Squadron 17th Cavalry
No. 5 Battery SAFA
No. 6 Field Battery
134th Howitzer Battery
No. 1 LAM (Light Armoured Mobile) Battery
MG detachment 2nd Rhodesia Regiment
One company 61st Pioneers
One section East Africa Pioneers
2nd East African Brigade (Brig.-Gen. J.A. Hannyngton)
57th Wilde’s Rifles
3rd Kashmir Rifles
3/King’s African Rifles
King’s African Rifles Mounted Infantry
27th Mountain Battery
MG detachment 129th Baluchis
Divisional Troops
Squadron East African Mounted Rifles
25th Royal Fusiliers
2nd Rhodesia Regiment
Cape Corps No. 7 Field Battery
MG company 2nd Loyal North Lancs
One section East Africa Pioneers
3RD DIVISION (MAJ.-GEN. C. BRITS)
2nd South African Mounted Brigade
5th SA Horse
6th SA Horse
7th SA Horse
8th SA Horse
2nd South African Infantry Brigade
5th SA Infantry
6th SA Infantry
Divisional Troops
No. 1 Battery South African Field Artillery
No. 3 Battery South African Field Artillery
No. 8 Field Battery
No. 13 Howitzer Battery
No. 5 LAM Battery
Volunteer MG company
APPENDIX SIX
British Forces in East Africa:
Summarised Order of Battle 30 June 1917
1. ‘NORFORCE’ (BRIG.-GEN. E. NORTHEY)
Col. R. Murray’s Column
Rhodesia Native Regiment
Northern Rhodesia Police (less two companies)
British South African Police
Col. G. Hawthorn’s Column
2/1 King’s African Rifles
1st South African Rifles
2nd South African Rifles
Northern Rhodesia Police (two companies)
Nyasaland Border Force
5th South African Infantry
¼ King’s African Rifles
King’s African Rifles (Zomba Depot)
Force Reserve
1/1 King’s African Rifles
Force Troops
South African Motor Cyclist Corps
5th Battery South African Mounted Rifles
2. ‘HANFORCE’ (BRIG.-GEN. J.A. HANNYNGTON)
No. 1 Column (Col. R. Rose/Col. G. Orr)
7th South African Infantry
33rd Punjabis
Gold Coast Regiment
2/2 King’s African Rifles
No. 2 Column (Col. H. Grant/Col. R. Ridgway)
129th Baluchis
1/3 King’s African Rifles
2/3 King’s African Rifles
3/3 King’s African Rifles
Force Reserve
8th South African Infantry
3. LINDI COLUMN (BRIG.-GEN. H. DE C. O’GRADY)
25th Royal Fusiliers
½ King’s African Rifles
3/2 King’s African Rifles
¾ King’s African Rifles
No. 259 Machine-gun Company
4. NIGERIAN BRIGADE (BRIG.-GEN. F.H.B. CUNLIFFE)
1st Battalion, Nigeria Regiment
2nd Battalion, Nigeria Regiment
3rd Battalion, Nigeria Regiment
4th Battalion, Nigeria Regiment
Gambia Company
5. IRINGA COLUMN (COL. W.K. FRASER-TYTLER)
17th Indian Infantry
2/4 King’s African Rifles
GENERAL RESERVE
30th Punjabis
Cape Corps
1/6 King’s African Rifles
LINES OF COMMUNICATION
130th Baluchis
40th Pathans
5th Light Infantry
British West Indies Regiment
Bharatpur Imperial Service Troops
Jhind Imperial Service Troops
Kapurthala Imperial Service Troops
3rd Gwalior Imperial Service Troops
Rampur Imperial Service Troops
2nd West India Regiment
Arab Rifles
Plus artillery and ancillary units
APPENDIX SEVEN
German East Africa Schutztruppe:
Order of Battle 14 October 1917
Commander-in-Chief: Oberst P. von Lettow-Vorbeck
1. MAIN FORCE
