82 Video of Philby being interviewed at the press conference can be found at http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=N2A2g-qRIaU
83 Knightley, Philby: KGB Masterspy, p. 198
84 National Archives PREM 111/2077 and ADM 1/29241
85 National Archives PREM 111/2077; although Peter Wright (Spycatcher, p. 73) claims a bugging operation at Claridge’s did take place
86 Elliott, With my Little Eye, p. 23
87 Tom Bower, The Perfect English Spy, Heinemann, London, 1995, p. 159
88 National Archives PREM 11/2077
89 Robert Rhodes James, Anthony Eden, Weidenfeld & Nicolson, London, 1986, p. 436
90 Anthony Eden, Full Circle, Cassell, London, 1960, p. 365
91 Bower, Perfect English Spy, p. 347
92 National Archives ADM 1/29240
93 ‘Russian says he killed Cold War UK diver to prevent explosion on ship’, BBC Monitoring, 16 November 2007. The account remains unverified and previous explanations included Crabb running out of air or becoming caught up in the propeller of the ship
94 The Heart of the Matter, BBC TV, 22 September 1985
95 Bower, Perfect English Spy, pp. 165–6
96 Quoted in George Blake, No Other Choice, Jonathan Cape, London, 1990, p. 168
97 Verrier, Through the Looking Glass, p. 4
98 Percy Cradock, Know your Enemy, John Murray, London, 2002, p. 117
99 Bower, Perfect English Spy, p. 186; Young’s comments in The Heart of the Matter, BBC TV, 22 September 1985
100 W. Scott Lucas, Divided We Stand, Hodder, London, 1991, p. 195
101 Private information
102 Bower, Perfect English Spy, pp. 192 and 201; Christopher Andrew and Vasili Mitrokhin, The Mitrokhin Archive II: The KGB in Europe and the West, Allen Lane, London, 2005, p. 148
103 George Kennedy Young, Who is my Liege? Gentry Books, London, 1972, pp. 77 and 79
104 Chester Cooper, The Lion’s Last Roar, Harper & Row, New York, 1978, p. 70
105 Cradock, Know your Enemy, p. 111
106 George Kennedy Young, Masters of Indecision, Methuen, London, 1962, p. 28
107 Lucas, Divided We Stand, p. 193; obituary of John McGlashan, Daily Telegraph, 10 September 2010
108 Peter Hennessy, The Prime Minister, Penguin, London, 2000, p. 232
109 Cooper, Lion’s Last Roar, pp. 178 and 211–12
110 Hennessy, Prime Minister, p. 226
111 G. K. Young, Subversion and the British Riposte, Ossian Publishers, Glasgow, 1984, p. 146
112 Cooper, Lion’s Last Roar, p. 212
113 Paul Gorka, Budapest Betrayed, Oak Tree Books, Wembley, 1986, pp. 124–7
114 Cavendish, Inside Intelligence, pp. 90–1; interview with Anthony Cavendish
115 The Clandestine Service Historical Series – Hungary vol. II External Operations 1946–1955, written May 1972 and classified Secret, declassified March 2005, available through the National Security Archive, George Washington University
116 De Silva, Sub Rosa, p. 123
117 Hennessy, Prime Minister, p. 243
118 Weiner, Legacy of Ashes, p. 132
119 De Silva, Sub Rosa, p. 123
120 Cavendish, Inside Intelligence, p. 98
121 Felix, The Spy and his Masters, pp. 13–15; Peter Hennessy, The Secret State, Penguin, London, 2002, pp. 36–7
122 Young, Masters of Indecision, pp. 20–1
123 Michael Smith, The Spying Game, Politico’s, London, 2003, p. 197
124 Anatoly Golitsyn’s unpublished memoir
125 Eleanor Philby, The Spy I Loved, Hamish Hamilton, London, 1968, p. 39
