14.Ibid., pp. 50–51.
15.Ibid., pp. 52–53.
16.Ibid., p. 59
17.Patricia Kennedy Grimsted, “The Road to Minsk for Western ‘Trophy’ Books: Twice Plundered but Not Yet Home from the War,” Libraries & Culture, vol. 39, no. 4, 2004.
18.Patricia Kennedy Grimsted, “Tracing Trophy Books in Russia,” Solanus 19, 2005, pp. 131–145.
19.Ibid.
20.Grimsted, Trophies of War and Empire, pp. 259–260.
21.Grimsted, “The Odyssey of the Turgenev Library from Paris, 1940–2002,” p. 56.
22.Ibid., p.65.
23.Robert Cecil, The Myth of the Master Race, London: B. T. Batsford, 1972, p. 214.
24.Alfred Rosenberg, Grossdeutschland, Traum und Tragödie, Selbstverlag H. Härtle, 1970, p. 180.
25.Cecil, The Myth of the Master Race, pp. 216–217.
26.Seymour J. Pomrenze, “Personal Reminiscences of the Offenbach Archival Depot, 1946–1949: Fulfilling International and Moral Obligations,” Washington Conference on Holocaust Era Assets, ed. J. D. Bindenagel, Washington, DC: Dept. of State, 1999, pp. 523–528.
27.Ibid.
28.Ibid.
29.Herman de la Fontaine Verwey, “Bibliotheca Rosenthaliana During the German Occupation,” in Omnia in Eo: Studies on Jewish Books and Libraries in Honor of Adri Offenberg, Celebrating the 125th Anniversary of the Bibliotheca Rosenthaliana in Amsterdam, Leuven: Peeters, 2006, pp. 70–71.
30.Jaap Kloosterman and Jan Lucassen, “Working for Labour: Three Quarters of a Century of Collecting at the IISH,” p. 14, in Rebels with a Cause, Amsterdam: Askant, 2010.
31.Patricia Kennedy Grimsted, “The Odyssey of the Petliura Library and the Records of the Ukrainian National Republic During World War II,” pp. 181–208, Cultures and Nations of Central and Eastern Europe in Honor of Roman Szporluk (ed. Zvi Gitelman), Cambridge, MA: Harvard Ukrainian Research Institute, 2000.
32.Hanna Laskarzewska, La Bibliotheque Polonaise de Paris: Les Peregrinations de Collections Dans les Annees 1940–1992, Paris: Bibliothèque Polonaise, 2004.
33.Patricia Kennedy Grimsted, Returned from Russia: Nazi Archival Plunder in Western Europe and Recent Restitution Issues, Builth Wells, Wales: Institute of Art and Law, 2013, p. 207.
34.Ibid., p. 206.
35.Ibid.
36.Ibid., p. 209.
37.Grimsted, “The Road to Minsk for Western ‘Trophy’ Books.”
38.Michael Dobbs, “Epilogue to a Story of Nazi-Looted Books,” Washington Post, January 5, 2000.
39.Ibid.
40.Sem C. Sutter, “The Lost Jewish Libraries of Vilna and the Frankfurt Institut zur Erforschung der Judenfrage,” p. 231, Lost Libraries (ed. James Raven), New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2004.
41.Paul Robert Magocsi, Historical Atlas of East Central Europe, Seattle; London: University of Washington Press, 1993, pp. 164–168.
42.Ibid.
43.Ibid.
44.W. Gelles, “Interview with Historian, and the Author of ‘The War Against the Jews’ and ‘From That Place and Time.’” Publishers Weekly, December 5, 1989.
45.Lucy S. Dawidowicz, From That Place and Time: A Memoir, 1938–1947, New York: W. W. Norton, 1989, p. 119.
46.Walter Ings Farmer, The Safekeepers: A Memoir of the Arts at the End of World War II, Berlin; New York: Walter de Gruyter, 2000, p. 101.
47.Dawidowicz, From That Place and Time, p. 316.
48.David E. Fishman, “Embers Plucked from the Fire: The Rescue of Jewish Cultural Treasures from Vilna,” pp. 73–74, The Holocaust and the Book (ed. Jonathan Rose), Amherst: University of Massachusetts Press, 2001.
49.Ibid.
50.Ibid.
51.Abraham Sutzkever, “Mon témoignage au procès de Nuremberg,” Les Ecrivains et la Guerre, Paris: Messidor, 1995.
52.Christian Delage, “The Place of the Filmed Witness: From Nuremberg to the Khmer Rouge Trial,” Cardozo Law Review, vol. 31, 2010.
53.Robert Cecil, The Myth of the Master Race, p. 221.
