1 CHAR/13/38/57
2 IWM/Ritter
3 CHAR/13/38/21
4 CHAR/13/38/60
5 IWM/Ritter
6 CHAR/13/38/21
7 IWM/Crampton
8 Ibid.
9 CHAR/13/38/70
10 Lettow-Vorbeck (1), p. 52
11 Charlewood, p. 132
12 Ibid., p. 133
13 CHAR/13/38/114
14 CHAR/13/38/108
15 TNA/CAB/45/10 (Otto Gerlach diary)
16 TNA/CAB/45/43 (Routh, An Ordnance Officer in East Africa, 1914–1918), p. 59
17 TNA/CO/533/142
18 TNA/CAB/45/43 (Routh, An Ordnance Officer in East Africa, 1914–1918), p. 109
19 Ibid., p. 59
20 Ibid., p. 230
21 Ibid., p. 138
22 Ibid., p. 58
23 Ibid., p. 13
24 Ibid., p. 117
25 Ibid., p. 69
26 Davis and Robertson, p. 97 and p. 100
27 The Leader, 28 November 1914
28 Hordern, p. 122
29 Ibid., p. 121
30 The Leader, 28 November 1914
CHAPTER SIX:
The Coast [pp. 79–93]
1 The Leader, 1 January 1915
2 Charlewood, p. 153
3 IWM/Ritter
4 TNA/CAB/45/43 (Routh, An Ordnance Officer in East Africa, 1914–1918), p. 103
5 Ibid., p. 54
6 IWM/Crampton
7 Hordern, p. 125
8 Lettow-Vorbeck (1), p. 63
9 Hordern, p. 127
10 Ibid., p. 128
11 Looff (1), p. 58
12 Looff (1), p. 63
13 Liddle/Frank Drury (HMS Challenger)
14 King-Hall, p. 262
15 TNA/CAB/45/218: ‘RNAS Operations in East Africa’ by J.T. Cull
16 TNA/CAB/45/218
17 CHAR/13/69/173
18 Pretorius, p. 6
19 Ibid., p. 131
20 Ibid., p. 16
21 Ibid., p. 19
22 CHAR/13/69/117
23 The Pioneer Observer (‘Pro Bono Matlow’), First Issue, 9 April 1915, National Library of Australia
24 TNA/ADM/101/357
25 Kock, p.53
26 Ibid., p. 60
27 CHAR/13/69/117
28 CHAR/13/69/52
29 IWM/Murray
30 Kock, p. 96
31 Alliston, p. 50
32 Kock, p. 16
33 TNA/ADM/137/4297
34 King-Hall, p. 266
CHAPTER SEVEN:
The War in the West [pp. 94–101]
1 Hill, p. 355
2 TNA/WO/32/5812
3 Ibid.
4 Royaume de Belgique, Les Campagnes Coloniales Belges, Vol. 1,p. 183
5 Quoted in MacKenzie (2), p. 181
6 TNA/DO/119/908
7 Tasker, p. 57
8 Magee, p. 331
CHAPTER EIGHT:
‘A Brilliant Affair’ [pp. 102–12]
1 IWM/Wapshare
2 See Roger Pocock, p. v
3 Stoneham (1), pp. 66–7
4 Liddle/Shaw
5 See Liddle/Pim
6 Stoneham (1), p. 166
7 IWM/Buchanan
8 TNA/WO/33/858
9 Anon. (2), p. 299
10 The Leader, 3 July 1915
11 See WF/Petit Écho,pp. 87–8
12 IWM/Buchanan
13 Ibid.
14 Waltermann, p. 30
15 WF/Rapport Annuel 1915,pp. 258–60
16 IWM/Ball
17 TNA/WO/33/858
18 Hill, p. 363
19 O’Sullevan, p. 213
20 Lettow-Vorbeck (1), p. 96
21 Wahle, p. 22
22 Hordern, p. 186
23 TNA/DO/119/912
24 ‘Leviathan’, p. 177
25 Tasker, p. 59
26 TNA/DO/119/912
27 Magee, p. 335
28 Ibid., p. 336
29 G. Spicer-Simson (1), p. 759
30 Magee, p. 342
31 Tasker, p. 61
CHAPTER NINE:
The End of the Königsberg [pp. 113–24]