Note: * indicates naval rank
Headquarters
Chief Staff Officer: Hptm. E. Müller
Ordnance Officers: Lt Vortisch, Lt von Katte
Quartermaster: Lt Besch*
Medical Officer: Dr Stolowsky
Provost-Marshal: Lt Vortisch
HQ Commandant: Oberveterinär Dr Huber
A. Abteilung Wahle (Generalmajor K. Wahle)
Headquarters
Staff Officer: Oberlt Boell
Medical Officer: Stabarzt Dr Mohn
Legal counsel: Hptm. Schmid
Post Commander at Mahiwa: Oberstlt Freiherr von Bock
Abt. Rothe (Hptm. W. Rothe)
Kompanie Tanga – Hptm. W. Rothe
20/FK – Lt Tietgen
19/FK – Hptm. Krüger
Abt. von Lieberman (Hptm. E. von Lieberman)
‘S’ Kompanie – Oberlt Thiel
14/ResK – Oberlt Wunderlich*
3/FK – Lt Ott
‘O’ Kompanie (Hptm. W. Vorberg)
4/SchK (Oberlt W. Methner)
9/FK (Hptm. U. von Chappuis)
1 Batterie – 10.5cm howitzer (Hptm. von Kaltenborn-Stachau)
5 Artillerieabteilung – 10.5cm field gun, 4.7cm field gun (Oberlt Wenig*)
B. Abteilung von Ruckteschell (Oberlt W. von Ruckteschell)
21/FK – Oberlt von Ruckteschell
10/FK – Oberlt von Busse
C. Abteilung Göring (Hptm. K. Göring)
4/FK – Hptm. Göring
14/FK – Lt Batzner
13/FK – Lt Brucker
8/SchK – Oberlt Meyer
17/FK – Oberlt Freiherr von Schrötter
2 Batterie: two 7.5cm mountain guns (Vizefeldwebel Sabath)
D. Abteilung Köhl (Oberlt F. Köhl)
6/SchK – Lt Wolfram
18/FK – Kptlt Jantzen*
4 Batterie: Portuguese mountain gun (Vizefeldwebel Eylert)
E. Etappenleitung (HQ) (Hptm. P. Stemmermann)
11/FK – Lt Kempner
F. Abteilung Kraut (Major G. Kraut)
25/FK – Oberlt H. Müller
2/FK – Lt von Scherbening
3/SchK – Oberlt Osman
‘I’ Kompanie – Hptm. von Gellhorn
Abt. Schultz – Hptm. Schulz
Etappenkompanie – Oberlt Dransfeld
5/SchK – Hptm. Klinghardt
10.5cm field gun (Lt Frankenburg*)
G. Feldintendanturabteilungen (Quartermasters’ detachments)
Massassi – Lt Kluge
Lindi/Mahiwa – Lt Vibrans
H. Feldlazarette (Field hospitals)
I – Stabarzt Dr Weck
II – Oberarzt Dr Wolf
IV – Regierungsarzt Dr Thierfelder
V – Stabarzt Dr Greisert
(III –Dr Brühl – had been captured on the Rufiji on 21 April 1917 with sixty German and 140 African patients)
I. Etappenlazarette (Base hospitals)
I – Stabarzt Dr Breuer
II – Stabarzt Dr Müller
Sanitätsreserve – Stabsapotheker Dr Schulze
2. WESTTRUPPEN
Commander: Hptm. T. Tafel
Staff Officer: Hptm. Augar
Adjutant: Lt Dannert
Quartermaster: Hptm. E. von Brandis
Medical Officer: Stabarzt Dr Grothusen
Provost-Marshal: Dr Oeschger
A. Abteilung Schoenfeld (Kvtkpt W. Schoenfeld
*)
Abt. Aruscha – Lt Kaempfe
2/SchK – Hptm. Rothert
24/FK – Lt Zeltmann
23/FK – Oberlt Schlawe*
B. Abteilung von Brandis (Hptm. E. von Brandis)
Abt. Pangani – Lt Bohlen
5/FK – Oberlt Gutknecht
C. Abteilung Aumann (Hptm. H. Aumann)
‘L’ Kompanie – Hptm. Aumann
22/FK – Oberlt Niemir
D. Abteilung Poppe (Hptm. M. Poppe)
6/FK – Hptm. Poppe
E. Abteilung Otto (Hptm. E. Otto)
1/FK – Oberlt Merensky
7/FK – Lt Kalman
15/FK – Hptm. Lincke
29/FK – Oberlt Herm*
C73 9cm field gun (Lt Kühn)
Batterie Vogel (Oberlt Vogel) – 6cm field gun and 3.7cm field gun
F. Abteilung von Heyden (Hptm. E. von Heyden-Linden)