54.Burton C. Andrus, The Infamous of Nuremberg, London: Leslie Frewin, 1969, p. 172.
55.Cecil, The Myth of the Master Race, p. 219.
56.Ibid.
57.Ibid., p. 228.
58.Ibid., p. 229.
59.Alan E. Steinweis, Studying the Jew: Scholarly Antisemitism in Nazi Germany, Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2009, pp. 115–116.
60.Howard K. Smith, “The Execution of Nazi War Criminals,” International News Service, October 16, 1946.
15: A Book Finds Its Way Home: Berlin–Cannock
1.Richard Kobrak, ID: 123546. Ancestry.com.
2.Patricia Kennedy Grimsted, Trophies of War and Empire: The Archival Heritage of Ukraine, World War II, and the International Politics of Restitution, Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2001, p. 257.
3.Ibid.
4.Ibid., p. 258.
5.Ibid.
6.Ibid., p. 394.
7.Ibid., p. 396.
8.Ibid., p. 400.
9.Patricia Kennedy Grimsted, “The Road to Minsk for Western ‘Trophy’ Books: Twice Plundered but Not Yet Home from the War,” Libraries & Culture, vol. 39, no. 4, 2004.
10.Patricia Kennedy Grimsted, Returned from Russia: Nazi Archival Plunder in Western Europe and Recent Restitution Issues, Builth Wells, Wales: Institute of Art and Law, 2013, p. 291.
11.Grimsted, Trophies of War and Empire, p. 403.
12.Tanya Chebotarev and Jared S. Ingersoll (eds.), “Russian and East European Books and Manuscripts in the United States,” pp. 114–119, Proceedings of a Conference in Honor of the Fiftieth Anniversary of the Bakhmeteff Archive of Russia. New York: Routledge, 2014.
13.Grimsted, Returned from Russia, p. 245.
14.Ibid., p. 289.
15.Chebotarev and Ingersoll, “Russian and East European Books and Manuscripts in the United States,” pp. 117–119.
16.Patricia Kennedy Grimsted, “The Odyssey of the Turgenev Library from Paris, 1940–2002. Books as Victims and Trophies of War,” Amsterdam: IISH, 2003, p. 14.
17.Ibid., p. 90.
18.Ibid., p. 96.
19.Commission for recovery of the bibliographic patrimony of the Jewish Community of Rome stolen in 1943, Report on the Activities of the Commission for Recovery of the Bibliographic Patrimony of the Jewish Community of Rome Stolen in 1943. Translated by Lenore Rosenberg, Governo Italiano, 2009, p. 6.
20.Ibid., p. 26.
21.Ibid., p. 43.
22.Grimsted, “The Road to Minsk for Western ‘Trophy’ Books.”
23.Käthe Kobrak: Diary, August 10–15, 1995, private collection.
24.Ibid.
25.Ibid.
26.Alan Parkinson, From Marple to Hay and Back. Marple Local History Society, 2002. http://www.marple-uk.com/misc/dunera.pdf.
27.Käthe Kobrak: Diary, August 3, 1939–March 31, 1945, private collection.
Index
Abramovitsj, Gerson, 213
Abramowicz, Hirsz, 207
Al-Andalus (Iberia), 110–12
Aldanov, Mark, 145
Alexander II, Tsar, 302
Alliance Israélite Universelle, Paris, 135–37, 139, 140–41, 152, 183, 227, 272, 300
Altmann, Maria, 294
Aly, Götz, 33
American Jewish Congress (AJC), 11
Amschel, Mayer, 301
Amsterdam:
books plundered in, 257, 259, 263, 270–71, 272, 289
Jews in, 94, 96–99, 109–18, 158, 179
anarchists, 142, 144
Anderson, James, 132
Ansky, S. (Rappaport), 190, 208
Apel, Willy, 36
Arbeitsstelle für Provenienzforschung, 26, 28–29
Arendt, Hannah, 276
Aristotle, 97, 160
art:
confiscation of, x, 16, 31, 132, 134, 240, 260–61, 263
degenerate, 2, 122
distribution of plundered works, x, 107–8, 273, 294–95
Monuments Men recovery of, 268–69
provenance of, 32
