Forschungsabteilung Judenfrage (Research Department for the Jewish Question), 13, 233–35
France:
Dreyfus affair in, 127, 136
émigré libraries in, 141–54, 262
Freemasons in, 129–30
Jews with citizens’ rights in, 42, 135–36, 163
Normandy invasion, 231, 246–47, 268
property confiscated in, 32, 107, 134–41, 139, 209, 229, 271–72
Franco, Francisco, 102, 128
Frank, Adolf, 235
Frank, Anne, 27
Frank, Hans, 248
Frank, Walter, 13, 60, 182, 240
Frankfurt institute, see Institut zur Erforschung der Judenfrage
Franz Ferdinand, assassination of, 122–23, 127, 219
Frederick, Prince, 120
Frederick the Great, 129
free corps writers, 47–48, 49, 63, 90
Freemasons, 119–33, 288
Charter van Keulen (Cologne Charter), 132
conspiracy theories about, 122–24, 126–28, 237
golden hammer of, 132
and humanism, 128
as ideological enemies, x, 23, 30, 51, 104, 106, 114, 120–22, 129, 203–4, 237
and Illuminati, 131, 225
mythology of, 126
persecution of, 36, 121, 128, 131
property confiscated from, 22, 31, 32, 60, 69, 125, 129–30, 132, 202, 225, 297
RSHA research on, 242–44
Freikorps (free corps), 44
French Enlightenment, 46, 98
French Revolution, 42, 126, 131, 135, 163
Frenzel, Elisabeth, 235
Freud, Sigmund, 5, 11, 193
Frick, Wilhelm, 49, 50
Friedman, Philip, 140
Führer Gives a City to the Jews, The (film), 221
Fürth, Jaro, 220
Furtwängler, Wilhelm, 247
Galerius, Emperor, 173
German expressionism, 45, 48, 75
German idealism, 41
German romanticism, 41, 46, 48
Germany:
abdication of the kaiser, 44
Allied bombing of, 224–25
culture in, 242
extreme right in, 46–48, 50, 64, 77
and Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact (1939), 193–94
revolution (1918) in, 44, 80, 123
science in, 86–87, 90–91
Soviet plundering of books from, 261–63, 298
war with Soviet Union, 129, 152, 205–6, 208, 214, 248–49
world conquest as goal of, 13, 78, 83, 152, 206
Gerron, Kurt, 221
Gestapo, 30, 65, 68, 104, 108, 208
Gide, André, 138, 231
Giesler, Hermann, 72, 91
Gobineau, Arthur de, 79, 240
Goebbels, Joseph, 2, 6–7, 10, 21, 89, 235, 240, 245, 247, 248
Goethe, Johann Wolfgang von, 7, 9, 35, 40–43, 55, 78
and Anna Amalia Library, 52
Faust, 37
as Freemason, 129
as Illuminati member, 131
as national poet, 43
Nazification of, 50–52, 53–54
statue of, 40, 42–43
“The Wanderer’s Night Song,” 37
Goethe and Schiller Archive, 51, 54, 55–56
Goethe Association, 51
“Goethe-Eiche” (Goethe’s oak), 37–40, 41
Goethe Museum, Weimar, 51
Goldschmidt, Arthur, 55–56, 57, 58
Goldschmidt, Elijah Jacob, 208, 209
Gorbachev, Mikhail, 296
Göring, Hermann, 89, 121, 201, 283
and Gestapo, 65
recipient of plundered art, x, 21, 107, 108
suicide of, 284
Gorky, Maksim, 213
Görtsch, Werner, 243
Gotthardt, Hermann, 208, 209
Grade, Chaim, 192
Granada, Jews massacred in, 112
Grand Lodge of England, 126
Grand Orient of France, 130
Grau, Wilhelm, 107, 239, 284
Great Synagogue, Warsaw, 68, 198, 199
Greece:
ELAS resistance movement, 185
Jewish property recovery denied in, 187
Nazi plundering in, 182, 229
Saloníki ceded to, 181
“the Jewish question” in, 184, 235
Gregory IX, Pope, 161
Grimm, Hans, 9, 48
Grimsted, Patricia Kennedy, 141, 227, 245, 263, 306
Gropius, Walter, 45, 50
Grothe, Hugo, 229
