Death instinct, 119
Deep brain stimulation, 327–28, 347
Delusions, 19, 70, 77, 87, 138, 147
Delysid, 163–65
see also LSD
Dementia praecox, 71, 78
Democratic Party, 84, 212
Depression and Bipolar Support Alliance (DBSA), 357–61
Depression and Clinical Research Group, 201
Depressionisreal.org, 22
Descartes, René, 4, 351
Dewey, John, 87
Dewey, Richard, 84
Diabenes, 191
Diabetes, 18, 36, 191, 231, 252, 281–82, 317, 359
insulin and, 59, 281
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (American Psychiatric Association), 14–15, 18, 62–63, 170–73, 189, 227, 232, 233, 251–52, 278, 295, 304, 343–49, 355
second edition (DSM-II), 62, 236, 238–39
third edition of (DSM-III), 14, 19, 239–47, 250, 252, 262, 267, 299, 316, 343
fourth edition of (DSM-IV), 15, 38, 42, 61, 132, 250, 316, 345
fifth edition of (DSM-V), 15, 39, 320, 345, 346, 349
Dirksen, Everett, 191, 193, 212
Diuril, 59
DNA, 69
Dobson, Keith, 309
Dr. Johnson’s Mild Combination Treatment for Cancer, 207–8
Donaldson, H. H., 83
Dopamine, 194–95, 198, 267, 320–21, 327
Dording, Christina, 102–4, 106, 130–32, 227, 283–84, 286
Double-blind studies, 202, 220, 222, 326, 364
Down & Up Show (podcast), 11–12
Dreyfus, Georges, 76–79
Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA), 266, 381n
DuBois, W.E.B., 91
Dyes, 48–50, 195, 198
Dysthymic disorder, 243, 244, 313
East India Company, 47
Ecstasy, see MDMA
Eddy, Mary Baker, 91
Edison, Thomas, 92
Edwards, Jonathan, 192n
Effexor, 109, 271, 276–77, 320
Ego psychology, 121–22
Ehrlich, Paul, 48–50, 52–55, 57–60, 90, 161, 179, 199, 208, 209
Elavil, 261–62, 264, 265
Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT), 144, 146–47, 150, 151, 177, 347
origins of, 140–42
Eli Lilly and Company, 10, 38–39, 59, 81, 164, 268, 269, 272–75
Eliphaz, 28, 31–32, 34–35, 37, 97, 101, 121, 314, 334, 339, 367
Elixir Sulfanilamide, 209, 210
Elkin, Stanley, 110
Ellis, Havelock, 133–36, 148
Emerson, Ralph Waldo, 323
Empathy, 73, 89, 326
in cognitive therapy, 294, 301, 303, 309
Kraepelin’s rejection of, 65, 70
risks of, 98, 106
Empirically supported therapies (ESTs), 302, 305–6, 308, 310
Endogenous depression, 183–85, 189
Enlightenment, 60
Epidemiological studies, 215, 235, 277, 343–44
Epilepsy, 25, 140, 142
Epinephrine, 4
Ergot, 160–61, 166
Essential depression, 96
Essential Psychopharmacology (textbook), 277
Ethical drugs, 205–7
Eugénie, Empress of France, 44
Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR), 320
Faraday, Michael, 45
Feather, Leonard, 264
Feighner criteria, 245, 246
Fellowes, Dan, 262, 264, 265
Feminists, 39
Ferenczi, Sandor, 122–24
Ferrier, David, 325–26
Fink, Max, 346–48
Fisher, Ronald Aylmer, 220–22
Fleming, Alexander, 57
“Flower in the Crannied Wall” (Tennyson), 4
Fluoxetine, see Prozac
Food, Drug and Cosmetic Act (1938), 209
Food and Drug Administration (FDA), 200, 208–11, 213, 268–72, 354
diagnostic criteria of, 38
efficacy standards of, 202–5, 215–16, 224, 267, 299
marketing and, 259, 275–77, 349
Forel, Auguste, 82–83
Fortune magazine, 193, 266
Foucault, Michel, 228–29
Fowler, Lorenzo and Orson Squire, 322–24, 326, 328
Franklin, Benjamin, 217–20
Franz II, Emperor of Austria, 66–67
Freeman, Walter, 145
Freud, Anna, 121
Freud, Sigmund, 9, 73, 88, 90, 99, 101, 117–26, 242, 289, 346
Auden on, 9–10
death of, 121
lay analysis advocated by, 124–25, 238, 299
on melancholia, 111–15, 119, 125, 287, 377n
