and Courtiour, Pencourt File, p. 321
90 Ibid., p. 9
91 Deacon, C: A Biography of Sir Maurice Oldfield, p. 251
92 Le Carré, ‘A Service known only by its failures’
93 John le Carré in the introduction to Alec Guinness, My Name Escapes Me, Penguin, London, 1997, p. viii
94 Private information
95 Dr Christopher R. Moran and Dr Robert Johnson, ‘In the Service of Empire: Imperialism and the British Spy Thriller 1901–1914’, Studies in Intelligence, vol. 54, no. 2, June 2010
96 Bower, Perfect English Spy, p. 270
97 Donald Rumsfeld speaking on weapons of mass destruction at a press conference in June 2002, http://www.defense.gov/ transcripts/transcript.aspx?transcriptid=3490
98 Heuer, ‘Nosenko: Five Paths to Judgment’, p. 412
99 Wright, Spycatcher, p. 2
100 Ibid., p. 3
101 Letter to The Times, 18 July 1984; further letters relating to the subject on 19 July and editorial 23 July 1984
102 De Mowbray first spoke out in the wake
of the authorised history of MI5. See Gordon Corera, ‘Former molehunter speaks out’, 26 January 2010, BBC News website, http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/8479807.stm
103 In Treachery Chapman Pincher brings together all the evidence that he believes points to Hollis having been a Communist spy
CHAPTER 6: COMPROMISING SITUATIONS
1 Interview with Mikhail Lyubimov, Moscow 2009. Further material on Lyubimov’s time in London is drawn from Rufina Philby, Mikhail Lyubimov and Hayden Peake, The Private Life of Kim Philby, St Ermin’s Press, London, 1999, part 3; Alexander Norman, ‘Lunching with the Enemy’, in John le Carré, Sarratt and the Draper of Watford, Village Books, Sarratt, 1999; Mikhail Lyubimov, ‘London’, in Helen Womack (ed.), Undercover Lives, Weidenfeld & Nicolson, London, 1998; David Leppard, ‘With smiles and cash’, Sunday Times, 19 February 1995
2 Philby et al., Private Life of Kim Philby, p. 272
3 Lyubimov, ‘London’, p. 158
4 Ibid., pp. 158 and 165
5 National Archives PREM 15/1935; Christopher Andrew, The Defence of the Realm: The Authorized History of MI5, Allen Lane, London, 2009, pp. 565–87; Peter Wright, Spycatcher, Heinemann, Melbourne, 1987, pp. 49–51
6 Anthony Courtney, Sailor in a Russian Frame, Johnson, London, 1968, p. 53
7 Liddell Hart Archives, Papers of Anthony Courtney, GB99 KCLMA Courtney; Courtney, Sailor in a Russian Frame, p. 55
8 Liddell Hart Archives, Papers of Anthony Courtney, GB99 KCLMA Courtney
9 Courtney, Sailor in a Russian Frame, pp. 126–7
10 National Archives PREM 13/483
11 National Archives PREM 15/582
12 Christopher Andrew and Vasili Mitrokhin, The Mitrokhin Archive, Allen Lane, London, 1999, p. 531
13 National Archives PREM 15/582
14 Liddell Hart Archives, Papers of Anthony Courtney, GB99 KCLMA Courtney
15 National Archives CAB 129/113, The Radcliffe Tribunal on Vassall
16 Andrew and Mitrokhin, Mitrokhin Archive, p. 531
17 Ibid., p. 443
18 The following account is drawn from John Vassall’s confession and police reports (National Archives CRIM 1/4003) and the report of the Radcliffe Tribunal on Vassall (National Archives CAB 129/113)
19 National Archives CAB 129/113, Radcliffe Tribunal on Vassall
20 National Archives CRIM 1/4003
21 The case of the woman is mentioned in passing in National Archives CAB 129/113, Radcliffe Tribunal on Vassall
22 ‘MP friends of ex-spy are still in public life’, The Times, 27 January 1975; Christopher Andrew and Oleg Gordievsky, The KGB: The Inside Story, of its Foreign Operations from Lenin to Gorbachev, Hodder & Stoughton, London, 1990, p. 364