1/SchK – Hptm. von Heyden-Linden
Königsberg Kompanie – Obering. Schilling*
G. Patrol Kloefkorn (Lt H. Kloefkorn*)
H. Feldintendanturabteilung (Quartermaster) Mlembwe (Intend. T. Ehmig)
I. Etappenkommando (HQ) Liwale (Hptm. F. Braunschweig)
K. Feldlazarette (Field hospitals)
VI – Oberstabarzt Dr Exner
VII – Stabarzt Geisler
VIII – Stabarzt Grothusen
IX – Stabarzt Dr Penschke
X – Stabarzt Erhart
Feldsanitätsdepot (Medical stores) – Oberapotheker Dörffel
APPENDIX EIGHT
British Forces in East Africa:
Summarised Order of Battle 31 March 1918
1. ‘NORFORCE’ (MAJ.-GEN. E. NORTHEY)
Col. G. Hawthorn’s Column
2/1 King’s African Rifles
3/1 King’s African Rifles
Col. C. Clayton’s Column
2nd Cape Corps
Independent Battalions
2/4 King’s African Rifles
¾ King’s African Rifles
Forces Reserve
1/1 King’s African Rifles
¼ King’s African Rifles
4/1 King’s African Rifles
Northern Rhodesia Police
2. PORTO AMELIA FORCE – ‘PAMFORCE’ (BRIG.-GEN. W.F.S. EDWARDS)
Col. R. Rose’s Column
Gold Coast Regiment
4/4 King’s African Rifles
King’s African Rifles Mounted Infantry
Col. G. Giffard’s Column
½ King’s African Rifles
2/2 King’s African Rifles
Force Troops
Gold Coast Regiment Mounted Infantry
58th Vaughan’s Rifles
3. MOZAMBIQUE FORCE – ‘MOBFORCE’
3/2 King’s African Rifles
4. GENERAL RESERVE (LINDI)
Col. T. Fitzgerald’s Column
1/3 King’s African Rifles
2/3 King’s African Rifles
3/3 King’s African Rifles
5. GARRISON TROOPS
Dar-es-Salaam: 2nd West India Regiment, Arab Rifles, British West Indies Regiment
Coastal Ports: 1/7 King’s African Rifles
Tabora: 2/6 King’s African Rifles
British East Africa: 1/5 King’s African Rifles, 1/6 King’s African Rifles
Plus artillery and ancillary units
NOTES
INTRODUCTION [pp. 1–7]
1 Grogan, p. 96
2 Bismarck speech in 1868. See Hans Spellmayer, Deutsche Kolonialpolitik im Reichstag (Kohlhammer, Stuttgart, 1931), p. 3
3 Pall Mall Gazette’ s description of the British Empire, 31 March 1900
4 Pakenham, The Boer War (Abacus, 1992), p. 572
5 Adas, p. 40
6 The Times, 27 September 1884
7 Hatton, p. 125
8 Duff (2), p. 903
9 Sandes (1), p. 498
10 See Steer, p. 262
11 DuBois, p. 707
12 Smuts, p. 145
13 DuBois, p. 714
14 African World Annual 1919,p. 29
15 Beadon, p. 292
16 Gaddis Smith, ‘The British Government and the Disposition of the German colonies in Africa, 1914–1918’, in Gifford and Louis, p. 275
17 A. Calvert, The German African Empire (Laurie, 1916), p. xv
18 The Leader, 28 November 1914
19 See, for example, Gary Sheffield’s Forgotten Victory (Headline Review, 2002), p. 325
20 Sandes (1), p. 498
21 Beck (1), p. 37
22 Northey, p. 85
23 See, for example, Africa & Orient Review, September 1920,p. 8
24 Cape Times, 3 February 1919
25 See foreword to Through Swamp and Forest: The British Campaigns in Africa (privately printed by Harrison, Jehring & Co. Ltd, undated)
26 Sheppard (2), pp. 138–9
27 Difford, pp. 93–4
28 Ibid., p. 93
29 IWM/Lewis: letter to his mother dated 15 April 1916
CHAPTER ONE:
‘The Germans Open the Ball’ [pp. 13–25]