on narcissism of minor differences, 173
nosology of, 184
Wortis and, 133–36, 139, 148–50, 152
in United States, 83
Freudianism, 20, 101, 115, 116, 122, 123, 233, 240, 242, 296, 300
From Sad to Glad (Kline), 193
Gaddum, John, 165–68, 174, 187, 198, 199
Gage, Phineas, 325, 326
Galen, 51, 56
Galesburg State Hospital, 183
Gall, Franz Josef, 66–67, 322, 323
Garfield, James, 323
Gay, Peter, 119, 120
Geigy Pharmaceuticals, 48, 181–83, 185, 186
Generalized anxiety disorder, 227
General paresis, 57, 137
Germ theory, 51–52, 57
Gilman, Charlotte Perkins, 93
GlaxoSmithKline (GSK), 40–41, 279
Glial cells, 140, 145, 327
Glucocorticoids, 327
Glutamates, 175, 177
Goffman, Erving, 228
Gold, Harry, 219–20
Goldman, Emma, 91
Gonorrhea, 55
Grateful Dead, 156
Great Awakening, 192n
Greengard, Paul, 12–13
Grief, 21, 246–49, 353
of Job, 29–30, 36
see also Bereavement; Mourning
Grossman, Mike, 274
Group for the Advancement of Psychiatry, 234, 288
Guantánamo Detention Facility, 107
Guillain-Barré syndrome, 11, 268–69
Hall, G. Stanley, 83
Hall, Thomas, 45
Hamilton, Max, 104, 302
Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HAM-D), 103–4, 129, 131, 202, 204, 245, 268, 282, 300, 302–3, 348
Harrison Anti-Narcotics Law, 207
Harvard University, 2, 5, 38, 133, 165, 169, 192, 258, 277, 315, 322
Medical School, 102, 334
Hawthorne, Nathaniel, 29
Healing the Hardware of the Soul (Amen), 318
Healy, David, 150, 179, 194, 195
Hebrews, ancient, 27
Heidelberg Clinic, 77
Heisenberg, Werner, 308
Hektoen, Ludvig, 83–84
Heroin, 205, 257, 258
Hippocampus, 327
Hippocrates and Hippocratic medicine, 25–27, 50, 51, 59, 115, 159, 198, 341, 346, 377n
History of Medical Psychology (Zilboorg and Henry), 98
Hoch, August, 78, 99
Hoechst Pharmaceuticals, 48, 53, 54, 57
Hofmann, Albert, 160–63, 166, 174, 178, 182
Hofmann, August Wilhelm von, 45–47
Hollon, Steven, 305
Holmes, Oliver Wendell, 51, 59, 202–3. 206, 207, 323
Holmes, Oliver Wendell, Jr., 207–8, 212, 215
Homosexuality, 62, 133–34, 183, 236–38, 245, 250, 343, 345
Horwitz, Allan, 245–46
Hruska, Roman, 215
Hull House (Chicago), 86
Humors, Hippocratic, 51, 58, 74, 158, 198, 341
Hunter, John, 55–56, 161
Huxley, Aldous, 165, 178, 261
Huxley, Thomas, 83, 178
Hydrazine, 186
Hysteria, 64, 93, 118,
183
Illinois Eastern Hospital for the Insane, 83–84
Iminodibenzyl, 169, 181
Imipramine (G22355), 182–85, 189, 193, 195–96, 199, 261, 351
Industrial Revolution, 45–47, 60
Infections, opportunistic, 50
“In Memory of Sigmund Freud” (Auden), 9–10
Insel, Thomas, 316–17, 321
Insulin, 59, 223, 272, 281, 356
coma induced by, therapy using, 136–39, 141, 144–46, 148–49, 151, 175
Internal Revenue Service, 207
International Congress of Psychiatry, 183
Involution melancholia, 77–78
Involutional psychosis, 19, 71
Iproniazid, 185–91, 193–96, 212
Italy, 179
syphilis in 55, 57
J. Walter Thompson Company, 99
Jackson, Michael, 248
Jacobson, Neil, 309
James, Alice, 91
James, Henry, 91, 254
James, William, 31, 39–40, 64, 87, 91, 93–94, 128, 254
Jefferson, Thomas, 13, 86
Jenner, Edward, 50
Job, 27–33, 35–36, 39, 59, 97, 101, 117, 121, 314
Johns Hopkins University, 83, 99, 134, 212
Journal of the American Medical Association (JAMA), 212, 261, 269, 271, 273, 274
Journal of Cell Physiology, 5
Jungle, The (Sinclair), 206
Kaczynski, Ted, 107, 108
Kalinowsky, Lothar, 147–48, 151
Kandel, Eric, 330
Katz, Martin, 234, 237, 250
Kefauver, Estes, 191, 212–15