126 Interview with Anthony Cavendish; Cavendish, Inside Intelligence, pp. 119 and 138
127 Interview with Anthony Cavendish
128 Bower, Perfect English Spy, p. 293
129 Knightley, Philby: KGB Masterspy, p. 211
130 Andrew Lycett, Ian Fleming, Weidenfeld & Nicolson, London, 1995, p.376
131 Nicholas Elliott, Never Judge a Man by his Umbrella, Michael Russell, Salisbury, 1991, p. 188
132 Eleanor Philby, The Spy I Loved, p. 46
133 Elliott, Never Judge a Man, p. 188
134 Bower, Perfect English Spy, p. 296
135 The conversation has been reconstructed from different sources. Philby’s account is in Borovik, Philby Files, pp. 3 and 344. The MI6 end, which may or may not be more likely to be truthful since it is based on the recordings, comes from Bower, Perfect English Spy, p. 297, and Elliott’s final line is also quoted in Andrew Boyle, The Climate of Treason, Coronet, London, 1980, p. 465
136 Andrew, Defence of the Realm, p. 435
137 Ibid., p. 436
139 National Archives FO 953/1697; Philby, The Spy I Loved, pp. 2–4
140 Knightley, Philby: KGB Masterspy, p. 219
141 Philby, The Spy I Loved, p. 176
142 Knightley, Philby: KGB Masterspy, p. 254
143 Bower, Perfect English Spy, p. 304
144 Derek Bristow, A Game of Moles, Little, Brown, London, 1993; Knightley, Philby: KGB Masterspy
145 Richard Deacon, C: A Biography of Sir Maurice Oldfield, Macdonald, London, 1984, p. 140; Bristow, Game of Moles, p. xi
146 Wright, Spycatcher, p. 194
147 Weiner, Legacy of Ashes, pp. 153 and 262
148 Bower, Perfect English Spy, p. 132
149 John Bruce Lockhart in ‘The Role of the Intelligence Services in the Second World War’, seminar held 9 November 1994, Institute of Contemporary British History, 2003, http://www.ccbh.ac.uk/ witness_intelligence_index.php, p.29
150 Private information
151 Anthony Cave Brown, The Secret Servant, Sphere, London, 1989, p. 720
152 John le Carré’s introduction to Page et al., Philby: The Spy Who Betrayed a Generation, p. 27
153 John le Carré, Tinker, Tailor, Soldier, Spy, Sceptre, London, 2009, p. 406
154 Phillip Knightley, The Second Oldest Profession, W. W. Norton, New York, 1987, p. 271
155 Knightley, Philby: KGB Masterspy, p. 259
156 Malcolm Muggeridge quoted in Boyle, Climate of Treason, p. 502
CHAPTER 3: A RIVER FULL OF CROCODILES – MURDER IN THE CONGO
1 Unless otherwise indicated all material about Daphne Park comes from an interview by the author in 2009
2 Information compiled for Baroness Park’s memorial service; Caroline Alexander, ‘Vital Powers’, New Yorker, 30 January 1989
3 National Archives FO 371/14665; ‘Who Killed Lumumba?’, BBC Correspondent, 21 October 2000, transcript available at http://news.bbc.co.uk/hi/english/static/audio_video/ programmes/correspondent/transcripts/974745.txt
4 National Archives DO 35/8804, Africa: The Next Ten Years, May 1959, memo originally drawn up at request of Foreign Secretary but distributed to the Cabinet, 2 July 1959
5 National Archives PREM 11/2585. The memo is dated 11 December 1959 and was most likely written by John Bruce Lockhart, Controller for the Middle East and Africa
6 Ibid.
7 Interview with Baroness Park
8 Comment of not being sexy from author interview; latter comment about appearance from Rachel Sylvester, ‘A licence to kill? Oh heavens, no!’, Daily Telegraph, 24 April 2003