Auschwitz-Birkenau camp, ix, 28, 118, 170, 185–86, 220, 223, 238, 239, 290–91, 292, 294, 301, 307
Austria, annexation of, 66, 72, 102
Averroes, 97
Axmann, Artur, 267
Bach, Johann Sebastian, 29, 35
Baeumler, Alfred, 86, 90–91
Bailey, Michael David, 245
Bakunin, Mikhail, 102
Bakunin, Pavel, 150
Baron, Salo, 276
Basto, Artur de Magalhães, 257
Bauhaus school, 45, 50
Bavarian Illuminati, 126, 130–31
Bavarian political police (BPP), 128
Bayer, Max, 1
Bayerische Politische Polizei, stamp of, 61, 62, 63
Bayerische Staatsbibliothek, 59–60, 62–63
Beatrix, queen of Netherlands, 301
Beer Hall Putsch (1932), 49, 64, 123
Beethoven, Ludwig van, 29
Behr, Baron Kurt von, 136–37
Ben Asher, Rabbi Jakob, 97
Bencowitz, Isaac, 275
Beneš, Edvard, 258
Ben-Gurion, David, 180
ben Israel, Menasseh, 97, 115
Benjamin, Walter, 4
Berberova, Nina, 147–48, 150, 151
Bergen-Belsen camp, 27, 118, 186
Bergmann, Hugo, 254, 257
Bergungsstelle für wissenschaftliche Bibliotheken (Rescue Organization for Scientific Libraries), 20–23, 227
Beria, Lavrenty, 260
Berlin:
bombing raids on, 19, 33, 172, 222, 224–25, 226, 257, 266, 288
book burning in, 1–4
evacuations from, 226–27, 229, 236, 249
Reichstag fire (1933), 2, 84
Berliner Stadtbibliothek, 14–28, 30, 55, 263, 288, 309
Bernstein, Elsa, 220
Berry, Burton, 174
Berta, Alice Victoria, 1
Beth Din Tzedek, Thessaloniki, 183
Beutler, Marion, 1
Biblioteca del Collegio Rabbinico Italiano, 156, 158–59, 166, 170–71, 227–28, 304
Biblioteca della Comunità Israelitica, 157, 159, 164, 165–68, 171, 303–4
Biblioteca Vallicellinana, Rome, 170
Biblioteka Załuskich, Warsaw, 197
Bibliotheca Klossiana, 120, 125, 131–33, 271
Bibliotheca Rosenthaliana, 93–94, 95, 97–99, 110, 112, 114–16, 117–18, 168, 227, 250, 270
Bibliothèque Polonaise, 142, 146, 150–52, 271–72
Bibliothèque Russe Tourguéniev, 141–49, 151–54, 231, 262, 264–65, 271, 303
Bismarck, Otto von, 44, 98
Bloch, Marc, 297
Bloem, Walter, 7, 21
Blum, Léon, 138, 231, 237, 297
Bockenkamm, Detlef, 16, 18, 20, 23–24, 26–28, 227, 286, 290, 294
Bohr, Niels, 86–87
Böll, Heinrich, 11
Bolsheviks, 101, 201, 233, 278
conspiracy theories about, 78–81, 235, 238
exiles in Paris, 143–44
as ideological enemies, 2, 23, 83, 122, 129, 202–3, 205–6, 236, 237–38
literature of, 68, 152
and Revolution, 76–77, 204
tsar’s family murdered by, 300
Bonaparte, Napoleon, 43, 163, 191
Bonnard, Abel, 247, 248
books:
antique almanacs, 55–56, 57
Aryanization of, 7–8
burnings of, xii, 1–13, 48, 67, 161, 265
chewed by mice, 156, 157, 171
confiscation of, x, 12, 21, 60, 66, 68, 107, 134, 151–52, 169, 233, 242, 260–64
degenerate literature, 3, 296
distribution of, 21, 30–31, 66, 184, 214, 228–30, 233, 257, 259, 262–64, 271–75, 288, 290, 303
émigré libraries, 141–54, 231, 262
free corps literature, 47–48
functions of, xii–xiii
G Geschenk (gifts) stamp in, 20, 288
ideological value of, x, 240
incunabula, 59, 97, 114, 164, 263
J Judenbücher (Jews’ books) stamps in, 16, 19, 20, 25, 251, 255, 257
Nazi collections of, 12, 29, 59, 62
and Paper Brigade, 211–14, 215, 222
in “people’s libraries,” 32, 273–74
rescuing, 20–23, 100–102, 114, 137, 227, 251–64, 268–80, 286–87, 294–95, 297–304, 305
sent to paper mills, 211, 214
symbolic value of, xii, 10, 13, 27
Bormann, Martin, 201, 266
Bosel, Siegmund, 184
Braunschweig-Wolfenbüttel, Duchess Anna Amalia, 52
Brecht, Bertolt, 4, 6, 49
Britain:
Freemasons in, 126, 132
Jews in, 97, 115
Nazi admirers of, 115
Brunner, Alois, 184–86
Buchenwald, 35–40, 114, 231, 237
Buchergilde Gutenberg, 7
Bülow-Wagner, Eva von, 78
Bund, der (General Jewish Labor Bund), 191
Bunin, Ivan, 145
Bušek, Michal, 251–54, 256–58
Buttmann, Rudolf, 60
Cain, Julien, 231
Carossa, Hans, 49
Carvalho, Ronald de, 292
Catholics:
and anti-Semitism, 160
and Counter-Reformation, 69, 161
as ideological enemies, x, 23, 36, 66, 104, 237
and witchcraft, 244–45
Centro Bibliografico, Rome, 155–56, 158, 161–62, 169
Chagall, Marc, 193, 213
Chamberlain, Houston Stewart, Die Grundlagen des neunzehnten Jahrhunderts (The Foundations of the Nineteenth Century), 78–79, 82–83, 86, 240
Child, Burrage, 274–75
Chopin, Frédéric, 142
Churchill, Winston, 128, 237, 267
Clement XII, Pope, 126
Cohn, Salo, 256
Commission for Looted Art in Europe, 56
Communist Manifesto, The, 101, 103
Communists:
crushed in Munich, 63–64
German (1919), 44, 54
as ideological enemies, x, 2, 3, 4, 21, 30, 104, 203, 204
and political instability, 258
private libraries of, 6, 142
property confiscated from, 31, 68, 233, 274
restitution resisted by, 298
Russian exiles in Paris, 144
Confino, Alon, 240, 241
Constantine the Great, 173
Constantinople, fall of, 178
Council of Europe, 299
Crémieux, Benjamin, 231
Cromwell, Oliver, 97, 115
Czechoslovakia, 109, 253, 256–58, 260
Dachau concentration camp, 218
da Costa, Uriel, 257
Dalí, Salvador, 138
Damascus affair, 135
Dannecker, Theodor, 248
Dawidowicz, Lucy S., 276–78
Debenedetti, Giacomo, 168
de la Fontaine Verwey, Herman, 99, 114, 117
Delarbre, Léon, 39
Deutsche Studentenschaft, 3–5, 9–12
Dittel, Paul, 243
Döblin, Alfred, 6
Dönitz, Karl, 265
Dreyfus, Alfred, 127, 136
Dubnov, Simon, 134, 189–90, 192, 215–16
Duchess Anna Amalia Library, Weimar, 52–58
Dunn, William Harold, 283
Dutch East India Company, 96, 132
Ebert, Friedrich, 44–45
Ebert, Georg, 130
Eckart, Dietrich, 80, 81
Ecole Rabbinique, Paris, 138
Eher, Franz, 8
Ehrenburg, Ilya, 215
Eichmann, Adolf, 128, 184, 186
Eichstät, Volkmar, 240
Eicke, Theodor, 218
Einstein, Albert, 5, 86, 87, 193, 234, 236
Eisner, Kurt, 237
Ellse, Christine, 292, 305, 306–8, 310–12
Elsner, Günther, 22
Engels, Friedrich, 83, 101, 103, 143
Enlightenment, 41, 46, 69, 126, 127, 130, 135; Jewish (Haskalah), 98
Ernst II, Duke, 131
Ernst zum Kompass, Gotha, 130, 131
ERR (Einsatzstab Reichsleiter Rosenberg):
Amt Westen, 106, 136
art plundered by, 134, 150
books confiscated by, 19, 30, 109, 113–17, 132, 134–35, 137–41, 139, 152, 183, 188, 199, 202, 203, 205, 225, 228–31, 234, 236–38, 249, 270, 272, 304
competition with RSHA, 22, 30, 107–8, 130
and eastern front, 21, 202–5
evacuation of, 249
formation of, 104
in France, 32, 107, 129–30, 134, 136–38, 141, 272
ideological warfare of, 105, 115
in Italy, 167–68, 172
M-Aktion, 116–17, 138, 230, 272
in Netherlands, 129–30, 132–33
Soviet theft of books from, 261–62
in Soviet Union, 202–4, 236
in Vilnius, 210–12, 214
Ets Haim, Amsterdam, 110, 113–17, 168, 227, 270
Ettersberg forest, 35–37
Fareynikte Partizaner Organizatsye (Unified Partisan Organizations), 213–14, 215
fascism, 45, 49, 53, 100, 101, 166
Fédération des Sociétés Juives, Paris, 138
Feder, Ernst, 23
Fest, Joachim, 76
Fichte, Johann Gottlieb, 41–42, 43
Finsterwalder, Sebastian, 14–16, 19, 20–28, 227, 286–88, 291–92, 294–95