Kellogg brothers, 90, 91
Kelsey, Frances, 213–14
Kennedy, Edward, 266
Ketamine, 174–77
Kinsey, Alfred, 42
Klein, Donald, 243, 301, 336
Klerman, Gerald, 192–93, 298, 299, 301, 304
Kline, Mahlon, 206–8
Kline, Nathan, 186–91, 193–94, 298
Koch, Robert, 52–53
Kovel, Joel, 121, 122
Kraepelin, Emil, 60, 64–79, 81, 82, 104, 129, 131, 199, 246, 316–17
diagnostic scheme of, 64, 68–71, 84, 85, 90, 123, 233, 239, 245, 267, 343, 346, 377n
Dreyfus and, 76–79
empathy rejected by, 65, 103
Kuhn and, 184–85
Meyer and, 88, 89, 95–98
observational approach of, 69–70, 240
scientific rhetoric of, 152, 206, 224
therapeutic nihilism of, 71–74, 86, 96
Krafft-Ebing, Richard von, 133
Kramer, Peter, 7–8, 20–21, 23, 33–36, 39, 40, 231, 272, 351–53, 361–63
Kravitz, Richard, 278–81, 350–51, 354–55
Kuhn, Roland, 182–85, 189, 199, 233, 346, 351
Ladker Award, 193
Laing, R. D., 237
La Mettrie, Julien Offray de, 66, 322, 326, 330
Lasagna, Louis, 212, 213, 216, 219, 222
Latinos, 12
Lay analysis, 124–25, 149, 238
L-dopa, 194
Leadbelly, 264
Learned helplessness, 116
Lears, Jackson, 100
Leary, Timothy, 165, 169
Leaves of Grass (Whitman), 324
Lehrbuch der Psychiatrie (Kraepelin), 71, 73, 76, 78, 88, 377n
Leo Burnett Company, 273–74
Lexapro, 355
Librium, 260, 266
Life Sciences (journal), 10, 11
Lilly, Eli, 8
Lincoln, Abraham, 254, 338
Lind, James, 216–19, 221
Linkletter, Art, 257
Linnaeus, Carl, 69–70
Listening to Prozac (Kramer), 8–9, 20, 91, 351
Lobotomy, 145, 228
pharmacological, 180
Loewi, Otto, 3, 4
Louis XVI, King of France, 217
LSD, 5, 153, 161–68, 172, 173, 178, 187, 257, 258, 266, 381n
L-tryptophan, 320
Luborsky, Lester, 300
Luther, Martin, 192n
Lysergic acid diethylamine, see LSD
MacCurdy, John, 78, 99
Macintosh, Charles, 46
Madame X, 178–79
Magic bullets, 23, 79, 212, 225, 271, 318
for depression, 126, 185, 269, 354
Ehrlich’s concept of, 48, 53, 59
for psychosis, 181
for syphilis, 58
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), 317, 329
Magnificent Mind at Any Age (Amen), 318
Maimonides, Moses, 136
Maine, University of, Darling Marine Laboratory, 1
Major depressive disorder (MDD), 38, 227, 244, 245, 247, 267, 278, 304
Malaria, 40, 46, 47, 54, 137, 179
Manic-depressive illness, 19, 73–74, 96, 139, 235, 244, 259
Manichaeanism, 22, 118
Mann, Horace, 323
Mao Zedong, 243
Marijuana, 254, 258, 266
Marsilid, see Iproniazid
Martin, Emily, 262, 265
Massachusetts General Hospital, Mood Disorders Unit, 40–43, 82, 104–5, 108, 126, 133, 228, 253, 321, 344, 349
criteria for determination of improvement at, 282–83
diagnosis of depression at, 38, 40, 61, 76, 81, 123, 251
drugs provided at, 201
randomized clinical trial methodology at, 216
Massachusetts Medical Society, 51
Materialism, 66–67, 330, 341, 357
Mauveine, 47–48
McCarthy, Joseph, 212
MDMA, 153–59, 169–71, 178, 366, 367
Meduna, Ladislas von, 139–42, 144–46, 175
Melancholia, 187, 346–48, 377n
Freud on, 112, 114–15, 119, 123, 125, 288
Hippocrates on, 26, 73
Kraepelinian view of, 73, 77–78, 82
Menninger, Karl, 233–34, 241
Menninger, William, 233, 234
Meprobamate, see Miltown
Merck & Company, Inc., 23, 59, 261–62, 264, 265, 268–69
Mercury, medicinal use of, 51, 54–56, 137, 159–60, 202
Mesmer, Franz Anton, 217
Methylene blue, 179
Methylenedioxymethamphetamine, see MDMA
Metrazol, 141, 144, 146, 151, 175
Meyer, Adolf, 82–90, 94–101, 110, 111, 134–36, 199, 233, 240, 242, 346