9 Sylvester, ‘A licence to kill? Oh heavens, no!’
10 John Whitwell, British Agent, William Kimber, London, 1966, p. 169
11 John Bruce-Lockhart quoted in Keith Jeffery, MI6: The History of the Secret Intelligence Service 1909–1949, Bloomsbury, London, 2010, p.598
12 Quoted in Tom Bower, The Perfect English Spy, Heinemann, London, 1995, p. 224
13 National Archives DO 35/8804, Africa: The Next Ten Years, May 1959, memo originally drawn up at request of Foreign Secretary but
distributed to the Cabinet, 2 July 1959; Bower, Perfect English Spy, p. 220
14 Jeffery, MI6, p. 678
15 Interview with Sir Rodric Braithwaite, former Ambassador to Moscow, for BBC Radio 4, 2009
16 The conversation is recalled by Daphne Park. She did not name Scott, but details of his time in the Congo are in obituary of Sir Ian Scott, Daily Telegraph, 11 March 2002, http://www.telegraph.co.uk/ news/ obituaries/1387342/ Sir-Ian- Scott.html
17 Adam Hochschild, King Leopold’s Ghost, Macmillan, London, 1999; Michela Wrong, In the Footsteps of Mr Kurtz, Fourth Estate, London, 2000, p. 46
18 Hochschild, King Leopold’s Ghost, p. 301; Georges Abi-Saab, The United Nations Operation in the Congo 1960–1964, Oxford University Press, Oxford, 1978, p. 6
19 Marie-Françoise Allain, The Other Man: Conversations with Graham Greene, The Bodley Head, London, 1983, p. 101
20 National Archives FO 371/146630
21 Foreign Relations of the United States 1958–1960, vol. XIV: Africa, p. 263
22 ‘Who Killed Lumumba?’, BBC Correspondent, 21 October 2000
23 Ian Scott, Tumbled House: The Congo at Independence, Oxford University Press, London, 1969, p. 90
24 National Archives FO 371/146635, Note from Ian Scott, 5 July 1960
25 Ludo de Witte, The Assassination of Lumumba, Verso, London, 2001, p. 2; Hochschild, King Leopold’s Ghost, p. 301
26 ‘Who Killed Lumumba?’, BBC Correspondent, 21 October 2000
27 National Archives FO 371/146635
28 Scott, Tumbled House, p. 109
29 Larry Devlin, Chief of Station, Congo: Fighting the Cold War in a Hot Zone, PublicAffairs, New York, 2007, p. xiii
30 Ibid., p. xv
31 Richard Beeston, ‘Old Memories of Chaos in the Congo Stirred Up’, The Times, 16 November 1996
32 National Archives PREM 11/2883; Harold Macmillan, Pointing the Way, Macmillan, London, 1972, p. 263
33 National Archives PREM 11/2585
34 Georges Abi-Saab. The United Nations Operation in the Congo 1960–1964, p. 21
35 Foreign Relations of the United States 1958–1960, vol. XIV, p. 574
36 Wrong, In the Footsteps of Mr Kurtz, p. 61
37 Devlin, Chief of Station, Congo, p. 88
38 Kenneth Young, Sir Alec Douglas-Home, J. M. Dent, London, 1970, p. 125
39 Brian Urquhart, ‘The Tragedy of Lumumba’, New York Review of Books, 4 October 2001
40 Foreign Relations of the United States 1958–1960 vol. XIV, p. 294; Charles Cogan, Avoiding the Breakup: The US-UN intervention in the Congo, 1960–1965, Harvard University Kennedy School of Government Case Program
41 Christopher Andrew and Vasili Mitrokhin, The Mitrokhin Archive II: The KGB and the World, Allen Lane, London, 2005, p. 426
42 Bower, Perfect English Spy, p. 221
43 National Archives CAB 128/34, Cabinet minutes, 19 July 1960
44 Douglas Dillon testifying before the Church Committee, 2 September 1975, p. 24
45 National Archives FO 371/146639
46 Devlin, Chief of Station, Congo, pp. 259 and 23
47 Foreign Relations of the United States 1958–1960, vol. XIV, p. 373
48 4 August 1960 diary entry quoted in Macmillan, Pointing the Way, pp. 264–5
49 National Archives FO 371/146701
50 Devlin, Chief of Station, Congo, p. 23
51 Ibid., p. 47
52 Foreign Relations of the United States 1958–1960, vol. XIV, p. 426
