in League of Princes (1785), 362, Seven Years’ War in, 44–45, 49–50, 54, 60, 61
Scala di Spagna, 247
Scarlatti, Alessandro (1660–1725), 240, 256
Scarlatti, Domenico (1685–1757), 221, 240, 256–58, 333
death of, 257
Handel and, 256
instrumental works of, 257
marriage of, 257
operas of, 256–57
in Rome, 256–57
in Spain, 257, 279, 292
in Venice, 256
Scarlatti, Francesco (fl. 1719), 240
Scarlatti, Pietro (1679–1750), 240
Scarlatti, Tommaso (1670?–1760), 240
Scarron, Paul (1610–60), 790, 839
Schack, Mme. (fl. 1791), 408
Schadow, Johann Gottfried (1764–1850), 523, 525
Schardt, Charlotte von, see Stein, Charlotte von, nee Schardt
Schaumburg-Lippe, Count Wilhelm of (1724–1777), 527, 568
Scheele, Karl Wilhelm (1742–86), 658
Scheldt River, 361
Schelling, Friedrich Wilhelm Joseph von (1775–1834), 551, 618
Schering, Arnold (b. 1877), 234
Schikaneder, Johann Emanuel (1751–1812), 407
Schiller, Charlotte, nee von Lengefeld (1766–1826), 594
Schiller, Johann Christian Friedrich (1759–1805), 63, 379, 502–3, 517, 545, 569–71, 589, 591–605, 628, 641, 766, 964
appearance of, 596
contribution to Romantic Movement, 889
death of, 580, 605
early life and education of, 569–70
edits Die Horen, 596
esthetic theories of, 593, 595
estimates of, 602–3
family life of, 594
friendship with Christian Gottfried Kröner, 572–75
friendship with Wieland, 576
on German family life, 503–4
goes to Weimar, 575
Goethe and, 591, 593, 595–605
historical writings of, 592–94
illnesses of, 594, 596, 605
in Jena, 593–603
Kant’s influence on, 551
love affairs of, 573, 575
marriage of, 594
meets Duke Karl August, 573
minor dramatic works of, 571–72
philosophical writings, 572
poetry of, 599, 603
première of Don Carlos, 592
returns to Weimar, 602
Rousseau’s influence on, 3, 518, 889
satires of, 598–99
in Sturm und Drang movement, 521–22, 570–71, 593
success of, 605
version of Lessing’s Nathan der Weise, 515
views on religion, 595
in Weimar, 591–93
writes Ode to Joy, 574
writes plays on Wallenstein, 601–2
writes The Robbers, 570–71
writes William Tell, 604–5
Schimmelmann, Count Ernst von, 594
Schlegel, August Wilhelm von (1767–1845), 601
Schlegel, Friedrich (1772–1829), 611, 641
Schleiermacher, Friedrich (1768–1834), 641, 890
Schleswig, duchy of, 439
Schloss Benrata, 525
Schloss Esterházy, 341
Schloss of Landgrave of Hesse-Cassel, 525
Schlüsselberg Fortress, 465
Schmettau, Kurt von, 56
Schobert, Johann (1720–67), 525
Schönbrunn Palace, 345
Schönemann, Lili (1758–1817), 566
Schönkopf, Annette (fl. 1768), 558
School for Blind Children, French, 905
School of Commerce, Russian, 453
School for Scandal, The (Sheridan), 696, 740
Schopenhauer, Arthur (1788–1860), 3, 550–51, 616
Schrattenbach, Sigismund von, Prince Archbishop of Salzburg (r. 1753–71), 382–87 passim
Schreiben an den Herrn Diaconus Lavater (Mendelssohn), 639
Schröder, Friedrich Ludwig (1744–1816), 511
Schroeter, Johanna (fl. 1791), 378
Schröter, Korona (1751–1802), 524
Schubart, Christian Friedrich Daniel (1739–91), 527
Schubert, Franz (1797–1828), 399
Schulenburg, Count von der, 344
Schulz, Johann H. (fl. 1784), 507–8
Schulz, Johann Peter (1747–1800), 525
Schumann, Robert (1810–56), 398
“Schutzschrift für die Vernunftigen Verehrer Gottes” (Reimarus), 513–14
Schwarzenberg, Prince Karl Philipp von (1771–1820), 379
Schweidnitz, 51, 53, 60, 61
Schwerin, Count Kurt Christoph von (1684–1757), 43–44, 47
