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Index
A note about the index: The pages referenced in this index refer to the page numbers in the print edition. Clicking on a page number will take you to the ebook location that corresponds to the beginning of that page in the print edition. For a comprehensive list of locations of any word or phrase, use your reading system’s search function.
abortion
prenatal tests and, 267–68, 269, 269n, 273
Roe case on, 268–69
shifting attitudes toward, 269–70, 272
acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), 247, 248, 249, 375
ADA deficiency, 423, 424
ADA gene mutations, 422–24
Adam
Agassiz’s race theories on, 331
as First Parent, 25
Adams, Mark, 316
ADCY5 gene, in humans, 451
addiction, genetic components of, 300, 301
adenine, 135, 155–56
adenosine metabolism, 423–24
adenovirus, as gene-therapy vector, 430, 431–32, 434, 435, 465
adoption
inheritance patterns in genetic diseases involving, 300
intelligence of transracial adoptees in, 348
as option for carrier couples in genetic disorders, 291
studies of twins reared apart after, 374, 381, 383, 487
Advisory Committee on Uranium, 232
Aeschylus, 21
Agassiz, Louis, 331–32, 343
aging research, with transgenic mice, 421
AIDS, 247, 248, 249, 375
Aktion T4 program, Germany, 123–24
Albany, Prince Leopold, Duke of, 99
alcoholism
eugenics on, 116
genetic components of, 301, 459
Alexandra, czarina of Russia, 98, 99, 100
Alice, Princess, 99
alleles
Fisher’s mathematical research on combinations using, 104
Mendel’s experimentation on, 48–52
Morgan’s fruit-fly research on, 97
polymorphisms similar to, 280
Allfrey, Vincent, 400n
Allis, David, 400, 400n
alpha interferon, 251
Alu DNA sequence, 324
Alzheimer’s disease, 97, 316, 421
American Breeders’ Association, 77
American Journal of Human Genetics, 281
Amgen, 308
ammonia
Miller’s “primordial soup” experiment using, 411
in ornithine transcarbamylase (OTC) deficiency, 429, 430, 431, 432
amniocentesis, 267, 269, 291
Anaxagoras, 356–57
Ancestral Law of Heredity, 68–69, 72
Anderson, William French, 424–27, 428, 430
anemia, 169–70
anthropology, 29–30, 124, 331, 335
antibodies, 224, 323, 423, 435
antipsychotic medicines, 1, 6
apes
evolution and, 332
pairs of chromosomes of, 322
applied biology, in Nazi Germany, 119, 120
Are You Fit to Marry? (film), 85
Arieti, Silvano, 442–43
Aristotle, 22–24, 27, 70, 142
Asilomar conference (Asilomar I, 1973), California, 226–27
Asilomar Conference on Recombinant DNA (Asilomar II, 1975), California
influence of, 230, 231–32, 234–35
moratorium proposal of, 230, 477, 502
range of attendees at, 229, 238
recommendations of, 237, 425
restrictions on recombinant DNA from, 243, 243n
sessions at, 229–31, 234, 236
Asperger, Hans, 449
association study, 385
atomic bomb, 11, 131, 232, 301, 475
atoms
as basic unit, 9–10, 485
coining of word, 71
fundamental units of matter making up, 140
as organizing principle for modern physics, 12
Rutherford’s conceptual model of, 140
attention deficit disorder, 386, 491
Augustinians, Mendel’s life among, 17–18, 49
Auschwitz concentration camp, Germany, 129, 130, 137–38, 502
autism, 276
creativity in, 448, 449
epigenetics used to alter, 406
mismatch between genome and environment in, 265, 482
mutations in, 406, 444, 444n, 454, 503
autoimmune disease, 453
Avery, Oswald
background and training of, 133
Griffith’s transformation experiment confirmed by, 133, 136–37
research on DNA as genetic information carrier by, 137, 139, 158, 183, 205, 259, 314, 502
bacteria
defense system against invading viruses in, 470–73
drug-resistant, 228–29
gene exchange between, 112
genes turned on or off for metabolic changes in, 175–76, 176n, 307n, 392
genetic information exchanged between, 136
as model system for research, 259
twin studies of genetic variations in response to, 130
Ba
iley, J. Michael, 373–74, 375
Balfour, Arthur James, 1st Earl of, 76
Baltimore, David, 223, 227, 229, 230, 231, 476