1 TNA/CAB/45/218
2 AWM/Alliston, p. 57
3 TNA/CAB/45/218
4 Ibid.
5 IWM/McCall
6 IWM/Wright
7 Pretorius, p. 22
8 Liddle/Brewster, p. 14
10 IWM/Ritter
11 IWM/Crampton
12 IWM/Acheson (account of Cdr Wilson)
13 Charlewood, p. 157
14 IWM/Acheson (account of Cdr Wilson)
15 Charlewood, p. 158
16 TNA/CAB/45/218
17 TNA/ADM/137/4297
18 TNA/ADM/1/8427/192
19 IWM/Crampton
20 Pretorius, p. 25
21 IWM/Acheson (account of Cdr Wilson)
22 Pretorius, pp. 25–6
23 IWM/Acheson (account of Cdr Wilson)
24 Looff account quoted in Liddle/Grenfell, p. 91
25 IWM/Ritter
26 Liddle/Grenfell
27 IWM/Acheson (account of Cdr Wilson)
28 IWM/McCall
29 IWM/Crampton
30 Liddle/Grenfell
31 IWM/McCall
32 King-Hall, p. 270
33 Pretorius, p. 27
CHAPTER TEN:
‘The Lion and the Springbok’ [pp. 125–35]
1 With grateful acknowledgement to Ronald Hyam and Peter Henshaw, The Lion and the Springbok (CUP, 2003)
2 Hyam and Henshaw, p. 101
3 O’Connor, p. 9
4 Haggard, p. 30
5 Blackwell (1), pp. 51, 54, and 55
6 Hyam and Henshaw, p. 30
7 Liddle/Speed
8 King-Hall, p. 249
9 Dundas, p. 95
10 King-Hall, p. 259
11 Ibid., pp. 259–60
12 Callwell, p. 178
13 Macdonald, p. 46
14 Botha speech to the House of Assembly, 28 March 1918, quoted in Buxton, p. 174
15 Hancock, p. 378
16 Capell, p. 30 (Capell was the commanding officer of the 2nd Rhodesia Regiment)
17 Hordern, p. 162
18 Capell, p. 34
19 Schnee (1), p. 45
20 The Leader, 17 April 1915
21 The Leader, 11 September 1914
22 Meinertzhagen, pp. 151–2
23 King-Hall, p. 260
24 TNA/WO/32/5324
25 TNA/WO/32/5234: Smith-Dorrien appraisal
26 TNA/CAB/17/143: Callwell, 9 November 1915
27 Callwell, p. 178
CHAPTER ELEVEN:
A Velha Aliada – ‘The Old Ally’ [pp. 136–44]
1 TNA/FO/371/972, June 1910
2 TNA/FO/371/2105: ‘Spain and Portugal’, August 1914
3 Ribeiro, p. 150; and for this thesis see Ribeiro, pp. 132–214 passim
4 Ribeiro, p. 154
5 Vincent-Smith, pp. 218–19
6 Bessa, p. 147
7 Arning, p. 296
8 Newitt (1), pp. 5–6 and passim
9 PORT/MNE/C/23/177/1–2
10 PORT/MNE/C/20/131
11 PORT/MNE/C/20/126/1–3
12 PORT/MNE/C/20/135/2