science: in Germany, 532–33, 596–97, 615–18
Industrial Revolution and, 669, 671, 680
in Sweden, 658–59
Scienza della legislazione, La (Filangieri), 336
Scienza nuova (Vico), 251, 254
“Scotia, my dear, my native soil!” (Burns), 775
Scotland, 670, 762–85
agriculture in, 762
anti-Catholic riots in, 735
architecture in, 765
art in, 765
Catholics in, 763
England and, 762
Enlightenment in, 764–78
France and, 39
historians in, 765–66
Industrial Revolution in, 763
morality in, 763
philosophy in, 764–65
poetry in, 767–68, 772–78
population of, 762
Protestants in, 763
social classes in, 762
Scotland, Church (Kirk) of, 763, 766, 774, 779
“Scots wha’ hae wi’ Wallace bled” (Burns), 777
Scott, Sir Walter (1771–1832), 765, 775, 815
Scudéry, Madeleine de (1607–1701), 169
sculpture: in England, 750
in France, 106–9, 911
in Germany, 523
in Italy, 247
in Portugal, 270
in Russia, 426, 467
in Spain, 298
in Sweden, 662
Scuola degli Incurabili, 255
Scuola di San Rocco, 238
Seasons, The (Haydn), 379
Seasons, The (Thompson), 379
Second Estate in States-General, 956–61
Sedaine, Michel-Jean (1719–97), 920
Segeste, 589
Segovia, 288
Ségur, Comte Louis-Philippe de (1753–1830), 423, 459–60
on American Revolution, 872
on Marie Antoinette, 855, 941
on pre-revolutionary skepticism, 898
Sejm, Polish, 472–73
Select Society, 764
Selwyn, George (1718–91), 702, 729, 730, 734, 747
Seminario Musicale dell’ Ospedale della Pietà, 233–34
Semiramide (Sacchini), 334
Semler, Johann Salomo (1725–91), 507
Senate: Polish, 487
Russian, 424, 440
Venetian, 229, 231
“Senate of Magna Lilliputa” (Johnson), 819–20
Senegal, 714
Senesino (Francesco Bernardi; 1690?–1750?), 223
sensibility cult in Germany, 518
Sentimental Journey (Sterne), 465
Sentiments des citoyens (Voltaire), 200–1
Sephardic Jews, 630
September Massacres, French Revolution, 496, 725
Serafinovich (fl. 1716), 633
Serbia, 411
serfdom: in Austria, 345, 349–50, 356
in Denmark, 649
in France, 928
in Germany, 500–1, 503
in Hungary, 341
Joseph II’s policies toward, 349–50
in Poland, 472–73, 487
in Prussia, 500–1
revolt in Bohemia, 350
Rousseau on, 885
in Russia, 422–23, 438, 451, 454–55, 470
Voltai
re’s opposition to, 135
Sergel, Johan Tobias (1740–1814), 662
Sermon des cinquantes, 199
Sermons of Mr. Yorick (Sterne), 789
Serre, Suzanne (d.1748?), 14
Serva padrona, La (Pergolesi), 100, 223, 333
Servetus, Michael (1511–33), 176
Sevastopol, 459
Seven Last Words of Christ, The (Haydn), 380
Seven Years’ War (1756–63), 38–64, 290, 556, 646, 698–99, 798
in America and India, 57–59, 709
efficiency of Prussian army, 43
events leading to, 38–44
George III’s attitude toward, 698
results of, 62–64, 552
start of, 44
Voltaire’s views on, 149
DIPLOMACY OF, 699
coalition against Frederick, 45–46, 59–60: Convention of St. Petersburg (1757), 45
effects of battle of Rossbach on, 50
English treaty with Russia (1755), 39
First Treaty of Versailles (1756), 42
Frederick publishes Saxon documents, 45
Frederick’s peace efforts, 47–48
French peace feelers, 60
German principalities and Frederick, 45
Kaunitz’s diplomacy, 40–42
Maria Theresa’s policies, 38, 40–44, 48
“Pacte de Famille,” 60
peace negotiations, 62–64
Pitt’s diplomacy, 39
Russia establishes peace, 61
Russia withdraws from war, 61, 457
Spanish alliance with France, 60
territorial pledges, 45–46
Treaty of Westminster (1756), 39–40
