Hohle Fels Cave
Homo antecessor (Pioneer Man)
Homo erectus
Africa and
alloparents and
Asia and
brain
climate and
Dmanisi and
early finds and
Hobbit and
H. sapiens vs.
hybridization and
language and
Multiregional model and
physical features of
population size
RAO model and
synchrotron studies and
tools
Homo ergaster
Homo floresiensis
Homo genus
Homo georgicus
Homo habilis
Homo heidelbergensis
Africa and
Africa and modern humans and
Asia and
behavior of
Boxgrove
brain
Broken Hill
dating
Denisovans and
H. sapiens and
hybridization and
physical features
RAO model and
symbolism and
tools and
X-rays and
Homo neanderthalensis. See Neanderthals
Homo rhodesiensis. See also Homo heidelbergensis
Homo sapiens. See also Cro-Magnons; interbreeding; modern human origin; Recent African Origin model; and specific behaviors, cultural and physical features, sites, and tool industries and periods
age of, in Africa
climate stresses and replacement of Neanderthals
complex technologies and, in Africa
Coon’s five lineage theory of
distinctive features of
evolution of modern, new theories on
first entry to Europe
future of
genus and species name defined
as only human species
other human species vs.
as separate from Neanderthals
split from Neanderthal and
Hong Shang
horizontal-oval (H-O) foramen
Hounsfield, Godfrey
Howell, F. Clark
Howells, William
Howiesons Poort industry
Hrdlička, Aleš
Hrdy, Sarah Blaffer
Hublin, Jean-Jacques
Huff, Chad
Hughes, Jennifer
human accelerated region 1 and 2 (HAR1, HAR2) genes
Human Revolution
human species. See also modern human origin; and specific species and theories of origin
divergence from chimps
number of
species concepts and confusion of
Humphrey, Louise
Humphrey, Nicholas
hunter-gatherers
hunting
Huxley, Thomas Henry
hybridization. See interbreeding
hyoid bones
Ice Ages
iliac pillar
imagination
imitation
initiation rites
inner ears
inner speech
innovation
intelligence
intentionality
interbreeding (hybridization)
Denisovans and
Neanderthals and
RAO model and
International Haplotype Map
Irish, Joel
Ishango fossils
island dwarfing
isotopes
ivory artifacts
Iwo Eleru
Jacob, Teuku
Jacobi, Roger
Jacobs, Zenobia
Japan
Java Man. See also Homo erectus
jaws
Jebel Faya
Jebel Irhoud
Jinniushan site
Jolly, Clifford
Jones, Steve
Jorde, Lynn
Kapthurin, Kenya
Kebara site
Keinan, Alon
Keith, Arthur
Kelly, Raymond
Kent’s Cavern
Khoisan (Bushman)
killing at a distance
King, William
Kingdon, Jonathan
kinship systems
Klasies River Mouth Caves
Klein, Richard
Knight, Chris
knives
Kostenki site
Kow Swamp
Krantz, Grover
Krapina site
Kruszynski, Robert
Ksar ’Akil
Kubrick, Stanley
Kuhn, Steven
Kurtén, Björn
Kvavadze, Eliso
La Chapelle-aux-Saints
La Cotte de St. Brelade
lactase gene
Laetoli H.18 skull. See Ngaloba
La Ferrassie
Lahr, Marta
Laitman, Jeff
Laland, Kevin
Lalueza-Fox, Carles
Lambert, Charla
landmarks
language
Lapedo Valley
Large Hadron Collider (Geneva)
Lascaux cave painting
laser ablation
Later Stone Age
Leakey, Louis
Leakey, Mary
Leakey, Meave
Leakey, Richard
learning
Lee, Sang-Hee
Le Moustier site
Lemuria
leptin receptor gene
Les Rois Cave
Lewis-Williams, David
Liang Bua Cave
Libby, Willard
lice
Lieberman, Daniel
Lieberman, Philip
Linnaeus, Carl
Lion Man figurine
Long, Jeffrey
longevity
“Lucy”
luminescence dating
Lyell, Charles
Maba, China
Machiavellian intelligence
Magubike rock shelter
malaria
Malaysia
mammoth
Mandenka people