53 Devlin, Chief of Station, Congo, p. 48
54 Revealed by Soviet spy Oleg Penkovsky, Meeting #14, p. 14, declassified and available at www.cia.gov
55 Wrong, In the Footsteps of Mr Kurtz, p. 66
56 Church Committee Report; Foreign Relations of the United States 1958–1960, vol. XIV, p. 338
57 Foreign Relations of the United States 1958–1960, vol. XIV, p. 356
58 Frank Carlucci who served in the US Embassy in the Congo during the crisis is quoted making these comments in Cogan, Avoiding the Breakup
59 Devlin, Chief of Station, Congo, p. 132
60 Urquhart, ‘Tragedy of Lumumba’
61 Devlin, Chief of Station, Congo, pp. 66 and 85
62 Untitled (Believe Congo experiencing classic communist effort), CIA cable, 18 August 1960, declassified and available www. cia.gov
63 Foreign Relations of the United States 1958–1960, vol. XIV, pp. 421–2
64 Ibid., p. 424
65 Madeleine G. Kalb, ‘The CIA and Lumumba’, New York Times, 2 August 1981; Martin Kettle, ‘President “ordered murder” of Congo leader’, Guardian, 10 August 2000
66 Peter Grose, Gentleman Spy: The Life of Allen Dulles, Houghton Mifflin, Boston, 1994, p. 502; Alleged Assassination Plots Involving Foreign Leaders: Interim Report, 1975, hereafter known as the Church Committee Report, http://www.history-matters.com/ archive/contents/church/contents_church_reports_ir.htm
67 Tim Weiner, Legacy of Ashes, Allen Lane, London, 2007, pp. 162–3; Church Committee Report
68 Devlin, Chief of Station, Congo, pp. 63–8
69 Ibid., pp. 77–84
70 De Witte, Assassination of Lumumba, p. 27
71 Scott, Tumbled House, p. 78
72 National Archives CAB 128/34, Cabinet minutes, 15 September 1960
73 Bower, Perfect English Spy, pp. 222–3
74 Devlin, Chief of Station, Congo, p. 85
75 Scott, Tumbled House, p. 81
76 Foreign Relations of the United States 1958–1960, vol. XIV, p. 528
77 Ibid., pp. 511 and 528
78 Ibid., p. 497
79 Devlin, Chief of Station, Congo, p. 94
80 Grose, Gentleman Spy, p. 392; Ted Gup, ‘The Coldest Warrior’, Washington Post, 16 December 2001
81 Church Committee Report
82 Ibid.
83 The Interview, BBC World Service, 1 January 2009
84 CIA cable to headquarters from Leopoldville, cited in Church Committee Report
85 Church Committee Report
86 Description from ibid.
87 Ibid.
88 Foreign Relations of the United States 1958–1960, vol. XIV, p. 495
89 Quoted in D.R. Thorpe, Supermac: The Life of Harold Macmillan, Chatto & Windus, London, 2010, p. 484
90 National Archives FO 371/146646
91 National Archives FO 371/146650
92 National Archives PREM 11/3188 includes a top-secret memo on concerns that Nkrumah and Egypt would declare an African high command in the Congo
93 Daphne Park recounted the story in ‘Licensed to kill?’, Ian Fleming Centenary Lecture, Royal Society of Literature, London, 12 May 2008
94 De Witte, Assassination of Lumumba, pp. 71 and 83
95 Church Committee Report; Foreign Relations of the United States 1958–1960, vol. XIV, p. 503
96 De Witte, Assassination of Lumumba, p. 53
97 Abi-Saab, United Nations Operation in the Congo, 1960–1964, p. 91
98 ‘Who Killed Lumumba?’, BBC Correspondent, 21 October 2000
99 Ibid.; De Witte, Assassination of Lumumba, p. 57; Urquhart, ‘Tragedy of Lumumba’
100 National Archives FO 371/146779
101 Devlin, Chief of Station, Congo, pp. 128–9
102 Interview with Charles Cogan, who later succeeded Devlin in the Congo
103 13 January 1961, declassified cable available www.cia.gov
104 De Witte, Assassination of Lumumba, pp. 95–7
105 Ibid., p. 79; ‘Who Killed Lumumba?’, BBC Correspondent, 21 October 2000; Cogan, Avoiding the Breakup
106 ‘Who Killed Lumumba?’, BBC Correspondent, 21 October 2000.