1 The Nongqai (South African Forces magazine), January 1919,p. 18
2 IWM/Mott
3 Davis and Robertson, pp. 97–8
4 IWM/Ritter
5 IWM/McCall, p. 1
6 Ganz, p. 278
7 TNA/WO/137/3893: Solf to Schnee (23 July 1914)
8 Ada Schnee, p. 15
9 TNA/WO/137/3893: Solf to Schnee (23 July 1914)
10 Ada Schnee, pp. 14–15
11 Schnee (1), p. 35
12 TNA/WO/137/3893: Solf to Schnee (23 July 1914)
13 Schnee (2), p. 42
14 Ada Schnee, p. 43
15 Listowel, p. 55
16 Boell (1), p. 74
17 Solf, p. 89
18 Lettow-Vorbeck (1), p. 3
19 TNA/WO/137/3893: Solf to Schnee (23 July 1914)
20 Lettow-Vorbeck (1), p. 3
21 A. Russell (1), p. 196
22 Lettow-Vorbeck (1), p. 21
23 Ibid., p. 31
24 Ibid., p. 28
25 Ibid., p. 29
26 Ibid.
27 IWM/Mott, p. 3
29 Ransford, p. 238
30 Sanderson, p. 30
31 TNA/WO106/573
32 Calwell (Director of Military Operations at the War Office), p. 177
33 RH/McGregor Ross (Mss. Afr.s. 1876, Vol. 8/1), letters 628 and 629
34 Lettow-Vorbeck (1), p. 21
35 PORT/MNE/C50(a-1)
36 E.A. Martins (2), p. 183
37 This version of events – claiming that the attack was accidental – was directly contradicted by the account of another participant, Otto Pentzel
38 CHAR/13/38/56
39 TNA/CO533/145. Another file note reads: ‘Is Mr Hawkin a German agent?’
40 Hansard Vol. LXXV, pp. 1655–6
CHAPTER TWO:
Phoney War [pp. 26–39]
1 Callwell, p. 177
2 RH/Bremner, letter of 20 August 1914
3 TNA/CO/533/140
4 TNA/CO/533/142
5 RH/Bremner, letter of 20 August 1914
6 O’Neill (1), p. 64
7 Lettow-Vorbeck (1), p. 30
8 Ibid., p. 29
9 The Leader, 13 March 1915
10 Wallis (1), p. 250
11 IWM/Edwards, W.F.S.
12 RH/Masters: 8 August 1914
13 IWM/Mott
14 O’Sullevan, p. 210
15 TNA/CO/533/141
16 Charlewood, p. 125
17 Looff (1), p. 62
18 Charlewood, p. 125
19 King-Hall, p. 245
20 Sharpe, Kenya Weekly News, 4 September 1959,p. 56
21 Lettow-Vorbeck (1), p. 34
22 TNA/ADM/137/3893
23 RH/Covell
24 Sheppard (1), p. 72
CHAPTER THREE:
‘The Action of a Lunatic’ [pp. 40–58]
1 Remark of Col. Sheppard, GSO1 to IEF ‘B’ quoted in Sandes (2), p. 537
2 See Sandes (1), p. 499. The logistical troops comprised a company of Faridkot Sappers & Miners, a ‘small bridging train’ of Bombay Sappers & Miners, a Field Park of the Madras Corps and the 61st Pioneers.
3 RH/Covell. In peacetime the Homayun ferried pilgrims bound for Mecca up the Persian Gulf. Its human cargo now comprised the Faridkot Sapper & Miners, a detachment of armoured train personnel, the Ordnance Field Park, Engineer Field Park and the Supply Coolie Corps.
4 R.S. Meikle, After Big Game (Laurie, 1918), p. 85. Meikle was a visitor to Tanga in 1914.
5 Lettow-Vorbeck (1), p. 35
6 See NAM/17/FK Field Report
7 Meikle, p. 86
8 IWM/Crampton
9 TNA/CO/533/146
10 Wynn, p. 46
11 NAM/17/FK Field Report
12 Hordern, p.80 note 3
13 NAM/17/FK Field Report
14 IWM/Crampton: account of Capt. H.G. Evans of the Karmala
15 IWM/Aitken report
16 Russell (2), p. 105
17 Lettow-Vorbeck (1), pp. 39–41
18 Ibid., p. 40
19 IWM/Dunnington-Jefferson: letter from R. Meinertzhagen
20 NAM/Davidson
21 NAM/Macpherson
22 Hordern, p. 86
23 NAM/Macpherson
24 WO 95/5333: 98th Infantry War Diary
25 TNA/WO/95/5333: Hordern, p. 90
26 IWM/Wapshare
27 Lettow-Vorbeck (1), p. 43
28 Wynn, p. 93
29 Lettow-Vorbeck (1), p. 43
30 Ibid., p. 45
31 Hordern, p. 94
32 IWM/Crampton
33 Charlewood, p. 130
34 NAM/Davidson
35 IWM/Ritter
36 Ada Schnee, p. 19
37 Russell (2), p. 107
CHAPTER FOUR:
The Aftermath [pp. 59–66]
1 Hordern, p. 101
2 Callwell, p. 177, expressing the view of the Committee of Imperial Defence
3 Ada Schnee, p. 40
4 Callwell, p. 177
5 TNA/CO/533/146: Lord Curzon speech, 18 November 1914
6 TNA/CO/533/151
7 TNA/CO/533/146: Lord Curzon speech, 18 November 1914
8 TNA/CO/533/145
9 TNA/CO/533/142
10 TNA/WO/82/5210
11 CHAR/13/38/70
12 CHAR/13/38/74
13 TNA/CO/533/138, dated 3 December
14 TNA/CO/533/151 and 145
15 Wynn, p. 79
16 IWM/Wapshare diary, January 1915
17 Lord Crewe in the House of Lords, 18 November 1914 (see TNA/CO/533/146)
18 TNA/CO/533/151
19 SANMMH/Guy
20 Wylly (1), p. 96
21 RH/McGregor Ross, letter of 10 November 1914
22 TNA/CO/533/142
CHAPTER FIVE:
Marking Time [pp. 67–76]