mandibular foramen
manganese dioxide pigments
Marean, Curtis
Marillac Neanderthals
marine resources
Martin, Bob
mate exchanges and marriage. See also sexual selection
mating frequency
Mauer
MC1R pigmentation gene
McBrearty, Sally
McCown, Theodore
meat eating
Melanesia
Mellars, Paul
memory
of dreams
music and
religion and
working
Mendel, Gregor
mentalese, defined
metalworking
Metspalu, Mait
Mezmaiskaya Neanderthal
microcephalin (MCPH1) gene
microcephaly
microscopes
microtephra
middle ear bones
Middle East
Middle Paleolithic
Upper Paleolithic transition
Middle Stone Age
Later Stone Age transitions
migrations
Miller, Geoffrey
mind reading
mines
mirror neurons
Mithen, Steven
mitochondria
“Mitochondrial DNA and Human Evolution” (Cann, Stoneking, and Wilson)
mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA)
Australia and
Denisovan
dispersal from Africa and
human evolution calibrated with
hybridization and
lice and
Neanderthal
RAO and
Mitochondrial Eve (lucky mother)
modern human origin. See also Cro-Magnons; Homo sapiens; inter
breeding; Out of Africa; Recent African Origin model; and specific behaviors, cultures, physical and genetic features, and sites
Darwin on
debate over
distinction between human species and
interbreeding and
main theories of, pre-1970
Neanderthal-human relationship and
RAO model developed
single center theory
time scale of
modern humans, future of
Montastruc rock shelter
Moore, James
morphometrics
conventional
geometric
morphological species concept
morphology, decreasing diversity in
Morris, Desmond
Morwood, Mike
“mostly Out of Africa” models
Moula-Guercy Neanderthals
Mousterians
Multiple Dispersals model
Multiregional model
assimilation and
Hobbit and
Homo sapiens and
Mitochondrial Eve and
Mungo 3 and
RAO model vs.
multivariate analysis
Mungo, Lake, burials
music
Naked Ape, The (Morris)
Namib Desert
Narmada fossils
Natural History Museum (London)
natural selection
Nature
Nazlet Khater site
Neanderthal Phase model
Neanderthals
art and
behavior
birth and
blood groups
brain and
burials
cannibalism and
childhood development and
childhood stress and
classification of
climate and
cloning and
clothing and
continuity with modern humans and
dating of
Denisovans vs.
diet
discovery and naming
dispersal of
dogs and
evolution of, in Europe
extinction of
genes and genome
Heinrich event and
H-O foramens and
Human Revolution and
human split from
hunting and
injuries and violence
interbreeding and
intermediate models and
language and
lice and
longevity and
missing links
modern humans vs.
modern interactions with
new finds
physical features of
population size
replacement of
social learning and
social support and
symbolism and
synchrotron studies
teeth
Toba volcano and
tools and
water crossing and
X-rays of
Neander Valley skeleton of 1856
Nei, Masatoshi
neocortex
neurotransmitters
Ngaloba (Laetoli H.18 skull)
Ngandong
Niah
Niassa Rift
nitrogen isotopes
Noah’s Ark model
North Africa
nose
Oase site
Oberkassel site
occipital lobe
O’Connell, James
Olduvai Gorge
Olorgesailie site
Omo Kibish
On the Origin of Species (Darwin)
Oppenheimer, Stephen
optically stimulated luminescence (OSL) dating
orangutan
Ötzi (Alpine iceman)
Out of Africa. See also Recent African Origin model
brain changes and
genetic data and dispersal
more than single exodus
Neanderthal-modern genome and
plus Hybridization model
Recent African Origin as term vs.