107 Richard Beeston, Looking for Trouble, Tauris Parke, London, 2006, p. 60
108 De Witte, Assassination of Lumumba, p. xxiv
109 Wrong, In the Footsteps of Mr Kurtz, p. 79
110 John Stockwell, In Search of Enemies, André Deutsch, London, 1978, p.105
111 Devlin, Chief of Station Congo, p. 225
112 Stockwell, In Search of Enemies, p. 136
113 Wrong, In the Footsteps of Mr Kurtz, p. 3
114 Weiner, Legacy of Ashes, p. 303
115 Gup, ‘The Coldest Warrior’
116 Private information; John Colvin, Twice around the World, Leo Cooper, London, 1991, p. 69
117 Sylvester, ‘A licence to kill? Oh heavens, no!’
118 Bower, Perfect English Spy, p. 351
CHAPTER 4: MOSCOW RULES
1 Meeting #1 London, 20 April 1961, transcript declassified by CIA and available at www.cia.gov
2 Clarence Ashley, CIA Spymaster, Pelican, Gretna, 2004, p. 110
3 Jerrold L. Schecter and Peter S. Deriabin, The Spy Who Saved the World, Macmillan, New York, 1992, p. 20
4 ‘Reported Provocation Attempt’, declassified CIA communication, 30 December 1960, available at www.cia.gov
5 Greville Wynne, Wynne and Penkovsky, Corgi, London, 1984, p. 27. The MI6 man is named as Franks in Schecter and Deriabin, Spy Who Saved the World
6 Wynne wrote a number of books about his life but by far his most revealing account is in an interview with Anthony Clare, In the Psychiatrist’s Chair, BBC Radio 4, Imperial War Museum 16196
7 Quoted in Schecter and Deriabin, Spy Who Saved the World, p. 311
8 National Archives FO 181/1155
9 Wynne, Wynne and Penkovsky, p. 27
10 Ashley, CIA Spymaster, pp. 150–1
11 Wynne, Wynne and Penkovsky, p. 68
12 Ashley, CIA Spymaster, p. 151
13 Tom Bower, The Perfect English Spy, Heinemann, London, 1995, p. 274
14 National Archives WO 208/3465
15 Peter Hennessy, Having It So Good, Penguin, London, 2006, p. 318
16 John le Carré, Tinker, Tailor, Soldier, Spy, Sceptre, London, 2009, p. 228
17 Blake: The Confession, BBC Radio 4, 1 August 2009
18 Ibid.; Bower, Perfect English Spy, pp. 264–5
19 George Blake, No Other Choice, Jonathan Cape, London, 1990, p. 198
20 Among those who remember deciphering the telegram was Daphne Park in the Congo
21 Bill Harvey quoted in Bower, Perfect English Spy, p. 269
22 Schecter and Deriabin, Spy Who Saved the World, p. 44
23 Meeting #1
24 This quotation is from Meeting #2, p. 20
25 Meeting #1 and Meeting #2, p. 1
26 Huw Dylan, ‘Britain and the Missile Gap’, Intelligence and National Security, volume 23, December 2008
27 John Limond Hart, The CIA’s Russians, Naval Institute Press, Annapolis, 2003, p. 88