9. horum omnium fortissimi sunt Belgae … proximique sunt Germanis, qui trans Rhenum incolunt, quibuscum continenter bellum gerunt. qua de causa Helvetii quoque reliquos Gallos virtute praecedunt, quod fere cotidianis proeliis cum Germanis contendunt, cum aut suis finibus eos prohibent aut ipsi in eorum finibus bellum gerunt. eorum una pars, quam Gallos obtinere dictum est, initium capit a flumine Rhodano, continetur Garunna flumine, Oceano, finibus Belgarum. (Caesar De Bello Gallico 1.1.4)
Translation into Latin
1. He says that he is doing this for the sake of his own protection. (Cicero Philippicae 2.112)
2. They handed over to Caesar themselves and all their goods. (Caesar De Bello Gallico 3.16.4)
3. While you were listening, he said that he would come to my house with workmen. (Cicero Philippicae 1.12)
4. He was most troubled when he heard that the consuls had fled from Italy. (Cicero Pro Rege Deiotaro 11)
5. Which of these things does he say that he has not done? (Cicero In Verrem 2.2.80)
6. When he had swiftly taken care of these things, as soon as he was able … , he himself hastened to his army. (Caesar De Bello Gallico 3.9.2)
7. I hope that you and your children will see many good things in the republic. (Cicero Pro Milone 78)
8. They say that they were deserted and betrayed by you and they make mention of your former oath. (Caesar Bellum Civile 2.32.7)
9. I certainly know that I can easily be defeated by you. (Cicero De Natura Deorum 3.95)
- - - - - - - - - -
The Bigger Picture
De Natura Deorum (On the Nature of the Gods), a philosophical work in dialogue form on the nature of the gods, completed in 44 bc. Epicurean theory is set out in book I by Velleius, Stoic theory in book II by Balbus, and the Academic position, with which Cicero sympathizes, is given in book III by Cotta.
- - - - - - - - - -
FIGURE 10.2 Silver denarius, 46–45 bc. Trophy with seated captives. Victorious Roman generals could be granted the honor of a “triumph,” a procession to the Temple of Jupiter where the spoils of war, including captives, were paraded through the streets. © Leeds Museums and Galleries (Discovery Centre)
Vocabulary to Learn
Nouns; Pronouns
familia, -ae (f.) – (often plural) household; household slaves
fīnēs, -ium (m. pl.) – territory
perīculum, -ī (n.) - danger
praesidium, praesidiī (n.) – defense; protection
servus, -ī (m.) – slave
—, suī – himself; herself; themselves
Verbs
absum, abesse, āfuī – be far away
cognōscō, cognōscere, cognōvī, cognitum – find out
cōgō, cōgere, coēgī, coactum – collect; compel
contendō, contendere, contendī, contentum – hasten; fight (with)
dēlīberō, dēlīberāre, dēlīberāvī, dēlīberātum – consider; deliberate
incolō, incolere, incoluī – dwell
iūrō, iūrāre, iūrāvī, iūrātum – swear (an oath)
līberō, līberāre, līberāvī, līberātum – free (from + abl.)
