6 Wahle, p. 33
7 Ibid., p. 36
8 Sampson, p. 67: account of P.C. Young
9 IWM/Hopkins
10 Crowe, p. 238
11 Hordern, p. 459
12 TNA/WO/33/858: Smuts to CIGS, 14 October 1916
13 Thatcher, p. 141
14 Lettow-Vorbeck (1), pp. 170–1
15 TNA/CAB/45/20 (Report of Capt. L.A. Russell)
16 Reitz, p. 152
17 Ibid., p. 155
18 Lettow-Vorbeck (1), p. 188
19 Wahle, p. 38
20 Beadon, p. 323
21 IMW/Northey
22 Liddle/Messum
23 IWM/Northey
24 Liddle/Groves
25 SANMMH/Lane
26 Ibid.
CHAPTER TWENTY-FOUR:
‘The Condemned’ [pp. 267–79]
1 Meneses, p. 86
2 Looff (1), p. 151
3 See Major Motta Marques, ‘A passagem do Rio Rovuma,’ Revista Militar (1920), pp. 299–304
4 Meinertzhagen, p. 190
5 The Times History of the War,p. 340, quoting Lt-Col. Barbosa, ‘O nosso esfõrço em África’, in Revista Militar (1918), p. 129
6 Vincent-Smith, p. 222
7 Manuel Gomes da Costa, pp. 253–4
8 Silva, p. 37
9 Ibid., p. 73
10 Ibid., p. 75
11 The Times History of the War, p. 344
12 Hordern, p. 389
13 Lettow-Vorbeck (1), p. 165
14 Looff (1), p. 150
15 Ibid., p. 152
16 Ibid., p. 155
17 PORT/MNE/Portugal Na Primeira Guerra Mundial Vol. II, p. 64, Document 511
18 Selvagem, p. 227
19 Looff (1), p. 164
20 Ibid., p. 163
21 Aragão, p. i
22 See Antonio Mario de Figueredo, ‘Rápido Bosquejo da Grande Guerra’, Revista Militar Vol. 71,No. 6–7,pp. 353–76
23 Tenente Simões da Mota, ‘A coluna de socorro a Newala’, Revista Militar No. 9–10 (1928), pp. 458–67
24 E. A. Martins (1), p. 97
25 TNA/FO/929/7
26 IWM/Castle: diary entry, 14 December 1916
27 TNA/WO/158/477
28 Meneses, p. 90
29 Orr (7), p. 78
30 Ibid., p. 74
31 Downes, p. 80
32 Fewster: 13 January 1917
CHAPTER TWENTY-FIVE:
The ‘Suicidal System of Supply’ [pp. 278–90]
1 Beck (1), p. 62
2 TNA/CAB/45/43 (Routh, An Ordnance Officer in East Africa, 1914–1916)
3 Ibid., p. 45
4 Ibid., pp. 213–14
5 Ibid., p. 91
6 Trevor, p. 263
7 Hazleton, p. 231
8 Ibid., p. 232
9 Beadon, p. 309 and p. 311
10 Paterson and Levin, p. 74 and p. 85
11 Hordern, p. 23 note 1
12 KNA/PC/Coast/1/9/31: Hobley to Platts (DC Voi), 3 January 1915
13 KNA/PC/Coast/1/13/132: inspection reports of 24/25 March 1915
14 Duff (2), p. 907
15 KNA/PC/Coast/1/3/86: report dated 23 August 1915
16 IWM/Fenning, p. 11
17 KNA/MOH/1/8146: medical report of James H. Thomson, Medical Officer
18 Baily, p. 95