LAND CAMPAIGNS OF: battle of Leuthen, 51–52
battle of Rossbach and, 50
in Bohemia, 47–48
in East Prussia, 48–49, 55, 59–60
final victories of Frederick the Great, 61
in India, 57–59
in Moravia, 53
in North America, 57–58
in Saxony, 44–45, 49–50, 54, 60, 61
in Silesia, 55, 60–61
NAVAL OPERATIONS OF: battle of Lagos (1759), 57
battle of Minorca (1756), 42–43, 57
seige of Louisbourg, 57–58
Sévigné, Marie de Rabutin-Chantal, Marquise de (1626–96), 138, 792
Seville, 288–89
Sèvres, 106, 749
sex education, Rousseau’s views on, 185–86
Seydlitz, Friedrich Wilhelm von (1721–73), 43, 53
Sganarel’s Journey to the Land of the Philosophers (Halberg), 650
Shaftesbury, Anthony Ashley Cooper, 3d Earl of (1671–1713), 595
Shah Alam, Mogul Emperor (r. 1759–1806), 716–17
Shah Jehan, Mogul Emperor (r. 1628–58), 419
Shah Rukh, Persian ruler (r. 1748–96), 420
Shakespeare, William (1564–1616), 464, 486, 511, 553, 559–60, 561, 565, 599, 659, 661, 794, 842
influence on Germany, 511, 519
revival of, 739–43
Voltaire’s condemnation of, 835
Shakespeare festival, 743
Sharp, Granville (1735–1813), 733
Shaw, George Bernard (1856–1950), 748
Shchedrin, F. F. (1751–1825), 467
She Stoops to Conquer (Goldsmith), 816
Sheffield, 681
Sheffield, John Baker Holroyd, 1st Earl of (fl. 1780), 795
Shelburne, Sir William Petty, 2d Earl of (1737–1805), 759, 871
duel with Fullerton, 732
ministry of, 714–15
Shelley, Percy Bysshe (1792–1822), 810
Rousseau’s influence on, 3, 891
Voltaire’s influence on, 880, 881
Sheraton, Thomas (1751–1806), 748
Sheraton furniture, 523
Sherbatov, Princess (fl. 1789), 446
Sheridan, Charles, 695
Sheridan, Elizabeth Ann, nee Linley (1754–92), 695, 696, 727
Sheridan, Frances, nee Chamberlaine (1724–66), 694, 696
Sheridan, Richard Brinsley (1751–1816), 486, 694–96, 683, 701, 714, 739, 747, 757, 759, 761
aid to American colonies, 727
death of, 727
early life of, 694–95
enters Parliament, 696
in Hastings’ trial, 719–20, 805
on Johnson, 831
liberal views of, 696
literary activities of, 695
marries Elizabeth Linley, 695
in ministry, 714–15
partnership in Drury Lane Theatre, 743
personality and appearance of, 695–96
in “the Club,” 827
Sheridan, Thomas, the Elder (1687–1738), 694
Sheridan, Thomas, the Younger (1719–88), 694–696, 780
Shi’a sect, 412, 419
ships, iron, 672
Shiraz, 420–21
Shuvalov, Ivan, 432
Shuvalov, Piotr, Count (d. 1762), 137, 432, 437
Siberia, 422
Sicily, 226, 278
Caraccioli’s reforms in, 315
Jesuit colleges in, 219
Spanish loss of, 273
Siddons, Sarah, nee Kemble (1755–1831), 720, 740–41
Siddons, William (fl. 1773), 741
Sidney, Algernon (1622–83), 177
Siècle de Louis XIV, Le (Voltaire), 528
Sievers, Yakov Efimovich (1731–1808), 489–90
Sieyès, Emmanuel-Joseph (1748–1836), 915
in Club Breton, 939
Duc d’Orleans and, 955
as Freemason, 939
as spokesman for Third Estate, 954–55
in States-General, 957
Silesia, 48
excused from taxes, 500
Frederick II regains, 52
mining in, 501
Prussia and, 38, 62
Seven Years’ War in, 51–53, 55, 60–61
Silhouette, Étienne de (1709–67), 56
silk industry, 230, 501
Silva, Antônio José da (1705–39), 260, 631
Simon, Richard (1638–1712), 641
Simonides of Ceos (6th century B.C.), 510
Singspiel, 367, 525, 528
Siraj-ud-daula (1728?–57), 715–16
Sirvens family, 140, 146, 151, 498, 881
skepticism: in England, 734
French Revolution and, 898