Grothe, Walter, 106–7
Grumach, Ernst, 225–26
Günther, Hans F. K., 50, 235
Gurlitt, Cornelius, 29
Gutenberg Bibles, 52, 150–51, 195, 263
Hagemeyer, Hans, 246–47, 248
Haim Habib, Rabbi Haham, 183–84
Hanseatic League, 78
Hartmann, Uwe, 29, 31–34
Haufe, Rüdiger, 55, 56, 58
Haus der Deutschen Kunst, 59
Hebrew language, 190, 209, 279
Hebrew University, Jerusalem, 276
Hegel, Friedrich, 41, 43
Heidegger, Martin, 86
Heine, Heinrich, 1, 234
Herder, Johann Gottfried, 41, 43
Hermitage, St. Petersburg, 300
Herrenchiemsee, 71–72
Herrmann, Wolfgang, 4, 5, 10
Hertling, Georg von, 291–96, 309, 312
Hertz, Gustav, 86
Herzl, Theodor, 213
Herz-Sommer, Alice, 220
Hexenkartothek (witchcraft research), 244–45
Heydrich, Reinhard, 108, 128, 243, 283
Heyse, Paul, 86
Himbler, Margareth, 244
Himmler, Heinrich, 35, 89, 184, 248
and Bayerische Politische Polizei, 61, 62
and Buchenwald, 37, 40
and ghettos, 214–17
occultism as interest of, 68, 73, 121, 128, 225, 242–46
and Operation Barbarossa, 199, 201
and RSHA, 22, 30, 68, 73, 242, 244
as SS head, x, 63, 64–65, 68, 69, 108, 201–2, 283
suicide of, 267
Hindenburg, Paul von, 3
Hirschel, Louis, 99, 114, 118, 270
Hirschfeld, Magnus, 6, 9
Hitler, Adolf, 19, 66, 71, 265, 266
anti-Semitism of, 81–82, 238, 239, 246, 247
and Beer Hall Putsch, 123
cult of, 3, 21, 51–52, 74–75, 88, 91, 199, 282
and Hohe Schule, 73, 89, 91
Mein Kampf, 8, 63, 80, 82, 83, 87
and Munich Accord, 109
opponents of, 65, 184, 201–2, 309
recipient of plundered art, x, 59, 107
rise to power, 81, 308
and Rosenberg, 76, 80, 82, 108, 200–201, 202, 248, 266–67
and Soviet Union, 194, 249
and SS, 64, 65
Hohe Schule der NSDAP, 203
plans for, 72–73, 89, 91–92, 104, 105–6, 133, 202, 233, 235, 282
research institutes, 233–34, 248
Zentralbibliothek, 227–30, 271
Holocaust, 13, 145, 176, 247, 258, 277
book burnings as symbolic of, 11, 265
ideological justification for, 211, 239–40
and Nuremberg trials, 268
plans for, 233, 283
records kept of, 212
remembering, xii, 2, 240–42, 290, 307
survivors of, xi–xii, 27, 99, 187, 212, 254, 257, 270, 2
76, 294
homosexuals, 23, 36
Hoogewoud, Frits J., 110, 113, 115
Hörisch, Jochen, 235
House of Wisdom, Baghdad, 111
Hungary, German occupation of, 239
Husseini, Haj Amin al-, 247
IISG (Internationaal Instituut voor Sociale Geschiedenis), 100–101, 108, 109, 114, 137, 230, 263, 270–71
Illuminati, 126, 130–31, 225
Innocent III, Pope, 160
Inquisition, 36, 97, 112, 161–64
Institut d’Etudes des Questions Juives (Institute for Studies on the Jewish Question), 247–48
Institute for Jewish Culture, see YIVO
Institut für Sexualwissenschaft (Institute for Sexual Studies), 5–6, 12, 67
Institut zur Erforschung der Judenfrage (Institute for Research on the Jewish Question), 105, 115, 134, 137, 139, 140, 161, 168, 182, 209, 227–30, 232–36, 238, 241, 247–48, 250, 270, 274, 284
intellectuals, 6–8, 12–13, 225–26
Intelligenzaktion, 196
Israel:
books sent to, 254, 257, 273, 276
cultural identity of, 277
Israelitische Kultusgemeinde, Vienna, 67, 256
Istanbul, first book printed in, 97
Italian Renaissance, 179
Italy:
Allied invasion of, 268
Jews in, 158–72
property confiscated in, 209, 229, 272
resistance to Nazis in, 184
Ivan IV, Tsar, 145
