Senior Interagency Groups, 194
Senior Review Group (SRG), 170
Serbia, 51, 65
SIS. See British Secret Intelligence Service (BSIS)
Slatkin, Nora, 65
Solidarity, 4, 83, 120, 188, 194, 195, 201–3, 238n21
Solzhenitsyn, Aleksandr Isaevich, 75
Somoza, Anastasio, 127
South Vietnam coup, 43–44, 233n40
Soviet Strategic Missile Forces, 7
Soviet Union: and Afghanistan, 39, 42, 120, 184, 188–89, 191, 205–7
and Africa, 145, 152
AIDS virus propaganda story from, 77–78
“baby parts” propaganda story from, xvii, 77, 78, 178–80, 198, 225n5
and Cambodia, 210
and Central America, 190–91
and Chile, 156, 171
collapse of, xviii, 66, 213
covert action against during Carter administration, 185–90
covert actions against after World War II, xxi, 20, 40, 113–14, 126–27
covert action to assist Yeltsin coup, 222
and Cuba, 146, 155–56
and El Salvador, 203
and Ethiopia, 191
and Grenada, 191–92
and Guatemala, 138–39
and Indonesia, 141–43
influence in Eastern Europe, 114, 197–99, 202
influence in Eastern Europe, end of, 214
and Iran, 6–7, 27, 83
and Iranian hostage rescue operation, 99
and Iraq, 174
and Japan, 140–41
KGB activities during cold war, xvii, 77–78, 81, 127, 198, 225n5, 232n33, 232–33n35, 238n18
“Nationalities” program against, 74, 187–88
and Nicaragua, 55, 203, 205
and Nixon’s relationship with, 7, 174, 186
and Poland, 4, 188, 201, 202–3
policy developed against, 122–24, 126, 133, 135
political actions against in Europe, 120
program countering transfer of banned technologies in, 194
programs by, 1, 38, 41–42, 83, 114, 120, 133, 198–99
propaganda operations against, 16, 21, 74–75, 116, 118, 125, 133, 187
sabotaging technology for, 200
and Syria, 149
and Western Europe, xviii–xix, 5–6, 16, 20, 113–15, 117, 159. See also Communism, perceived threat of; KGB (Komitet Gozudarstevennoye Bezopasnosti)
“special activities,” 15–16, 40–41, 96, 195–96, 228nn7–8
Special Activities Division (SA), 217
Special Coordination Committee (SCC), 184
Special Forces, 68
Special Group-Augmented (SG-A), 152–53, 156, 158
Special Group-Insurgencies (SG-I), 152–53, 156
“special operations,” 15–16
Special Procedures Group (SPG), 119, 120
Stalin, Joseph, 113–14, 125
Stans, Maurice, 146
State Department: Bureau of Intelligence and Research (INR), 49, 53, 106, 217
differences with Department of Defense during Eisenhower administration, 133
Office of International Information Programs (IIP), 73, 237n4
part played in approval and review of covert action, 69, 101, 106, 115–16, 124, 135–36, 159, 177, 187, 215, 217
and propaganda, 79, 106, 118–19, 121, 123, 154
Stennis, John, 92
Stinger antiaircraft missiles, 38–39, 206
Strategic Arms Limitations Treaty (SALT), 7
strategic intelligence, defined, 10
Suez Crisis, 149
Sukarno, Achmed, 141–44
Surinam, 197
surveillance detection, 11
Syria, 148–49, 174
tactical intelligence, 10–11
Taylor, Maxwell, 152
technologies, for covert action, 66, 69, 236n14
telephone tapping, 10
10/2 Panel, 123, 134
10/5 Panel, 124, 132, 134
terrorism, xix, 207–9, 214, 219–20
Al-Qaeda, 219, 220
cyberterrorism, 86–89
information warfare, 11–12, 87–89, 238–39nn28–29
in Lebanon, 207–8
Libya and, 209
war on terrorism, 68–70
Tibet, 128, 143, 245n2
and Eisenhower, 144–45
and Kennedy, 158
TPAJAX program. See Iran: and 1953 overthrow of government
training foreign military forces, 15, 84–85, 96, 240n16
Trujillo, Rafael, 147, 148, 157–58
Truman, Harry S., 24, 91, 93, 98, 113–29
Congress for Cultural Freedom program, 124–25
and creation of CIA, 59
and Europe, 16, 20
and Guatemala, 127
initial truncation of intelligence community, 113
and Iran, 6–7, 127
and Italy, 6, 115–20
paramilitary covert operations inside Iron Curtain countries, 126–27
and Philippines, 128
preferring covert action to military action, 20
security organization under, 115–24
and Tibet, 128
Trust, The, deception program, 238n18
Trust, The, Soviet deception program, 81
Turkey, 174
Turner, Stansfield, 185, 190
Twentieth Century Fund, 102
Twenty Committee (XX Committee), 80
Ukraine Republic, 187
UNITA (National Union for the Total Independence of Angola) Party, 179–80, 210
United Fruit, 138–39
United Nations Charter, 19, 230–31n18
U.S. Congress: advising on covert action, 95
backing of covert action, 206
knowledge of covert action, 47, 91–98, 111, 157, 185, 196
lack of knowledge of covert action, 171
and lack of knowledge of Iran-Contra “operations,” 37
objecting to covert action, 55–56, 197
opportunity to deny use of covert action, 32, 94–95, 240n13
oversight, 27, 28–32, 91–98, 107–9, 111, 214, 221
oversight, during Carter administration, 95, 184–85, 189, 191–92
oversight, during Reagan administration, 55, 95, 196, 204
oversight, lack of during Nixon administration, 168–69, 172
oversight, reduction of during Kennedy administration, 98, 152
United States Information Agency (USIA), 116, 125
U.S. National Security Strategy (NSDD-32), 197
U.S. Objectives with Respect to the USSR to Counter Soviet Threats to U.S. Security (NSC-20/4), 126
U.S. Policy, Programs, and Strategy in Afghanistan (NSDD-166), 206
United States Policy Towards Eastern Europe (NSDD-54), 198
U.S. Relations with the USSR (NSDD-75), 199–200
United States Special Operations Command (USSOCOM), 61
USS Cole bombing, 220
Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAV), 63
Venezuela, 147
Vietnam, 21, 43–44, 141, 143, 156, 233n40
Vietnam War, xxiii, 92
Village Voice, 175
Voice of America, 73
Walters, Vernon, 202
war on terrorism, 68–70
War Powers Act (1973), 61
Warsaw Pact, Marxist regimes outside, 193
Washington, George, 2, 23, 31, 132, 226n2, 230n15
Washington Post, 190
Washington Special Action Group (WSAG), 170
Watergate scandal, 11, 42, 92
Weinberger, Carl, 207
Western Europe: covert action in during Carter administration, 186–88
covert action in during Truman administration, 16, 20, 113–14, 115–20, 121. See also France, CIA counter-program to commu
nism in; Italy
“white” propaganda, 75
Wilson, William, 202
Wirtz, James J., 81
Witte, Ludo De, 146
Woodward, Robert U., 11, 193
World War II, covert action programs, 59, 79, 80, 132
Worldwide Findings, 178, 184. See also Presidential Findings
Yalta Agreements (1945), 114
Yeltsin, Boris, 222
Yemen Arab Republic (YAR), 189–90. See also Peoples’ Democratic Republic of Yemen
ZRRIFLE unit, 147–48