19 Looff (1), p. 131
20 Kock, p. 136
21 Lettow-Vorbeck (1), p. 24
22 See, for example, Helbig (1), p. 145
23 Bovill, pp. 281–2
24 Beer, p. 45
25 Duff (2), p. 910
26 Steer, p. 254
27 Lettow-Vorbeck (1), p. 107
28 Powys, p. 154
CHAPTER TWENTY-SIX:
Unfinished Business [pp. 293–305]
1 The Leader, 23 December 1916
2 Crafford, p. 133
3 Smuts, p. 136
4 Grogan, p. 235
5 ‘Ons Jan is eighty today’ by Ewart Grogan, in The East Africa Standard, 24 May 1950
6 Armstrong, passim
7 Smuts, p. 135
8 Plaatje, pp. 304–5
9 Ibid., p. 307
10 The Leader, 31 March 1917
11 Falls, pp. 234–5
12 Wienholt, p. 188
13 Hazleton, p. 233
14 TNA/WO/32/5825
15 Wienholt, p. 188
16 RH/Masters, p. 134
17 W. Lloyd-Jones, p. 160
19 Parsons (1), p. 273
20 TNA/WO/33/953
21 Cranworth, p. 220
22 Callwell, p. 176
23 Wienholt, p. 190
24 Cranworth, p. 220
25 Wienholt, pp. 187–8
26 Hazleton, p. 234
27 Downes, p. 89
28 Ibid., p. 90
29 Ibid., p. 100
30 Ibid., p. 109–10
31 Ibid., p. 113–14
32 IWM/Thornton
33 TNA/WO/33/953
34 Clifford, pp. 2–3
CHAPTER TWENTY-SEVEN:
The Raiders [pp. 306–15]
1 Langham, p. 256
2 IWM/Hopkins
3 ZNA/Oral/LE/2: J.W. Leach
4 RH/Spindler, pp. 91–2
5 Liddle/Pratt
6 TNA/CAB/44/8
7 Daye (2), p. 54
8 See, for example, Langham, p. 267
9 Lettow-Vorbeck (1), p. 189
10 IWM/Bowden
11 TNA/CAB/45/48 (Drought Papers)
12 IWM/Castle
13 TNA/CAB/45/48 (Drought Papers)
14 Boell (1), p. 329
15 TNA/WO/158/481: telegram from Gen. Edwards to GHQ, 21 July 1917
16 Lettow-Vorbeck (1), p. 189
17 IWM/Bowden
CHAPTER TWENTY-EIGHT:
The Allies [pp. 316–23]
1 BOD/Milner Papers: Grogan letter, 5 June 1919
2 Grogan, p. 246
3 Vincent-Smith, p. 238
4 TNA/WO/158/477: MacDonell to War Office, 20 March 1917
5 Selig, p. 204
6 Arning, pp. 301–2
7 Ibid.
8 Lima, p. 340
9 Maugham, p. 233 and p. 231
10 See Warhurst thesis, p. 185
11 Hobson, p. 461
12 Ibid.
13 Ranger (1), p. 80
14 TNA/WO/158/477: MacDonell to War Office, 20 March 1917
15 Quoted by Ferreira Martins, ‘Verdades Esquecidas E Ignoradas: Portugal Na Guerra De 1914–18’, in Republica, 31 March 1956
16 E.A. Martins (1), p. 97
17 TNA/WO/158/477: MacDonell to War Office, 20 March 1917
18 Ibid.
19 TNA/FO/800/61: December 1911,Sir Edward Grey to British Ambassador in Berlin, quoted in Langhorne (p. 369)
CHAPTER TWENTY-NINE:
Into ‘The Unknown’ [pp. 324–35]