Jagor, Fedor, 18–19
Jehovah’s Witnesses, 23, 36
Jesuiter, Max, 199
Jesuit order, 69, 124
Jeu de Paume, Paris, 134–35
Jewish Cultural Reconstruction (JCR), 254, 276
Jewish Diaspora, 160
Jewish Enlightenment (Haskalah), 98
Jewish Museum, Prague, 251–60
Jewish Museum, Saloníki, 176
Jewish Pale of Settlement, 189
Jewish Theological Seminary, Breslau, 67
Jewish Theological Seminary, Lublin, 197
Jewish Theological Seminary, New York, 171
Jews:
in Al-Andalus, 110–12
“artificial” (künstlicher Jude), 124, 127
Ashkenazi, 94, 114, 189–90, 192
assimilation of, 190
cemeteries desecrated, 174, 175, 176, 183
citizenship for, 42, 135–36, 163
confiscated property of, 19, 27, 30–31, 55–56, 60, 67, 106, 115–16, 138, 140–41, 158, 165–68, 183–84, 202, 241, 258
conspiracy theories about, 73, 77–81, 102, 104, 115, 122–23, 124, 127–28, 234–35, 236–38, 246, 248, 283
conversos, 110, 112, 162
and Damascus affair, 135
education systems of, 135–36, 179
and Elders of Zion, 77–78
extermination of, 118, 134, 145, 198, 208–9, 223, 238–41, 277
flight of, 55, 56, 138, 182
Hasidism, 191
Hebrew and Yiddish language, 69
as ideological enemies, x, 2, 3, 4, 5, 7–8, 23, 47, 50, 68, 69, 85, 104, 121, 129, 196, 241
international conference on, 246–48
and Kristallnacht, 67, 309, 311
literature of, 97, 161–65
medical experiments on, 186
and memory, 241–42
and Nazi anti-Semitism, 13, 42, 48, 50–51, 53, 64, 80–87
and Nuremberg Laws, 166
persecution of, 2, 8, 11, 67, 77, 112, 113, 121, 135, 145, 160–64, 170, 186, 191, 275–76
private libraries of, 6, 19, 55, 98–99, 110, 113–17, 182–83
scholastic culture of, 111, 189, 251, 270, 277, 280
and science, 86–87
sent to death camps, 36, 67, 114, 117, 118, 138, 184–87, 198, 209, 214–16, 220, 221–22, 223–24, 239, 252, 290–91, 294
Sephardic, 94, 96, 97, 109–18, 158–64, 169, 178–82, 183, 284
slave library workers, 69, 209, 210–14, 222, 223, 225–26, 288
and Tanakh (Bible), 156, 157
and “The Jewish Question,” 105, 136, 166, 234, 238–40
and world banking, 138, 292
yellow star worn by, 160, 184
Zionists, 102, 116, 135, 180, 190, 254
Joelsohn, Rudi, 15, 19
Johst, Hanns, 7, 49
Joseph II, emperor of Austria, 219
Judas Maccabeus, 159
Judea, conquest of, 159–60
Jung, Guido, 166
Kaczerginski, Shmerke, 215, 216–17, 278–80
Kadima library, Saloníki, 181
Kafka, Franz, 223, 251
Kaiserschlacht (Kaiser’s Battle), 44
Kalmanovitj, Zelig, 211, 214, 216
Kaltenbrunner, Ernst, 243, 246, 283, 284
Kampfbund für deutsche Kultur (Militant League for German Culture), 50, 51, 54
“Kampflied der Nationalsozialisten” (Nazi battle song), 9
Kandinsky, Wassily, 50, 300
Kaplan, Chaim, 242
Kaplan, Hélène, 141–45, 149, 150, 152–54
Kappler, Herbert, 167, 170
Karamzin, Nikolay, 145
Karl-Marx-Haus Trier, 18
Katz, Robert, Black Sabbath, 164
Keitel, Wilhelm, 284
Keizersgracht 264, Amsterdam, 100, 104, 107–9
Kellenbenz, Hermann, 182, 284
Keller, Helen, 11
Kellner, Stephan, 59–60, 62–63, 71
Kertész, Imre, 36
Kiev Monastery of the Caves, 230
Kircheisen, Friedrich Max, 229
Klassik Stiftung Weimar, 52, 53, 54
Klee, Paul, 50
Klimt, Gustav, 294–95
Kloss, Georg, 120, 132
Knights Templar, 120
Knoche, Michael, 52, 54, 58
Knorring, Nikolai, 148, 150