perdō, perdere, perdidī, perditum – destroy; ruin
prōdō, prōdere, prōdidī, prōditum – betray
prōhibeō, prōhibēre, prōhibuī, prōhibitum – keep out; prevent
Adjectives
cīvīlis, -e – civil; public
dubius, -a, -um – doubtful; sine dubiō – without doubt
iustus, -a, -um – just
māximus, -a, -um – greatest
reliquus, -a, -um – remaining
Adverbs; Prepositions; Conjunctions
facile – easily
ferē – almost
maximē – very much; most
postquam – after
statim – immediately
ut (+ indicative) – when
FIGURE 10.3 Ruins of a thermopolium in Herculaneum, Italy. Thermopolia are thought to be a type of ancient fast food cafe. The large terracotta containers (dolia) sunk into a masonry counter are thought to have contained hot food which was sold to customers. Photo © Alain Lauga/Shutterstock
Vocabulary Specifically for Chapter 10 Passages
Nouns; Pronouns
Axōna, -ae (m.) – a river in Gaul
causa, -ae – cause; reason (abl. causā + gen. – for the sake of)
explorātor, -ōris (m.) – scout; spy
faber, -brī (m.) – workman
Garunna, -ae (m.) – a river in Gaul
initium, initiī (n.) – beginning
ipse, ipsa, ipsum – -self; -selves (for declension of ipse, see Appendix 2)
legātus, -ī (m.) – envoy; ambassador
mandātum, -ī (n.) – order
Maurītānia, -ae (f.) – Mauritania (a country of Africa)
mentiō, -ōnis (f.) – mention
Oceanus, -ī (m.) – Ocean
L. Opimius, -iī – Lucius Opimius, consul 121 bc; put Gaius Gracchus to death
praetor, -ōris (m.) – praetor (Roman official)
Rēmī, -ōrum (m. pl.) – a people of Gaul
Rhodanus, -ī (m.) – the river Rhône
sacramentum, -ī (n.) – oath
victor, -ōris (m.) – victor
Verbs
concitō, concitāre, concitāvī, concitātum – stir up
confirmō, confirmāre, confirmāvī, confirmātum – confirm; encourage; assure
coniūrō, coniūrāre, coniūrāvī, coniūrātum – conspire
contineō, continēre, continuī, contentum – bound; limit
dīmittō, dīmittere, dīmīsī, dīmissum – dismiss
ēiciō, ēicere, ēiēcī, ēiectum – drive out
exhibeō, exhibēre, exhibuī, exhibitum – show; produce; give up
impediō, impedīre, impedīvī, impedītum – impede; hinder
mātūrō, mātūrāre, mātūrāvī, mātūrātum (+ inf.) – hurry (to do something)
nōminō, nōmināre, nōmināvī, nōminātum – name; call
praecēdō, praecēdere, praecēssī, praecēssum – surpass
obtineō, obtinēre, obtinuī, obtentum – possess
referō, referre, retulī (or rettulī), relātum – report
revertō, revertere, revertī, reversum – return
tradūcō, tradūcere, tradūxī, traductum – lead across
Adjectives
cotīdiānus, -a, -um – daily
domesticus, -a, -um – belonging to one's home; domestic
extrēmus, -a, -um – most distant
fortissimus, -a, -um – strongest; bravest
perturbātus, -a, -um – troubled
prior, -ōris – former
Adverbs; Prepositions; Conjunctions
certō – certainly
confestim – hurriedly; quickly
continenter – continuously
longē – far; a long way
magnificē – magnificently
omnīnō – completely; altogether
palam – openly
posthāc – in future
English Derivations
From which Latin roots do the following English words derive?
(i) perdition
(ii) contention
(iii) relic
(iv) content
CHAPTER 11
Chapter Contents
11.1 DEPONENT VERBS 11.1.1 Present Indicative First Conjugation
Second Conjugation
Third Conjugation
Fourth Conjugation
Mixed Conjugation
11.1.2 Future Indicative First and Second Conjugations
Third, Fourth, and Mixed Conjugations
11.1.3 Imperfect Indicative
11.1.4 Perfect Indicative
11.1.5 Future Perfect Indicative
11.1.6 Pluperfect Indicative
11.2 PARTICIPLES OF DEPONENT VERBS 11.2.1 Present Active
11.2.2 Perfect Active
11.2.3
Future Active
11.3 INFINITIVES OF DEPONENT VERBS 11.3.1 Present
11.3.2 Perfect
11.3.3 Future
11.4 CAUSAL CLAUSES
11.5 USES OF CASES 11.5.1 Genitive of Characteristic
Translation from Latin
Translation into Latin
Vocabulary to Learn Nouns; Pronouns
Deponent Verbs
Other Verbs
Adjectives
Adverbs; Prepositions; Conjunctions
Vocabulary Specifically for Chapter 11 Passages Nouns; Pronouns
Verbs
Adjectives
Adverbs; Prepositions; Conjunctions
FIGURE 11.1 Greco-Roman figurine of a slave carrying a yoke supporting an amphora and shopping basket. Slaves were, for the most part, captives of war. They were involved in all aspects of Roman life, both public and private. Some estimates put the number of slaves in Italy at 2,000,000 by around 30 bc. © Leeds Museums and Galleries (Discovery Centre)
11.1 Deponent Verbs
In Latin there are some verbs for which in many instances there are no active forms, only passive; however, these verbs, although passive in form are active in meaning. They are called deponent verbs because they have “laid aside” (dēpōnō) their active forms. Some deponent verbs are very common.