13 Arning, p. 297
14 TNA/FO/929/1 (MacDonell/Black intelligence), TNA/FO/929/2 (German wireless station in Port Nyasa) and TNA/WO/106/576 (Bohlen Mission)
15 PORT/MNE/C/20/147
16 The cargo manifests of all vessels putting into the coastal ports, which reveal a great deal about ‘suspicious’ imports, are listed in PORT/MNE/C/24/181
CHAPTER TWELVE:
‘Swallows and Amazons’ [pp. 145–54]
1 Zimmer, p. 656
2 Ibid., p. 657
3 Harding, p. 248
4 Tasker, p. 63
5 Spicer-Simson (1), p. 760
6 Tasker, p. 64
7 Magee, p. 357
8 Zimmer, p. 657
9 ZNA/BC/1/5/1: Tanganyika Expedition papers (transcripts of interrogations)
10 Zimmer, p.659
11 Magee, p. 361
12 Zimmer, p. 660
13 Tasker, p. 66
14 Stiénon (2), p. 67
15 Moulaert, p. 53
16 Callwell, p. 179
17 IWM/Smith-Dorrien: diary entries 23–8 January 1916
18 IWM/Castle
19 Sampson, p. 12
20 The Star, 14 February 1916
21 van der Byl, p. 200
22 Lettow-Vorbeck (1), p. 75
CHAPTER THIRTEEN:
The African War [pp. 155–65]
1 Charles Dundas quoted in A.J. Temu, ‘The Giriama War, 1914–1915’, in Ogot (ed.), p. 228
2 Dundas, p. 74
3 ‘Garibu’, p. 386
4 Ngologoza, pp. 22–3
5 Ibid., p. 50
6 Ibid., p.62
7 Ibid., p. 58
8 Foran, p. 47
9 Sharpe, Kenya Weekly News, 4 September 1959,p. 56
10 Foran, p. 49
11 KNA/PC/Coast/1/13/107
12 Hobley, pp. 286–7
13 Lytton, p. 109
14 Poeschel, p. 27 (Poeschel was the Editor of the Deutsch-Ostafrika Zeitung)
15 Chikwenga, p. 17
16 de Wiart, p. 15
17 Ndabaningi Sithole, quoted by Adas, p. 39
18 Bandawe, pp. 70–3
19 Chanock, p. 130
20 RH/Masters
22 Duff (1), p. 50
23 RH/Masters
24 Ibid.
25 Duff (1), p. 51
26 See, for example, John McCracken (ed.), Britain and Malawi: A Hundred Years
27 Duff (1), p. 175
28 Hobley, p. 287
29 Poeschel, p. 20
30 Zirkel, p. 103
CHAPTER FOURTEEN:
The Build-up [pp. 169–76]
1 Duplesis, pp. 1–2
2 Thatcher, p. 74
3 TNA/WO/95/5339
4 Freeman (1), p. 9
5 TNA/CAB/17/143
6 Stiénon, p. 669
7 Grogan, p. 227
8 Ibid., p. 251
9 Haussmann, p. 13
10 See The Nongqai Vol. V (1916), p. 370
11 Wynn, p. 37
CHAPTER FIFTEEN:
The ‘First Salaita Show’ [pp. 177–86]