1 Kriegsdepeschen aus ruhmreicher Zeit, Band 6 (1/1/1917–31/7/1917): despatch of 31 July 1917
2 Ridgway, p. 247
3 Lieberman in Zache, p. 437
4 RH/Gethin
5 Ibid.
6 Lettow-Vorbeck (1), p. 202
7 Ibid., p. 216
8 Ibid., p. 220
9 Kock, p. 212
10 Ibid., p. 215
CHAPTER THIRTY:
The German Pimpernel [pp. 336–46]
1 Orr (2), p. 56
2 Kock, pp. 248–9
3 Lettow-Vorbeck (1), p. 221
4 Ibid., p. 220
5 Kock, p. 253–4
6 Ibid., p. 253
7 Lettow-Vorbeck (1), p. 225
8 Looff (1), pp. 176–7
9 Wahle, p. 48
10 Lettow-Vorbeck (1), p. 225
11 Ibid., p. 229
12 TNA/WO/106/587
13 TNA/WO/158/478
14 Wienholt, p. 203
15 Lettow-Vorbeck (1), p. 232
16 Wienholt, p. 213
17 See W. Lloyd-Jones, p. 199
18 TNA/CAB/45/19 (E. St
C. Stobart Papers)
19 See, for example, E.A. Martins (2), p. 66
20 Schnee (1), p. 124
21 Wienholt, p. 217
22 Maxwell, p. 66
23 TNA/CAB/45/19 (E. St C. Stobart Papers)
24 Lettow-Vorbeck (1), pp. 235–6
25 IWM/Castle
26 Birkby, p. 60
27 IWM/Castle
28 Liddle/Smith
29 ZNA/Williams, p. 227
30 TNA/WO/33/953
31 See Gaddis-Smith, ‘The British Government and the Disposition of the German Colonies in Africa, 1914–1918’, in Gifford and Louis, p. 292
32 The London Gazette, Fourth Supplement, 13 December 1918
The ‘China Affair’ [pp. 347–50]
1 Marben, p. 180–81
2 Strasser, 16 September 1917, quoted in Robinson (2), p. 111
3 Ibid., p. 118; Robinson’s thorough account is based on L59’s official war diary in the ‘Tambach’ Archives, among other sources
4 Maximilian Zupitza, in Langsdorff, p. 334
5 Robinson (2), p. 119
6 See, for example, Henry Villard, Cross & Cockade Vol. 23,No. 2 (1992), p. 75. Schedelmann wrote a short account of L59’s mission in the 12 January 1919 edition of Luftpost.
7 See Marben, p. 198 and Woodhall, p. 171
8 van der Byl, p. 232
9 Woodhall, p. 170
10 Ibid., p. 171
11 See Maker, p. 50
12 Looff (1), p. 179
CHAPTER THIRTY-TWO:
The Propaganda War [pp. 351–59]
1 Hatton, p. 125
2 Koponen, p. 77
3 Ganz thesis, p. 39
4 Quoted by Ganz, p. 203
5 Stoecker, p. 262
6 Poeschel, p. 10
7 Schnee (1), pp. 116–17
8 Listowel, p. 48
9 Popkess, p. 94
10 Beer, p. 270
11 Joelson (1), p. 247
12 RH/Hollis; author’s italics
13 Charles Dundas’s History of German East Africa was eventually published in 1923
14 Ada Schnee, p. 27
15 Gunzert, p. 176
16 Listowel, p. 52
17 Employment, contrary to International Law, of Colored troops upon the European Arena of War by England and France, Berlin, 30 July 1915,pp. 1–2
18 See for example the Feetham Report (TNA/CO/691/20) and its Addendum; and Cd. 9210, Correspondence Relating To The Wishes Of The German Colonies As To Their Future Government
19 Morel quoted in ‘Africanus’, Audiatur et altera pars: An Appeal for Fair Play (M. Graser, Cape Town, c. 1921)
20 Speech of Percy Molteno, MP for Dumfriesshire, to the House of Commons, 17 July 1917
21 Payne, p. 126
22 Ibid., p. 127
23 KNA/DC/MKS/10B/6/1: letter of Major Foster (KAR) to Provincial Commissioners in British East Africa, 5 March 1918
CHAPTER THIRTY-THREE:
The Hunt Begins [pp. 363–71]