Banting, Frederick, 216, 240
Barrangou, Rodolphe, 470
Barranquitas, Venezuela, families, and Huntington’s disease, 284–86, 288, 289
Basset Hound Club Rules (Millais), 69
Bateson, William, 61–63
de Vries’s research and, 62
eugenics proposals and, 74
Galton’s theory and, 69, 72–73
Mendel’s research discovered by, 61–63, 61n
transmission of hereditary traits and, 70–71
Weldon’s criticism of, 69–70
Beadle, George, 161–63, 314
background and training of, 161–62
gene-to-trait connection research of, 162–63
Beagle (ship), 28, 31–33
Beery, Alexis and Noah, 451
behavior
environment and, 379–80, 387
genes and, 14, 367, 372, 378, 379, 380, 382, 384, 387, 408, 459–60, 480, 487
illness as consequence of, 494
personality archetypes and, 385
twin studies of, 381, 382, 383, 384, 487
behavioral therapy
in hyperactivity syndrome, 491
in sexual reassignment, 364, 366, 380
behavior problems, feeblemindedness diagnosis for, 79, 80, 81–82
Bell Curve, The (Herrnstein and Murray), 343, 346–48
Bell, Alexander Graham, 76
Bell, John, 82, 84
Belsky, Jay, 460
Bengal, Partition of, 4–5, 493
Berg, Paul, 222, 234, 475
Asilomar I meeting on biohazards in research and, 226–27
Asilomar II recommendations on recombinant DNA from, 231–33, 237, 425
background and training of, 203–04
“Berg letter” on benefits and hazards of recombinant DNA from, 228
estimation of risk involved in using SV40 considered by, 210
“future’s future” discussion at Erice with students, 225–26, 417–18, 437
gene cloning and, 215–16, 227, 237, 238, 408
on gene-environment interactions, 485
insertion of foreign gene into SV40 by, 203–05, 205n
recombinant DNA creation by, 206–08, 210–11, 212–13, 214, 291, 503
on Watson’s research, 230
Bernal, J. D., 145
Best, Charles, 216, 240
beta-thalassemia, 424n
Better Babies contests, 85, 344
Bickel, Alexander, 268–69
Bieber, Irving, 370–71
biochemistry, 140–41
biohazards
Asilomar I meeting on, 226–27
Asilomar II recommendations on recombinant DNA and, 231, 233
Berg’s research using SV40 and, 210
Biohazards in Biological Research (Hellman, Oxman, and Pollack), 227
biological information
central dogma of, 169, 172–73, 221, 223
DNA as central repository of, 137, 160
flow of, 70, 169, 410
gene as basic unit of, 9–10, 485
Biological Society, Columbia University, 116
biology
applied, in Nazi Germany, 119, 120
flow of information in, 70, 169, 410
gene as organizing principle for, 12
genetic cloning and, 224, 231
genetics and areas of inquiry in, 330–31
heredity as among central questions of, 101–02, 321
impact of new study of DNA on, 220–21, 234–35, 238
Mendel’s study of, 19, 20
need to reconcile genetics with, 102, 103
organizing rules in, 409–10
Biometrika (journal), 70
biophysics, 140–41, 142
biotechnology, 245, 251, 291, 434, 465
bipolar disease
creativity in, 448–49
family’s concern about inheriting, 7–8
genetic diagnosis of, 450, 453, 461
genetic links in, 8, 388, 444, 447, 449, 453, 503
intergenerational histories of, 8
schizophrenia and, 8, 442, 443, 444, 447
birds
Darwin’s collection and classification of, 33, 34–35
Darwin’s theory on evolution of, 37–38, 41, 45, 45n, 104–05
de Vries on spontaneous mutants in, 61
Lamarck’s research changes in traits in, 42
song gene turned on or off in, 392
Birkenau concentration camp, Germany, 129, 137–38
Bishop, J. Michael, 296n
Black Stork, The (film), 85
Blackmun, Henry, 268
Blaese, Michael, 424–25, 426–27
Blair, Tony, 318
Bleuler, Eugen, 441–42
blood pressure regulation, 262, 263
Bodmer, Walter, 309
Bolivar, Francisco, 241n
bone marrow, stem cells in, 419, 425
bone marrow transplants, 423, 425, 491
Borges, Jorge Luis, 403
Botstein, David, 487
gene-mapping technique of, 281, 283–84, 288, 361
initial interest in genes by, 278, 280
Bouchard, Thomas, 381, 382–83, 384
Boveri, Theodor, 92–93, 145, 267, 358
Boyer, Herb, 251
Asilomar conference and, 236, 243
background and training of, 211
bacterial gene transfer and, 228–29, 237, 242