The good news here is that there are no new forms to learn: deponent verbs are formed in exactly the same way as the passives of the verbs we have met so far. They have only three principal parts: arbitror (present indicative, 1st person singular), arbitrārī (present infinitive), arbitrātus sum (perfect indicative, 1st person singular). So arbitror – I think; I judge; arbitrārī – to think; to judge; arbitrātus sum – I thought, I judged.
11.1.1 Present Indicative
First Conjugation
SINGULAR PLURAL
1st person arbitror – I think, am thinking, do think arbitr-ā-mur – we think, etc.
2nd person arbitr-ā-ris – you think, etc. arbitr-ā-minī – you think, etc.
3rd person arbitr-ā-tur – he, she, it thinks etc. arbitr-a-ntur – they think, etc.
The endings -r, -ris, -tur, -mur, -minī, -ntur are exactly the same as the passive endings learnt in Chapter 7.
Second Conjugation
vereor, -ērī, veritus sum – I am afraid; I fear
SINGULAR PLURAL
1st person vereor – I fear, am fearing, do fear ver-ē-mur – we fear, etc.
2nd person ver-ē-ris – you fear, etc. ver-ē-minī – you fear, etc.
3rd person ver-ē-tur – he, she, it fears, etc. ver-e-ntur – they fear, etc.
Third Conjugation
sequor, sequī, secūtus sum – I follow
SINGULAR PLURAL
1st person sequor – I follow, am following, do follow sequ-i-mur – we follow, etc.
2nd person sequ-e-ris – you follow, etc. sequ-i-minī – you follow, etc.
3rd person sequ-i-tur – he, she, it follows, etc. sequ-u-ntur – they follow, etc.
Fourth Conjugation
mentior, mentīrī, mentītus sum – deceive; lie
SINGULAR PLURAL
1st person mentior – I lie, am lying, do lie ment-ī-mur – we lie, etc.
2nd person ment-ī-ris – you lie, etc. ment-ī-minī – you lie, etc.
3rd person ment-ī-tur – he, she, it lies, etc. ment-i-untur – they lie, etc.
Mixed Conjugation
prōgredior, prōgredī, prōgessus sum – go forward; advance
SINGULAR PLURAL
1st person prōgredior – I advance, am advancing prōgred-i-mur – we advance, etc.
2nd person prōgred-e-ris – you advance, etc. prōgred-i-minī– you advance, etc.
3rd person prōgred-i-tur – he, she, it advances, etc. prōgred-i-u-ntur – they advance, etc.
The other tenses of deponent verbs are also passive in form, but active in meaning.