slavery and slave trade: American colonies and, 57, 708, 732–33
Beaumarchais and, 921
Denmark and abolition of, 649, 653
England and, 57, 670, 693, 732–33
France and, 58, 935
in Moslem countries, 413–14, 420
Portugal and, abolition of, 259, 269
Wilberforce’s opposition to, 726
smallpox inoculation, 93, 348, 434, 454, 846
Smeaton, John (1724–92), 671, 674
Smith, Adam (1723–90), 214, 321, 719, 764, 766, 768–72, 786, 808, 827
Burke and, 693, 832
on class conflict, 680
death of, 772
early life and education of, 768–69
economic theories of, 769–71
ethical theories of, 769
on Gibbon, 805
habits of, 771–72
on Hume, 834
influence of, 287, 772
influences on, 769–70
in London, 772
on morality, 730–31
opposes slave trade, 733
on overwork in factories, 677
philosophes and, 769
physiocrats and, 75–76, 78, 769
at University of Glasgow, 763, 769, 779
on wealth of Holland, 646
writes Theory of Moral Sentiments, 769
writes Wealth of Nations, 769
Smollett, Tobias (1721–71), 699, 702, 820, 824
on French officers, 98
Smolny Institute, 453
Sobieska, Maria Clementina (1702–35), 247, 320
Sobieski, Jan, see John III Sobieski
Social Contract, The (Rousseau), 27, 33, 171- 78, 191, 268, 465, 808, 884–85, 887, 891, 898
American Revolution and, 868
attitude toward peasantry in, 174
attitude toward proletariat in, 174
banning of, 190
concept of general will in, 172
on Corsican independence, 204
critics of, 177
democracy and, 173–74, 198–99
“enlightened despotism” and, 173
French Revolution and, 880
ideal type of government in, 173
importance of law in, 172–73
inconsistencies in, 176–77
influence of, 177
middle classes in, 174
private property and, 174
publication of, 171, 178
radicalism of, 176
religion and, 174–76
Rousseau’s earnings from, 178
socialism and, 174
state of nature in, 172
taxes and, 174
socialism: French Revolution and, 938
Prussia and, 501
Rousseau and, 174, 891
Sociedades Económicas de los Amigos del País, 280, 287
Société des Amis des Noirs, 935
Société du Printemps, 797
Society for the Abolition of Slavery, 749
Society of Arts, 750
Society for Commemorating the Revolution (of 1688), 722–23
Society for the Encouragement of Art, Manufacture, and Commerce, The, 750
Society of Jesus, see Jesuits
Society of Supporters of the Bill of Rights, 704, 722
Society of Thirty, 957
Socinians in Holland, 646
Socrate (Voltaire), 136
Socrates (470?-399 B.C.), 834, 839
sodomy, legislation against, 98
Sogno di Scipione, Il (Mozart), 388
Soho, 675
Soldaten, Die (Lenz), 521
Soler, Antonio (1729–83), 292
Solimena, Francesco (1657–1747), 115
Soloviev, Sergei Mikhailovich (1820–79), 435
Soltyk, Kajetan (fl. 1766), bishop of Cracow, 480–81
Some Thoughts on Education (Locke), 179
Something More from the Papers of the Anonymous Writer, concerning Revelation (Reimarus), 513
Somodevilla, Zenón de, Marqués de la Ensenada (1702–81), 279
“Song of the Bell” (Schiller), 503–4, 599
Sonnenfels, Joseph von (1732–1817), 355
Sophia (1630–1714), Electoress of Hanover, 683
Sophia Dorothea (1687–1757), Queen of Frederick William I of Prussia, 47
Sophia Magdelena of Denmark, Queen of Gustavus III of Sweden, 655
Sophia Matilda, Princess (1733–1804), 683
Sophie Augusta Frederika, see Catherine II the Great
Sophists, Greek, 902, 904
Sophocles (496?–406 B.C.), 136, 528, 604
Sorau, Marquis de, 111
Sorrows of Young Werther, The (Goethe), 563–64, 588, 601, 627, 767, 889