1 Le Roy, pp. 165–7
2 Hordern, p. 230
3 SANMMH/Confidential War Diary of 2nd SA Infantry Brigade (Staff Capt. F.W. Esselen)
4 Springbok, July 1974 (account of Victor Morton)
5 Payne, p. 6
6 SANMMH/Lane
7 Springbok, July 1974 (account of Victor Morton)
8 Collyer, p. 55
9 Meinertzhagen, p. 108
10 TNA/WO33/858
11 Grogan, p. 219
12 Lettow-Vorbeck (1), pp. 79–80
13 Ibid., p. 103
14 Divisional Operation Order No. 4
15 Sampson, p. 13
16 Ibid.
17 The Nongqai Vol. V (1916), p. 361, account of Special Correspondent and dated 23 March 1916
18 Natal Witness, 16 February 1929
19 Sampson, p. 14
20 Lettow-Vorbeck (1), p. 103
21 Sampson, p. 14
22 SANMMH/Stephens
23 The Nongqai Vol. V (1916), p. 361, account of Special Correspondent, p. 362
24 SANMMH/Lane
25 Ibid.
26 Thatcher, p. 83
27 Sampson, p. 14
28 The Star, 2 February 1916
29 RH/Bagenal
30 Stent, Part I
31 Fendall, p. 62
32 Ibid., p. 59
33 TNA/WO/33/858: CIGS to Tighe, 18 February 1916
CHAPTER SIXTEEN:
The ‘Robbers’ Raid’ [pp. 187–96]
1 Poeschel, p. 21
2 Meinertzhagen, p. 163
3 TNA/WO/33/858
4 Thatcher, p. 87
5 IWM/Ewart: Tighe to Maj.-Gen. Richard Ewart, 13 March 1916
6 van der Byl, pp. 204–5
7 Cranworth, p. 215
8 IWM/Ewart: Tighe to Maj.-Gen. Richard Ewart, 13 March 1916
9 Cranworth, p. 216
10 IWM/Ewart: Tighe to Maj.-Gen. Richard Ewart, 13 March 1916
11 TNA/WO/33/858
12 Wilson, p. 74 (author’s italics)
13 TNA/WO/141/62, Smuts despatch 15 March 1916
14 Cranworth p. 217
15 Reitz, p. 108
16 SANMMH/Lane
17 Hordern, pp. 251–2
18 TNA/WO/33/858
19 Meinertzhagen, pp. 208–9
20 Smuts quoted in Tighe’s obituary, National Review Vol. 86 (1926), p. 927
21 Wilson, p. 84
22 Wilson, p. 100
23 TNA/WO33/858
24 See Bisset, p. 59
25 Lettow-Vorbeck (1), p. 80
CHAPTER SEVENTEEN:
Opsaal ! Saddle-up! [pp. 197–205]
1 Lettow-Vorbeck (1), p. 126
2 Ibid.
3 Ibid., p. 127
4 SANMMH/Dewey, p. 3
5 TNA/CAB/45/43 (Routh, An Ordnance Officer in East Africa, 1914–1918), p. 367
6 Fendall, p. 67
7 Crowe, p. 118
8 SANMMH/Adkins, p. 68
9 Natal Daily News, 8 May 1954
10 SANMMH/Faure
11 Lettow-Vorbeck (1), p. 134
12 Ibid., pp. 137-8
13 Fendall, p. 70
14 RH/Bagenal, p. 67
15 Ibid., p. 63
16 SANMMH/Dewey, p. 4
17 Sampson, p. 25–6
CHAPTER EIGHTEEN:
The Advance down the Northern Railway [pp. 206–11]
1 The Leader, 28 October 1916
2 TNA/WO/32/5325
3 van der Byl, p. 201
4 Letter to The Leader, 13 May 1916
5 Cranworth, p. 225
6 Maxwell, p. 60
7 Woodhouse, p. 41
8 The Leader, 28 October 1916
9 IWM/McCall
10 Knudsen, pp. 14–27
11 W. Lloyd-Jones, p. 199: von Lettow-Vorbeck comment to Col. Brian Hawkins in November 1918
CHAPTER NINETEEN:
The Crescent Flag [pp. 212–23]
1 TNA/141/786/7530/2
2 Emil Zimmerman, quoted in Smuts, p. 143
3 TNA/FO/929/1
4 TNA/CO/533/142
5 IWM/Wapshare
6 Parfitt, p. 34
7 Hopkirk, p. 116
8 Parfitt, p. 25 and p. 31
9 Jafar Pasha, quoted in Facey, p. 67
10 Facey, p. 69
11 Ibid., p. 65
12 Ibid.
13 Hodson, p. 123
14 Ibid., p. 19
15 Scholler, p. 313
16 TNA/CO/822/3/12
17 TNA/CO/533/621: remark of Lord Harcourt, Secretary of State for Colonies
18 Braukämpfer, p. 555
19 TNA/FO/141/572/2: Lt-Col. Clayton to Sir Milne Cheetham, 24 February 1915
20 TNA/FO/141/572/2
21 TNA/CO/822/3/12
22 Scholler, p. 309
23 See TNA/FO/141/816.By mid 1916 the potash deposits mined by the Italian Compagnia Mineraria Coloniale at Dallol on the Abyssinian-Eritrean border were vital to the Allied munitions industry.