1 TNA/WO/158/478
2 Ibid.
3 Ibid.
4 PORT/MNE, document 653,pp. 224–5
5 TNA/WO/158/478
6 TNA/WO/158/479
7 Ibid.
8 TNA/WO/158/475: MacDonell report, 8 January 1918
9 TNA/WO/158/475: van Deventer memo, 1 October 1918
10 W. Lloyd-Jones, p. 160
11 Liddle/Smith
12 Britten, p. 432
13 Clifford, p. 212
14 Ibid., p. 284
15 Liddle/Groves, p. 66
16 Britten, p. 432
17 Selig, p. 204
18 Lettow-Vorbeck (1), pp. 243–4
19 TNA/WO/158/476
20 Lettow-Vorbeck (1), p. 254
21 Ibid., p. 250
22 TNA/WO/158/474: van Deventer memo, 16 May 1918
23 Lettow-Vorbeck (1), p. 263
24 Ibid., pp. 262–3
25 Ibid., p. 264
26 Bandawe, p. 48
27 TNA/WO/106/1460: Schnee War Diary, p. 22
28 TNA/WO/158/475
29 TNA/WO/158/476
CHAPTER THIRTY-FOUR:
Nhamacurra [pp. 372–8]
1 Lettow-Vorbeck (1), p. 260
2 The Nongqai, January 1919,p. 17
3 See Deppe (1), p. 156 for a breakdown of the casualty statistics for the year in Portuguese East Africa
4 Lettow-Vorbeck (1), p. 270
5 Ibid., p. 264
6 Lieberman in Zache, p. 436
7 Wahle, p. 51
8 TNA/WO/158/476: van Deventer to War Office, 25 June 1918
9 TNA/WO/158/475
10 TNA/WO/158/476
11 Lettow-Vorbeck (1), p. 271
12 Ibid., p. 273
13 Moyse-Bartlett, p. 401
14 Lettow-Vorbeck (1), p. 277
15 Wahle, p. 51
16 TNA/WO/158/474; see also Boyes account in IWM/Misc 80/Item 1228
17 TNA/WO/33/953
18 Lettow-Vorbeck (1), p. 279
19 Ibid., p. 287
20 Cértima, p. 280
21 Vere Stent, The Great Safari,No. 11
22 TNA/WO/158/476: von Deventer to War Office, 9 July 1918
CHAPTER THIRTY-FIVE:
Tipperary mbali sana sana! [pp. 379–91]