Out of Africa 1 model
Oyelaran, Philip
Pääbo, Svante
Page, David
parasites
Parfitt, Simon
parietal lobe
Parkington, John
pastoralists
pattern recognition
Paviland burials
Peking Man
penis size
perikymata
Petraglia, Michael
Pettitt, Paul
phenylthiocarbamide (PTC) gene
phonemes
physical clocks
physical dating methods
pigments. See also specific types
Piltdown Man
Pinker, Steven
Pinnacle Point Caves
Pithecanthropus alalus, proposed
Pithecanthropus erectus
plant resources
Pleistocene epoch
pluvial period
polygamy
polymerase chain reaction (PCR)
Ponce de León, Marcia
Ponor River Caves
population density
culture and
population size. See also demography
African Middle Stone Age and
culture and
effective, defined
future evolution and
innovation and
mtDNA to track
X-chromosomes and
potassium-argon dating
Powell, Adam
Predmostí skulls
Premo, Luke
Pre-sapiens model
pressure flaking
Previc, Fred
primates, nonhuman. See also specific species
alliance and
alloparents and
brain and
descent and
group size and
mind reading and
rituals and
sclera of
shame and
social behavior of
projectile weaponry
protocadherin-15 gene
pubic ramus
pygmies
Qafzeh Cave
racial categories. See also regional characteristics
radiocarbon dating
AMS
ultrafiltration
Rainbow Serpent myth
Ramachandran, Vilayanur
Recent African Origin (RAO) model
African variations and
Assimilation model vs.
demography and
development of
genetic studies and
Mitochondrial Eve and
Multiregionalism model vs.
new data and conclusions about
Omo Kibish site and
Out of Africa as term vs.
regional differences and
Redding, Richard
red ocher
Reed, David
Multiregional model and
genetics and
RAO model and
Reich, David
relative dating
release from proximity
Relethford, John
religion. See also rituals; shamanism
Replacement model
RESET project
Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphisms
reticulation
Revedin, Anna
rhinoceros
Rhodesian Man. See Broken Hill skull
Richards, Michael
Richerson, Peter
rituals
RNA (ribonucleic acid)
Roberts, Bert
Roberts, Mark
Robin Hood Cave
Robock, Alan
rodent fossils
Rodseth, Lars
Roebroeks, Wil
Röntgen, Wi
lhelm
Rosas, Antonio
Rose, Jeffrey
Roseman, Charles
Roychoudhury, Arun
Sabeti, Pardis
Saccopastore
Sahara, greening of
Sahelanthropus
Saint-Césaire
Salé cranium
salivary amylase gene
Samra, Lake
San Bushman
Sandawe hunter-gatherers
Sangirari
sapropels
Sarich, Vince
Sauer, Carl
Sautuola, Marcelino Sanz de
scanning electron microscope
scavenging
Schaaffhausen, Hermann
Schöningen
Schwarcz, Henry
Science
Scladina Cave
Sclater, Philip
sclera
sea levels
Secrets of the Lost Races (Noorbegen)
self-awareness
selfishness of genes
semicircular canals
sewing
sexual dimorphism
sexual division of labor
sexual selection
shamanism
shame
Shanidar Cave
Shaw, Thurstan
Shea, John
shell artifacts. See also beads, shell
shellfish
Shennan, Stephen
Sherborne bone
shoes
Shoshone people
Shylakhter, Ilya
sickle-cell anemia
Sima de las Palomas
Sima de los Huesos
Singa cranium
single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP)
sinuses
skeleton. See also specific sites
Skhul site
dating
skin color
skulls. See also brain; braincase; and specific sites and types
data gathering on, in 1971
genetic drift and
new techniques to measure
regional differences
Smith, Fred
Smith, Tanya
Social Brain Hypothesis (SBH)
social learning
demography and
social life. See also communication; language; and other specific activities
alloparents and
brain and
conflict and
food production and
gossip and grooming and
mirror neurons and
music and
religion and
social networks
social structure
social support
Soffer, Olga
Solfatara crater
Solo site
Solutraean industry
Sommer, Jeffrey
species, defined
Spectrum Hypothesis
sperm
SPEX (single primer extension) technique
Spoor, Fred
Spy site
Sri Lanka sites
Stage 3 project
Stegodon
Steinheim
stereolithography
Sterkfontein site
Stewart, John
Still Bay industry
Stiner, Mary
Stoneking, Mark
strontium isotopes
sulci (furrows)
sulphur isotopes
Sungir site 105
surfing
Svoboda, Jiří
sweat glands
Sykes, Bryan
symbolism. See also art; music; religion
Neanderthals and
shamanism and
synchrotron
Systema Naturae (Linneaus)
Tabun site
Tafforeau, Paul
TAS2R38 gene
Tasmania
taste abilities