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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
At Simon & Schuster: Dedi Felman, David Rosenthal, Michele Bové, Gypsy da Silva, and, above all, Sarah Hochman.
At Harper’s Magazine, in which I first told the story of my clinical trial: Jennifer Szalai, Roger Hodge, and Ted Ross.
For research materials: David Healy, who generously provided transcripts of his interviews with the early psychopharmacologists, and Joseph Dumit, whose recordings of television ads were indispensable.
For granting me interviews, all of which were lengthier than they bargained on: Per Bech, Alan Broadhurst, Arvid Carlsson, Donald Klein, Janis Schoenfeld, and Betty Twarog.
For research and editorial assistance: Beth Card, Lucy Green, Richard Green, Wally Izbicki, Richard Kokoska, Rosalba Onofrio, Sian Oram, and Amy Ryan.
For close reading and commentary: Bill Musgrave, Jennifer Percy-Dowd, Stuart Vyse, and Rand Cooper (who also provided German lessons).
For general aiding and abetting: Carrie Billy, Henry Bowers, Glenn Cheney, Bill Finnegan, Ruth Grahn, Karen Greenberg, Richard Greenberg, Julie Holland, Garret Keizer, Maureen Kelleher, Lindsey Lane, Bart Laws, Karyn Marcus, Errol Morris, Jim Rutman, Michael Silverstone, Jeff Singer, and John Vaillant.
For sharing me with my book: Joel Powers.
For putting up with me, and for her blue eyes: Susan Powers.
INDEX
Abbott Pharmaceuticals, 2, 6, 268
Abramson, Lyn, 116–17
Abu Ghraib prison, 107
Adams, Samuel Hopkins, 206
Addams, Jane, 86, 87
Adderall, 335
Adjustment disorder, 227, 244, 278, 279
Affective psychoses, 147, 183
Against Depression (Kramer), 20–21, 33, 39
Age of Desire, The (Kovel), 121
Agfa Healthcare Corporation, 48
Agnew, Spiro, 266
Agriculture Department, U.S., 206
Bureau of Chemistry, 206–8
Albert, Prince, 45
Alcoholics Anonymous, 360
Alice (film), 352
Alice in Wonderland (Carroll), 300
Allen, Woody, 352
Alloy, Lauren, 116–17
Alpert, Richard, 165
Ambivalence, 114–15, 117, 155, 295
Amen, Daniel, 318–22, 326, 328, 330, 334–36, 351, 367
American Journal of Psychiatry, 183, 196, 259
American Medical Association (AMA), 205, 213, 308
American Nervousness (Beard), 91
American Phrenological Journal, 324
American Psychiatric Association (APA), 14, 40, 238, 243, 267, 271, 342, 346
cognitive therapy approved by, 298, 304
Committee on Nomenclature and Statistics, 239, 242
descriptive nosology adopted by, 62–64, 104
homosexuality delisted as disease by, 62, 236, 345
Insel and, 316–17
Kline and, 188
Meyer and, 94–95
origins of, 90
see also Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
American Psychological Association, 301
Amherst College, 322
Amitriptyline, see Elavil
Amnesia, shock-therapy induced, 142, 144
Amphetamine, 167, 173, 184, 259
Amygdala, 327, 333
Anabolic steroids, 191
Anesthetics, 174–76, 178–79
Anger, 88, 108, 366
parental, 107
repressed, 288
turned inward, 111
Aniline, 47, 48, 195
Animal studies, 1–5, 166, 179–80, 187, 194–96, 325
Anthrax, 52
Antibiotics, 209, 211, 223, 255, 272, 280
Antidepressant Era, The (Healy), 195
Antidepressants, 2, 6–11, 52, 130, 150, 242, 355–57, 365, 366
accidental discovery of, 137
catecholamine hypothesis and, 195–97
clinical trials of, 38, 40, 121, 174–75, 195–96, 202–4, 216, 223, 315
cognitive therapy versus, 302–3, 307–8, 310, 311
diagnostic standards for, 104
electroconvulsive therapy compared versus, 147
FDA approval of, 202, 211
g
lutamates and, 175
lethal overdose of, 17
LSD and, 173, 178
marketing of, 23, 197, 259, 267–80
minor tranquilizers versus, 261, 265
pharmacological Calvinism and, 192
placebo effect and, 258
serotonin-imbalance theory and, 6, 175, 187, 194
see also Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors; Tricyclic antidepressants; specific drugs
Antihistamines, 179
Antipsychotics, 179, 298
see also specific drugs
Anxiety disorder, 243
generalized, 227
Aphasia, 325
Archives of General Psychiatry, 174
Aristotle, 52, 189, 254
Armstrong, Louis, 264
