tattoos
Taung skull
Taylor, Timothy
teeth
Boxgrove
Broken Hill
cooking and
dating
Denisovan
Devil’s Tower
growth lines
H. erectus
Hobbit
incremental daily lines
longevity and
migrations and
molar eruption age
Neanderthal-modern mix possibility
Neanderthals
Oase
Out of Africa model and
shoveling
synchrotron studies
Tianyaun skeleton
as tools
Üçağizli Cave
wear seriation studies
teeth, animal
Templeton, Alan
temporal bone
temporal lobe
tephras
Teyssandier, Nicolas
theory of mind
therianthropes
thermoluminescence (TL) dating
thermoregulation
Thomas, Mark
Thorne, Alan
thought
throat
Tianyuan Cave. See also Zhoukoudian site
tick shells
Tillier, Anne-Marie
Timmreck, Claudia
Tishkoff, Sarah
Toba eruption
Tomasello, Michael
tomography
tools. See also specific industries, periods, and sites
adhesives and
apes and
atlatls
Australian
behavior and
blades
bone
bows and arrows
brain and
burins (engraving)
complex
composite
demography and
diversity and
Dmanisi
end scrapers
fishing
flakes
grinding
hammers
handaxes
Hobbit
Human Revolution and
hunting and
language and
leaf points
mining and
modern behavior and
Neanderthal
Neanderthal, vs. Cro-Magnons
needles
nets
Oase
preheating
ropes
scrapers
spear points
spears
Tasmanian
teeth as
traps and nets
Üçağizli
weapons
wooden
Torquay Museum
Torres Straits islanders
Toups, Melissa
tree ring dating
Trinkaus, Erik
Trivers, Robert
trust
Tsodilo Hills cave
tsunamis
Turner, Christy
Twin Rivers site
tympanic bone
Üçağizli (Three Mouths) Cave
ultrafiltration dating
ultraviolet (UV) light
Upper Paleolithic
uranium-series (U-S) dating
Vallebona, Alessandro
Vandermeersch, Bernard
Vanhaeran, Marian
varves dating
Venus figurine, “headless”
Vindija Neanderthals
violence. See also warfare
vision
volcanic dating
volcanic winter
Wadley, Lyn
Walker, Alan
Wallace, Alfred Russel
warfare
water, drinking
wear seriation
Weaver, Tim
Weidenreich, Franz
Weiner, Joseph
Wells, Spencer
West Africa
White, Randall
White, Tim
Whiten, Andrew
Willandra Lakes DNA studies
Willoughby, Pamela
Wilson, Allan
Wolpert, Lewis
Wolpoff, Milford
Woodward, Arthur Smith
Wrangham, Richard
wrist
Wu Xinzhi
Wynn, Thomas
X-chromosomes
dispersals from Africa and
X-rays
Xujiayao
Y-chromosome
Yotova, Vania
Yunxian, Chin
Zagros Mountains
Zhiren Cave
Zhoukoudian site
Zilhão, João
“Zinjanthropus” skull
Zollikofer, Christoph
Zoser, Pharoah
Zwigelaar, Tom
About the Author
Chris Stringer is the author of The Complete World of Human Evolution, Homo britannicus, and more than two hundred books and papers on the subject of human evolution. One of the world’s foremost paleoanthropologists, he is a researcher at the Natural History Museum in London and a Fellow of the Royal Society. He has three children and lives in Sussex and London.
ALSO BY CHRIS STRINGER
Homo britannicus
The Complete World of Human Evolution (with Peter Andrews)
African Exodus (with Robin McKie)
In Search of the Neanderthals (with Clive Gamble)
Times Books
Henry Holt and Company, LLC
Publishers since 1866
175 Fifth Avenue
New York, New York 10010
www.henryholt.com
Henry Holt® is a registered trademark of Henry Holt and Company, LLC.
Copyright © 2012 by Chris Stringer
All rights reserved.
Originally published in the United Kingdom in 2011 by Allen Lane as The Origin of Our Species
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Stringer, Chris, 1947–
Lone survivors : how we came to be the only humans on earth / Chris Stringer.
p. cm.
Includes index.
ISBN 978-0-8050-8891-5
1. Human beings—Origin. 2. Human evolution. I. Title.
GN281.L65 2012
599.93'8—dc23 2011030434
First U.S. Edition 2012
eISBN 978-1-4299-7344-1