1 The London Gazette, Fourth Supplement, 13 December 1918
2 Moyse-Bartlett, p. 405
3 Ibid., p. 408
4 Lettow-Vorbeck (1), p. 300
5 TNA/WO/106/1460: Schnee War Diary, p. 27
6 Ibid., p. 32
7 TNA/WO/33/953
8 Boell (2), p. 325
9 Lettow-Vorbeck (1), p. 305
10 TNA/WO/106/1460: Schnee War Diary, p. 50
11 Ibid., p. 46
12 Ibid., p. 55
13 Ibid., p. 75
14 Lettow-Vorbeck (1), p. 318
15 TNA/WO/106/1460: Schnee War Diary, p. 81
16 Sandes (1), p. 498
17 Lettow-Vorbeck (1), pp. 311–12
18 Ibid., p. 316
19 TNA/WO/106/1460: Schnee War Diary, p. 95
20 Ibid., p. 81
21 Ibid., p. 97
22 Boell (2), p. 324
23 Bradley, p. 61
24 See W. Lloyd-Jones, pp. 196–7.Von Lettow-Vorbeck was in fact still forty-eight.
25 Deppe (1), p. 156 lists 577 deaths, Boell (1), p. 427, 734 deaths
26 Boell (1), p. 427
27 TNA/WO/158/907
28 Bovill, p. 279
29 Lettow-Vorbeck (1), p. 322
30 TNA/WO/158/907
31 Lettow-Vorbeck (1), p. 326
32 Helbig, p. 214
33 Joelson (2), p. 237
34 Dundas, pp. 104–5
EPILOGUE:
‘There Came a Darkness’ [pp. 392–402]
1 Melvin E. Page (1), p. 1
2 Duff (2), p. 909
3 KNA/CA/12/4: letter from Oscar Watkins, commanding the Carrier Corps, to all Provincial Commissioners, 16 February 1930
4 See Steer, p. 262
5 W. Lloyd-Jones, p. 160
6 See RH/Matson 5/14,p. 159
7 TNA/CO/820/17
8 See TNA/WO/141/31: Pike Report and Court of Enquiry Papers
9 KNA/PC/CP/1/1/2: Short History of Kikuyu Province 1911–27
10 Powys, p. 154
11 Digre, p. 126
12 RH/Johansen, p. 30
13 Dundas, p. 196
14 Lt Rice in The Nongqai, October 1917, p. 205
15 Patterson and Pyle, p. 1302
16 Stoneham (1), p. 44
17 Kloppers, pp. 22–3
18 The Nongqai, November 1918, p. 508
19 Payne, p. 132
20 See Ranger (2), p. 175
21 Ellison, p. 221
22 Boell (1), p. 427
23 See Helbig (1), p. 145
24 Maddox, p. 197
25 Ibid., passim
26 Helbig (1), p. 145
27 Lettow-Vorbeck (1), p. 77
28 See RH/Matson 5/14,p. 159
29 Ibid., p. 160
30 Grogan, p. 250
31 Ewart Grogan, ‘Sixty Years in East and Central Africa’, in Rhodesia and East Africa (1958), p. 56
32 See Digre (pp. 147–8), quoting Terrier’s Les Ambitions coloniales de l’Allemagne, p. 69
33 Beer, pp 36–7
34 Lettow-Vorbeck (1), p. 3
35 Dundas, p. 80
36 Digre, p. 156
37 Dundas, p. 80
38 See Digre’s excellent study, Imperialism’s New Clothes: The Repartition of Tropical Africa, 1914–1919
39 KNA/DC/MKA/10B/6/1
40 See Jonny Moser, Nisko: The First Experiment in Jewish Deportation, Simon Wiesenthal Center Annual 2 (1985), Ch. 1,p. 1. The suggestion was, somewhat ironically, put to Hitler by Oswald Pirow, the South African Minister of Defence.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
1. PRINTED SOURCES
Abbreviations for those periodicals most commonly referred to:
EAMJ – East African Medical Journal
GJ – Geographical Journal
JAH – Journal of African History
JAS – Journal of the African Society
JCH – Journal of Contemporary History
JICH – Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History
JMAS – Journal of Modern African Studies
JRA – Journal of the Royal Artillery
JRAS – Journal of the Royal African Society
JRUSI – Journal of the Royal Services Institution
JSAHR – Journal of the Society for Army Historical Research
JSAMHS – Journal of the South African Military History Society
JUSII – Journal of the United Services Institution of India
MHQ – Military History Quarterly
NJ – Nyasaland Journal
NRJ – Northern Rhodesia Journal
OMRS – Journal of the Orders and Medals Research Society
SAHJ – South African Historical Journal
SARH – South African Railways and Harbours Magazine
TNR – Tanganyika Notes and Records
UJ – Uganda Journal
The Nongqai – The South African Services Magazine
The Leader of British East Africa
– Military and other ranks have not been included
– Publication in the United Kingdom unless otherwise stated
Achilles, Albert, Erinnerungen aus meiner Kriegsgefangenschaft, 1914–20 (Traditionsverband ehemaliger Schutz- und Überseetruppen, 1977)
Adas, Michael, ‘Contested Hegemony: The Great War and the Afro-Asian Assault on the
Civilizing Mission Ideology’ Journal of World History (March 2004), pp. 31–63
Adler, F.B., Lorch, A.E. and Curson, H.H., The South African Field Artillery: German East Africa and Palestine 1915–1919 (J.L. Van Schaik, Pretoria), 1958
‘Africanus’ (1), The Prussian Lash in Africa (Hodder & Stoughton, 1918)