Arsenic, 54, 58
Ash, Philip, 234
Association of Assistant Physicians of Hospitals for the Insane, 90
Astra Pharmaceuticals, 10–11, 268–69
Astronomy, Ptolemaic, 247–48
Atoxyl, 54
Attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), 319, 320, 333
Auden, W. H., 9, 81
Axelrod, Julius, 196
Ayd, Frank, 262–65, 272, 280, 298, 317, 358, 363
Baden Aniline and Soda Factory (BASF), 48
Barbiturates, 179
Basal ganglia, 319, 328
Battle Creek Sanitarium, 90
Bayer AG, 48, 205
Beard, George M., 91–93, 122–23, 263
Beck, Aaron, 288–90, 302–5, 309, 311, 313, 314
Beck, Judith, 287–88, 290–92, 295, 297, 307, 311–12, 314, 316
Beck Depression Inventory (BDI), 302–3
Becker, Howard, 257
Beck Institute for Cognitive Therapy and Research, 288, 292, 294
Beers, Clifford, 100
Behavior therapy, 289
Bellevue Hospital (New York), 134, 151
Benadryl, 179
Benzedrine, 259
Benzodiazepines, 260, 266, 267
Bereavement, 247–48, 250, 295
see also Grief; Mourning
Bernays, Edward, 99, 100
Berrios, German, 261
“Beyond the Pleasure Principle” (Freud), 113–14
Bini, Lucino, 143
Biological Psychiatry, 151
Biopsychosocial model, 233, 238
Block, Adam, 277
Blood pressure, 344
medications for lowering, 59, 212
role of serotonin in regulation of, 4, 166, 268
Blue Cross, 251
Bodoni, Pietro, 179
Boston Medical Society, 322
Brain-derived neurotrophic factor, 327
Brain imaging techniques, 317–19, 329, 334–35
British Medical Journal, 276
British National Institutes for Health and Clinical Excellence, 204
British Psychological Society, 166
Broadhurst, Alan, 182, 187
Broca, Paul, 325, 326
Bronk, Detlev, 5
Brown, John, 323
Bush, George W., 39
California, University of, 278
California Medical Board, 322
Callahan, Christopher, 261
Calvin, John, 122
Calvinism, pharmacological, 192, 193, 265, 267, 310, 348, 355
Campbell, Alan, 133
Camphor, 140–41
Cardiazol, 144
Carlsson, Arvid, 10, 12, 194–95, 198, 267–69, 335
Carter’s Little Liver Pills, 260
Catecholamines, 169, 195–99, 205, 224
Celexa, 42, 270
Centers for Disease Control (CDC), 10, 15
Central Intelligence Agency (CIA), 164
Cerebellum, 319, 321
Cerletti, Ugo, 142–46
Change Your Brain, Change Your Life (Amen), 318
Charcot, Jean, 83, 90, 98, 150
Charité Hospital (Berlin), 50, 55, 67
Charles Pfizer and Company, 59
Chemie Grünenthal, 213
Chicago, University of, 82, 83, 85
Chlorothiazide, 59
Chlorpromazine (Thorazine), 180–83, 191
Cholera, 50
Cingulate gyrus, 319, 321, 328, 330
City of London School, 45
Civilization and Its Discontents (Freud), 119–20, 123, 173
Clark, Dick, 358
Clark University, 83
Clayton, Paula, 246, 248
Clemens, Samuel, see Twain, Mark
Cleveland, Grover, 84
Cleveland Clinic, 4
Clinical trials, 40–42, 109, 135, 164, 228
basic assumptions of, 131
of cognitive therapy, 288, 297, 302–5
diagnosis for, 41, 48, 61–63, 348, 350
FDA approval and, 270
intake interviews for, 170
marketing and, 262
placebo effect in, 8, 109, 201–4, 219, 254–56, 280, 284–86, 306, 316
randomized, 202, 216, 218–24
signal-to-noise ratio in, 355
statistical procedures in, 307
theoretical foundations for, 174–75
Coal tar, 46–47
see also Aniline
Cognitive-behavioral therapy, 116, 252, 364
Cognitive Therapist Rating Scale, 302
Cognitive therapy, 286–98, 302–16, 334
Cognitive Therapy: Basics and Beyond (Beck), 292
Collier’s magazine, 206
Columbia Psychoanalytic Institute, 240
Columbia University, 336
Columbus, Christopher, 55
Commonsense psychiatry, 95–97
Communism, 266
Computerized tomography (CT), 317
Congress, U.S., 188, 190–91, 208, 209, 211, 215
Consciousness, 103, 128, 163, 223
altered states of, 176–78 (see also LSD; MDMA)
brain structures and, 66, 322, 351
collective, 20
depression and, 231, 282
public, 144
Consumer Reports, 300
Copernicus, 337
Cornell University, 219
Corticosteroids, 212
Cortisol, 346
Cosmopolitan magazine, 274
Countergan, 213
see also Thalidomide
Cronkite, Kathy, 358–60
Cronkite, Walter, 358
Cuforhedake Brane-Fude, 205, 207
Cullen, William, 242
Cytokine, 327
Darkness Visible (Styron), 29
Darwinism, 92