Kobrak, Charlotte, 294, 307–8
Kobrak, Käthe, 308–9, 311–12
Kobrak, Richard, ix, 16, 291–96, 293, 305, 306–12
Koch, Erich, 201, 266
Kortezs, Zvi, 183
Kotljarevskaja, Marija, 150
Krasiński, Zygmunt, 142
Krebs, Friedrich, 232
Krieck, Ernst, 86
Kristallnacht (1938), 67, 309, 311
Krokowski, Heike, 55, 58
Kronfeld, Arthur, 6
Kropotkin, Peter, 150
Kruk, Herman, 209–13, 217, 241, 279
Künsberg, Baron Eberhard von, 203
Kuperminc, Jean-Claude, 134–36, 272
Kuznitz, Cecile E., 193
Lachman, Walter, 27–28
Lagedi forced-labor camp, 216
Landowska, Wanda, 138
La Rochefoucauld, François de, 145
League of Nations, 7
Lebensraum, 9, 206, 229
Legend of the Dagger Thrust, 47–48, 49, 123
Lenard, Philipp, 86–87
Lenin, V. I., 4, 9, 143–45, 148, 149, 237, 300
Lenin Library, Minsk, 205, 231
Lenin Library, Moscow, 263, 264, 303
Leonardo da Vinci, 150
Leo X, Pope, 161
Levi, Primo, 187
Lèvy, Gisèle, 155–56, 158, 161–62, 171
Lewisohn, Ludwig, 11
Ley, Robert, 75, 108
Librairie Lipschutz, 138
Library for Foreign Literature, Moscow, 261–62, 304
Library of Congress, Washington, 33, 72, 274
Liechtenstein archive, 299–300
Liedtke, Father Antoni, 151, 195
Lithuania, 194; see also Vilnius
Löhner-Beda, Fritz, 38
Lönnrot, Elias, 192
Lopatin, German, 143
Louis XIV, king of France, 72
Ludendorff, Erich, 123–24, 127
Ludendorff, Mathilde, 124
Ludvig II, king of Bavaria, 72
Lunski, Khaykl, 207, 208, 209, 211, 216
Luther, Martin, 3, 35, 124
Maccabean Revolt, 159
Maimonides, 136, 160, 257
Maklakov, Vasily, 147–48
Malraux, André, 138
Mandel, Georges, 138
Manget, Jean-Jacques, 119, 125
Mann, Heinrich, 6, 49
Mann, Thomas, 2, 5, 6, 8, 46–47, 48, 49, 51, 60
Marc, Franz, 50
Marie, Valérie, 274
Marranos (conversos), 112, 113
Marshall Plan, 258
Marx, Karl, 83, 101, 103, 143, 300
Marx and Engels Archive, Amsterdam, 100, 101, 102, 103, 109
Marxism, 3, 80, 81, 240
Maurois, André, 224
May, Paul, 116
Mayer, Hans, 11
Mazower, Mark, 183
McCarthy, Joseph, 11
Mehmet II, Sultan, 178
Mendelssohn, Moses, 98
Mengele, Josef, 186
Mensheviks, 102, 144
Mezzasoma, Fernando, 247, 248
Mickiewicz, Adam, 142, 151
Miegel, Agnes, 7
Military Library, Warsaw, 197
Moczarski, Kasimierz, 199
modernism, 45–46, 47–48, 69, 74
Mohlo, Michael, 183
Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact (1939), 193–94
Montgomery, Sir Bernard Law, 267
Monuments Men, 268–69, 274–75
Mozart, Wolfgang Amadeus, 129
Muneles, Otto, 223–24, 253, 254, 256, 258, 260
Munich Accord (1938), 109
Museum for Jewish Art and Culture, Vilnius, 209–10, 278–80
Mussert, Anton, 247, 248
Mussolini, Benito, 128, 166, 167
Nadel, Arno, 16
National Archives, Washington, 270
National Chamber of Literature, 6–7
National Institute for the History of New Germany, 182, 240
nationalism, 12, 41–43, 47, 49, 50, 64, 126
National Library, Jerusalem, 171, 254, 295
National Library, Warsaw, 151, 197, 271
National Socialism, see Nazi Party; NSDAP
National Theater, Weimar, 40, 42, 43–47, 50
Nazi Party:
anti-Semitism in, 13, 42, 48, 50–51, 53, 64, 77–78, 80–86, 136, 140, 163, 166, 168, 235–39, 247–48
Beer Hall Putsch, 49, 64, 123
birth of, 60
censorship imposed by, 3, 5, 11
as cultural barbarians, 11–12
eastern front, 195–96, 199–209, 214, 231, 238, 249