factor VIII cloning and, 247
gene cloning and, 215, 227, 237
Genentech and, 239, 244, 251
genetic hybrid experiments of, 211–14, 215, 222, 227
insulin synthesis and, 239, 240–42, 244, 251
recombinant DNA and, 236, 237, 308, 502
Swanson’s meeting with, about a potential partnership, 238, 239, 252
brain
dopamine-responsive reward center in, 385–86
genes in development of, 257
memory recording in, 392
sequencing genes expressed in, 306, 307–09
synapses in, during development, 445n
transgenic mice for research on function of, 421
Brandenburg State Welfare Institute, Germany, 123
Brandt, Karl, 122
BRCA1 gene, in humans
DNA repair as function of, 329, 441
genetic screening for, 13, 438, 439–40, 457
identification of, 294, 329, 439
incomplete penetrance of, 107, 440, 453
lifetime risk of developing cancer with, 446
mutations in, and cancer risk, 329–30, 439–40
possible intentional cut to reverse action of, 472
previvors carrying, 441
prophylactic treatment choices after discovery of, 440–41, 453, 458
trigger-dependent or chance-dependent risk for cancer with, 107, 264, 441
BRCA2 gene, in humans, 13
breast cancer, 316, 488
BRCA1 gene inheritance and risk for, 107, 264, 294, 329, 438, 439, 440–41, 446, 453
disagreement about causes of, 438–39
example of woman with, 440–41
family history of, 97, 438–39, 440
gene cloning for, 97
genetic diversity of, 297
genetic screening for, 13, 439–40
genome sequencing for, 312
incomplete gene penetrance in, 439
inheritance of cancer-causing mutations in, 297
multiple triggers needed for, 441
previvors of, 441
prophylactic treatment choices after discovery of, 440–41, 453, 457
schizophrenia compared with, 446
vast variation in BRCA1 testing outcomes in, 441
Breg, Roy, 267
Brenner, Sydney
background and training of, 165
cell-fate determination, 191, 195
evaluation of genome sequencing by, 303
recombinant DNA and, 217, 230, 231
RNA research of, 165–66, 168, 314
Bridges, Calvin, 94, 117
Buck v. Priddy, 81–82, 84
Buck, Carrie, 78, 79–80, 81, 83, 116, 304, 305
Buck, Emmett Adaline (“Emma”), 78, 79, 80, 81
Buck, Frank, 78
Buck, Vivian Elaine, 80, 81–82, 304–05
Burnet, Macfarlane, 379
Burroughs, Edgar Rice, 83
Bush, George W., 469
byte, as basic unit, 9–10, 10n, 485
Caenorhabditis elegans, genome sequencing of, 191, 194, 313, 315
Calvin, John, 74
Cambridge Botanic Garden, England, 28
Camus, Albert, 479
cancer
cell-fate reversal experiment and, 405
genes associated with, 309
as a genetic disease, 297
gene penetrance and risk for, 107, 440, 453
genetic diversity of, 297
genetics and, 9, 259
multiple genetic mutations in, 13
myc gene in, 405
number of genes implicated in, 297–98
predictive determinants in genetic diagnosis of, 455
template of normal cancer genome needed for sequencing in, 297–98
transgenic mice for research on, 421
cannabis, 8
cats, inheritance in, 400
cause-and-effect mechanisms, in natural work, 29–30, 31
Cavalli-Sforza, Luigi, 336, 342, 343
ceh-13 gene, in worms, 313
Celera Genomics
Celera’s proposal of, 319, 320
conflicts between Human Genome Project and, 317, 319
fruit fly genome sequencing by, 315–16
human DNA sequencing by, 316, 317
joint announcement about first survey with Human Genome Project, 317–19
joint publication of papers by, 321
Science publication of work of, 316–17
Venter’s founding of, 312
Center for Thrombosis and Hemostasis, University of North Carolina, 248–49
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), 246
central dogma, 169, 172, 221, 223
Cetus, 237
C4 gene, in schizophrenia, 445n
Chain, Ernest, 131
chance
cancer risk and, 297, 441
epidemiology of destiny and, 494
eugenic selection affected by, 110, 273
gene activation and, 107, 263, 402–03, 480
human development affected by, 387, 389, 389n
mutation generation by, 61, 107
phenotype as interactions between heredity, environment, variation, and evolution and, 107–08, 480
polygenic influences on diseases and, 481–82, 487
schizophrenia risk and, 298, 300, 442