11.1.2 Future Indicative
First and Second Conjugations
SINGULAR PLURAL
1st person verēbor – I shall fear ver-ē-bimur – we shall fear
2nd person ver-ē-beris – you will fear ver-ē-biminī – you will fear
3rd person ver-ē-bitur – he, she, it will fear ver-ē-buntur – they will fear
Third, Fourth, and Mixed Conjugations
SINGULAR PLURAL
1st person sequar – I shall follow sequ-ē-mur – we shall follow
2nd person sequ-ē-ris – you will follow sequ-ē-minī – you will follow
3rd person sequ-ē-tur – he, she, it will follow sequ-e-ntur – they will follow
11.1.3 Imperfect Indicative
SINGULAR PLURAL
1st person menti-ē-bar – I was lying menti-ē-bāmur – we were lying
3rd person menti-ē-bātur – he, she, it was lying menti-ē -bantur – they were lying
11.1.4 Perfect Indicative
SINGULAR PLURAL
1st person secūtus, -a, -um sum – I followed secūtī, -ae, -a sumus – we followed
2nd person secūtus, -a, -um es – you followed secūtī, -ae, -a estis – you followed
3rd person secūtus, -a, -um est – he, she, it followed secūtī, -ae, -a sunt – they followed
HINT!
The perfect of deponent verbs may also be translated, for example, “I have followed” or “I did follow.”
11.1.5 Future Perfect Indicative
SINGULAR PLURAL
1st person secūtus, -a, -um erō secūtī, -ae, -a erimus
2nd person secūtus, -a, -um eris secūtī, -ae, -a eritis
3rd person secūtus, -a, -um erit secūtī, -ae, -a erunt
Translations: I shall have followed; you will have followed, etc.
11.1.6 Pluperfect Indicative
SINGULAR PLURAL
1st person secūtus, -a, -um eram secūtī, -ae, -a erāmus
2nd person secūtus, -a, -um erās secūtī, -ae, -a erātis
3rd person secūtus, -a, -um erat secūtī, -ae, -a erant
Translations: I had followed; you had followed, etc.
HINT!
Remember for forms of the perfect tenses, the participle has to agree with the subject.
11.2 Participles of Deponent Verbs
Deponent verbs have only three forms of participles: the present, which is active; the future, which is also active; the perfect, which is active. Participles of deponents are formed in the same way as those of non-deponent verbs.
11.2.1 Present Active
arbitrāns, arbitrantis – (while) thinking
verēns, verentis – (while) fearing
sequēns, sequentis – (while) following
mentiēns, mentientis – (while) lying
prōgrediēns, prōgredientis – (while) advancing
The present participles of deponent verbs, like those of non-deponent verbs, decline and belong to the third declension.
11.2.2 Perfect Active
arbitrātus, -a, -um – having thought
veritus, -a, -um – having feared
secūtus, -a, -um – having followed
mentītus, -a, -um – having lied
prōgressus, -a, -um – having advanced
11.2.3 Future Active
arbitrātūrus, -a, -um – (being) about to think; going to think
veritūrus, -a, -um – (being) about to fear; going to fear
secūtūrus, -a, -um – (being) about to follow; going to follow
mentītūrus, -a, -um – (being) about to lie; going to lie
prōgressūrus, -a, -um – (being) about to advance; going to advance
11.3 Infinitives of Deponent Verbs
As might be expected, the infinitives of deponent verbs are rather different. For the present infinitive the form is the same as the present infinitive passive of non-deponent verbs, but as with other deponent forms, it is passive in form but active in meaning. Als
o it is the second principal part. Similarly, the perfect infinitive is passive in form but active in meaning. It is made up of two parts: the perfect participle and the present infinitive of the verb sum. The future infinitive is, perhaps surprisingly, active in form and active in meaning. It is made up of two parts: the future participle active and the present infinitive of the verb sum.
11.3.1 Present
arbitrārī – to think; to judge
verērī – to fear
sequī – to follow
mentīrī – to lie
progredī – to advance
11.3.2 Perfect
arbitrātus, -a, -um esse – to have thought; to have judged
veritus, -a, -um esse – to have feared
secūtus, -a, -um esse – to have followed
mentītus, -a, -um esse – to have risen
prōgressus, -a, -um esse – to have advanced
11.3.3 Future
arbitrātūrus, -a, -um esse – to be going to think; to be going to judge
veritūrus, -a, -um esse – to be going to fear
secutūrus esse – to be going to follow