and the Tang dynasty, 21, 82, 85, 88–89, 91–92, 94, 96–98, 103–8, 105, 111, 211
taxation in, 91–92, 96, 99–102, 100–102, 108
textile finds from, 14
tomb figurines, 140
and tourism, 10, color plate 9
and trade regulation, 237
and Uighur refugees, 190–91
and Xuanzang’s travels, 83–91
Turgesh, 135–36
Turkic languages, 182, 233–34
Turkish kaghanates, 75, 79
Turks, 120, 127, 135, 226–27
Twgrhy language, 71–72, 211, 257n30, 258n35
Uddyana Kingdom, 94
Uighur kaghanates, 108–11, 190–92, 196, 216, 220, 222, 224, 226
Uighur language
and Dunhuang cave
documents, 181, 195–96, 241
and Khotanese, 199, 211, 234
and Manichaeism, 108, 109, 110
and the Qing dynasty, 232–33
spoken, 168–69
and Tocharian, 71–74
and Turfan, 108
from Yarkand, 228
Uighurs
and the An Lushan rebellion, 157
defeat of Tibetans, 218
and diplomatic envoys, 191, 192, 224
and distribution of languages, 73 (see also Uighur language)
and Dunhuang, 168, 190–91, 216
and Khotan, 226, 233–34
Kirghiz conquest of, 108, 190, 216, 226
and Kucha, 80
and Manichaeism, 108–11, 109, 228
mercenaries, 108
tensions with Han population, 93
and Turfan, 83, 108–10
and Zhang Yichao, 189
Umayyad Caliphate, 129
Urumqi Museum, 94
Vagiti Vadhaga, 209
Vaissière, Étienne de la, 119
Vajrayana, 221
Vandak, 85–86, 86–87
Varkhuman, 125, 127, 129
vinaya law, 51, 79, 221
Visa Sambhava, 222, 223, 227
Visa Sura, 227
Vreshmanvandak, 146
Wang Binghua, 41
Wang Fengxian, 104
Wang Mang, 36
Wang Pa-kyau, 225
Wang Yuanlu, 169, 173–74, 177–78, 180
Wei dynasty, 75
Wei River, 166
Wei Zhuang, 166
Western Jin dynasty, 44
Western Liao dynasty, 229
Western Market (Chang’an), 141, 142, 148–49, 165–66
Western Paradise, 182
Western Turks, 88, 90, 114, 121
White Huns, 120–21
Wild Horse Spring, 88
willow branch documents, 132, 134, 137
wonder tales, 157–58
woodblock printing, 138, 179, 236
wooden documents and Buddhist texts, 52
and burial practices, 99
and Khotan, 207
and Kuchean language, 70, 77
legal documents, 46, 214
and Loulan site, 36–38, 42–43, 45
and Niya site, 21, 25, 25–26, 33–35, 46, 46, 51–52
requisition documents, 16
travel passes, 57
willow branch documents, 132, 134, 137
and Xuanquan site, 15, 241
wool, 13, 40, 41, 50, 119, 196, 201, 202, 239, 240
World War I, 64
Wu, Han-dynasty Emperor, 14
Wuhan University, 94
Wuqia hoard, 98
Wuwei, 85, 118, 119, 144
wuzhu coins, 36, 97, 250n30, 255n90
Xi’an, 142
archeology in, 143, 152
climate of, 151
and Kumarajiva’s travels, 68
and railroad lines, 8
and religious institutions, 150, 182
and Silk Road art, 239–40
and Silk Road routes, 9
tombs of foreign residents, 22
tourist attractions, 141, 149
and Xuanzang’s travels, 85
See also Chang’an
Xidir (Xizir) Khoja, 111
Xin (“New”) Dynasty, 36
Xinjiang
archeologists in, 93–94
coins of, 82
division of, 229
and grasslands, 65
and the Han dynasty, 37
and the Kizil caves, 57–59
and migrant populations, 50
and the Qing dynasty, 233
and tax cloth, 107
and Turkish conquests, 75
Xinjiang Museum, 38
Xiongnu confederation
cooperation with Sogdians, 17
and diplomatic envoys, 236
and distribution of languages, 73
and the Han dynasty, 14
and the Huns, 117
and Kucha, 65, 73
and Kushan migrants, 32
and Loulan, 35
and Turfan, 90–91
Xixia, 191, 228
Xiyu region, 9
Xuanquan, Dunhuang, 14–15, 16, 18, 241
Xuanzang
account of travels, 83–91, 240
and Chang’an, 85, 141, 144, 151
and Khotan, 200, 207, 211
robbed, 192
and Sanskrit, 85, 187
and Sogdiana, 113–16, 121
Stein’s invocation of, 174, 176
Xuanzong, Tang-dynasty Emperor, 107, 157
Yaghnob Valley, 113
Yang Guifei, 107–8, 157
Yangzhou, 147, 164
Yangzi River, 141
Yanqi, 57–58, 70, 72–75, 79
Yanshuigou, 82
Yao Xing, 68, 69
Ya’qub Beg, 233
Yarkand, 59, 90–91, 228–29, 231–32
Yarkand River, 59–60
Yarlung dynasty (Tibet), 184, 187
Yazdegerd III, 149
Ye Changchi, 169
Yijing, 162–63, 164–65
Yingpan, 27, 40–42, 41
Yizhou, 192
yong taxes, 152
Yoshida Yutaka, 98, 216
Yotkan, 199, 207, 208
Ysambasta, 210
Ysarkula, 210
Yuan dynasty, 230–31
Yuezhi people, 14, 33, 71
Yurungkash River, 203, 207
Zarathustra, 5, 30
Zerafshan River, 121, 130
Zhang Huaiding, 190
Zhang Huaishen, 188–89, 190, 191
Zhang Qian, 14, 33, 236
“Zhang Yichao Transformation Text,” 188
Zhang Zhan, 218
Zhematvandak, 146
Zhi Qian, 32
Zhou dynasty, 79
Zoroastrianism
and the Afrasiab murals, 128, 128
and An Jia’s tomb, color plate 15
and Chang’an, 149, 159
and Dunhuang cave
documents, 167, 181, 241
and funerary practices, 118, 123, 123, 123–25, 143–46, 145, 147, 240
and the Huang Chao rebellion, 165
and immigrant populations, 4–5
and Islamic conquest of Samarkand, 137
and Kroraina Kingdom, 30
and the Mount Mugh excavations, 134–35, 136–37
and Sasanian coins, 95, color plate 4B
and Sogdian migrants, 23
spread with migrant populations, 139
and Turfan, 95, 98, 108
Zou (moneylender), 96
zu taxes, 152
Table of Contents
Acknowledgments
Note on Scholarly Conventions
Timeline
Introduction
CHAPTER 1 At the Crossroads of Central Asia
The Kingdom of Kroraina
CHAPTER 2 Gateway to the Languages of the Silk Road
Kucha and the Caves of Kizil
&
nbsp; CHAPTER 3 Midway Between China and Iran
Turfan
CHAPTER 4 Homeland of the Sogdians, the Silk Road Traders
Samarkand and Sogdiana
CHAPTER 5 The Cosmopolitan Terminus of the Silk Road
Historic Chang’an, Modern-day Xi’an
CHAPTER 6 The Time Capsule of Silk Road History
The Dunhuang Caves
CHAPTER 7 Entryway into Xinjiang for Buddhism and Islam
Khotan
Conclusion
The History of the Overland Routes through Central Asia
Notes
Art Credits
Index
page 144