24 Scholler, p. 322 note 18
25 Archer, p. 86
26 Ehrlich, p. 636
27 Ibid., p. 632
28 Scholler, p. 304
29 Hodson, p. 130
30 TNA/FO/141/786
31 Beachey, p. 115
32 TNA/FO/141/786: intelligence report of Capt. J.E. Phillips, East African Expeditionary Force, prepared for Lord Milner on 15 July 1917 (pp. 3–4).
33 See C.H. Becker, ‘Materials for Understanding Islam in German East Africa’, TNR No. 68 (1968), p. 60.
34 WF/Casier 113/Kigali
35 TNA/FO/141/666/ Schnee ci
rcular dated December 1913
CHAPTER TWENTY:
‘The Cannibals’ [pp. 224–31]
1 See Digre, p. 107
2 Lettow-Vorbeck (1), p. 185
3 The Times, 15 August 1916
4 Special Supplement by Ernest Henrion in Sampson, p. 48
5 Wahle, p. 35
6 See Welbourn, pp. 223–4
7 Quoted in Digre, p. 103
8 Special Supplement by Ernest Henrion in Sampson, p. 56
9 WF/Casier 183, diary for Marienthal Mission, August 1916
10 See WF/Casier 113 (for Kigali) and WF/Rabeyrin passim (for Urundi)
11 Zimmer, p. 660
CHAPTER TWENTY-ONE:
The ‘Ubiquitous Rhodesians’ [pp. 232–38]
1 Langham, p. 84
2 Liddle/Messum
3 Bradley, p. 40
4 Liddle/Messum
5 TNA/WO/95/5334
6 Liddle/Messum and TNA/WO/95/5334
7 IWM/Northey
8 Spicer-Simson (1), p. 761
9 Weerd, p. 1461
10 Hordern, p. 466
11 Ibid.
12 Walker, p. 143
13 Maker, p. 39
14 TNA/WO/95/5334
15 RH/Masters
16 Maker, p. 43
17 Ibid., p. 45
18 Liddle/Messum
19 Letcher, p. 20
CHAPTER TWENTY-TWO:
‘Abso-Damn-Lutely Fed Up’ [pp. 239–51]
1 Reitz, p. 114
2 SANMMH/Winstanley
3 Kock, p. 127
4 The Nongqai (1916), p. 425
5 Cranworth, p. 230
6 Fewster: 29 August 1916
7 Fewster: 5 September 1916
8 Fendall, p. 67
9 SANMMH/Lane
10 SANMMH/Faure
11 Fendall, p. 73
12 Lettow-Vorbeck (1), p. 141
13 Hordern, p. 507
14 Wahle, p. 33
15 Tombeur, p. 4
16 TNA/WO/106/257
17 Wahle, p. 36
18 Ibid., pp. 34–5
19 Second Supplement to The London Gazette, 15 June 1917: Charlton despatch of 28 January 1917
20 Urban, p. 143
21 Kock, p. 118 and p. 128
22 Liddle/Parnham
23 TNA/CAB/17/43
24 Fendall, p. 77
25 TNA/WO/33/858
26 Ibid.
27 Kock, pp. 135–6 passim
28 Orr (9), p. 297
29 Kock, p. 155
30 Sampson, p. 63
31 Maker, p. 45
32 See Urban, p. 137, letter dated 6 May 1916
33 Boell (1), p. 234
34 Schnee (1), p. 230
35 Lettow-Vorbeck (1), p. 158
36 Kock, p. 131
37 Fewster: 20 December 1916
38 Liddle/Archdale
CHAPTER TWENTY-THREE:
Smuts’s ‘Final Phase’ [pp. 252–66]
1 TNA/CAB/45/20 (Report of Capt. L.A. Russell)
2 Lettow-Vorbeck (1), p. 184
3 See, for example, IWM/Hopkins
4 Lettow-Vorbeck (1), p. 184
5 Ibid., p. 187