7. I had decided not, by Hercules, because of idleness but because of regret for my former authority, to keep silent forever. (Cicero Epistulae ad Familiares 4.4.4)
8. A boy, sent by your sister from Rome, gave a letter to me from you. (Cicero Epistulae ad Atticum 1.10.1)
9. They suddenly rushed from the woods and, having made an attack on those who had been placed on guard in front of the camp, they fought fiercely. (Caesar De Bello Gallico 5.15.3)
Vocabulary to Learn
Nouns; Pronouns
aciēs, aciēī (f.) – battle-line
adventus, -ūs (m.) – arrival
aetās, aetātis (f.) – age
iniūria, -ae (f.) – injustice
iūs, iūris (n.) – right; law; custom
mulier, -eris (f.) – woman
plebs, plēbis (m.) – the people
portus, -ūs (m.) – port
sapientia, -ae (f.) – wisdom
signum, -ī (n.) – sign; banner; statue
silva, -ae (f.) – forest; wood
Verbs
cōgitō, cōgitāre, cōgitāvī, cōgitātum – think
cognōscō, cognōscere, cognōvī, cognitum – come to know; learn (about)
dēleō, dēlēre, dēlēvī, dēlētum – destroy
discēdō, discēdere, discessī, discessum – depart; leave
iuvō, iuvāre, iūvī, iūtum – help
mūtō, mūtāre, mūtāvī, mūtātum – change
regnō, regnāre, regnāvī, regnātum – reign
reputō, reputāre, reputāvī, reputātum – think; consider
resistō, resistere, restitī (+ dat.) – resist
sentiō, sentīre, sēnsī, sēnsum – sense; feel
statuō, statuere, statuī, statūtum – decide
taceō, tacēre, tacuī, tacitum – be silent
Adjectives
brevis, -e – short; brief
cēterus, -a, -um – rest; remaining
cupidus, -a, -um – eager; desirous
iucundus, -a, -um – sweet
vērus, -a, -um – true
Adverbs; Prepositions; Conjunctions
non modō – not only
sed etiam – but also
ut – as
Vocabulary Specifically for Chapter 9 Passages
Nouns; Pronouns
agger, aggeris (m.) – earthwork; ramp
altercātiō, -ōnis (f.) – argument
auctor, -ōris (m.) – author; adviser
auctoritās, -tātis (f.) – authority
Canīnius, -iī (m.) – Caninius Gallus, tribune 56 bc
Cato, -ōnis (m.) – Gaius Porcius Cato, tribune 56 bc
cliens, -entis (m.) – client; follower
dēsiderium, dēsideriī (n.) – desire; (+ gen.) regret (for)
equitātus, -ūs (m.) – cavalry
excūsātiō, -ōnis (f.) – excuse
Īdus, -uum (f. pl.) – Ides (March, May, July, October 15; 13 of other months)
inertia, -ae (f.) – idleness
inopia, -ae (f.) – scarcity; lack
iūdicium, iūdiciī (n.) – court
Lentulus, -ī (m.) – Gnaeus Cornelius Lentulus Marcellinus, consul 56 bc
Metius – Marcus Metius, an envoy sent by Caesar to the German king, Ariovistus
Mitylēnae, -ārum (f. pl.) – Mytilene (capital city of Lesbos)
oppugnātiō, -ōnis (f.) – attack
praedicātiō, -ōnis (f.) – proclamation
principātus, -ūs (m.) – position of commander-in-chief
profectiō, -ōnis (f.) – setting out
provincia, -ae (f.) – province
quaestor, -ōris (m.) – quaestor (public official; magistrate)
quicquid (nom. n. sing.) – whatever
quiēs, -ētis (f.) – quiet
ratiō, -ōnis (f.) – reason
reditus, -ūs (m.) – return
reus, -ī (m.) – defendant (in court)
sententia, -ae (f.) – opinion
Sulla, -ae (m.) – Lucius Cornelius Sulla; Roman dictator 81–79 bc
Sulpicius, -iī (m.) – Publius Sulpicius Rufus; an orator, tribune 88 bc; put to death by Sulla in 88
tranquillitās, -ātis (f.) – tranquillity
tribūnus, -ī (m.) – tribune
turris, turris (f.) – siege-tower
venia, -ae (f.) – favor; forgiveness
Vercingetorix, -igis (m.) – Vercingetorix, commander of the Gauls in the Gallic War
vinea, -ae (f.) – siege-shelter
Verbs
absolvō, absolvere, absolvī, absolūtum – absolve; free; acquit
addūcō, addūcere, addūxī, adductum – lead to; induce
appetō, appetere, appetī(v)ī, appetītum – seek for
apportō, apportāre, apportāvī, apportātum – carry to; bring to
certiōrem faciō, facere, fēcī, factum – inform
conficiō, conficere, confēcī, confectum – complete
confirmō, confirmāre, confirmāvī, confirmātum – strengthen; encourage
consentiō, consentīre, consēnsī, consēnsum – agree
constituō, constituere, constituī, constitūtum – set up
consumō, consumere, consumpsī, consumptum – take up; consume
convocō, convocāre, convocāvī, convocātum – call together; assemble
damnō, damnāre, damnāvī, damnātum – condemn
expōnō, expōnere, exposuī, expositum – disembark
flōreō, flōrēre, flōruī – flourish; be in good repute
incendō, incendere, incendī, incensum – set fire to; rouse
legō, legere, lēgī, lectum – read
permisceō, permiscēre, permiscuī, permixtum – mix
prōpōnō, prōpōnere, prōposuī, prōpositum – set out; threaten
prōvideō, prōvidēre, prōvīdī, prōvīsum – take thought for; exercise foresight
redūcō, redūcere, redūxī, reductum – lead back
reperiō, reperīre, reperrī, repertum – find; discover
succurrō, succurrere, succurrī, succursum (+ dat.) – come to the help of; occur to
tegō, tegere, tēxī, tēctum – cover; protect
tollō, tollere, sustulī, sublātum – take away
vigilō, vigilāre, vigilāvī, vigilātum – be watchful
Adjectives
admirābilis, -e – admirable
Iānuarius, -a, -um – of (belonging to) January
īdem, eadem, idem – same
idōneus, -a, -um – suitable
imperātōrius, -a, -um – of a general; belonging to a general
pristīnus, -a, -um – former
rapidus, -a, -um – swift; swift-flowing
summus, -a, -um – greatest
Adverbs; Prepositions; Conjunctions
cāsū – by chance
fērē – almost
in perpetuum – forever
in posterum – for the future
libenter – willingly
mehercule – by Hercules
multum – much
potissimum – especially
profectō – surely
propterea quod – because
English Derivations
From which Latin roots do the following English words derive?
(i) sylvan
(ii) delete
(iii) sense
(iv) tacit
CHAPTER 10
Chapter Contents
10.1 INFINITIVES 10.1.1 Formation of Infinitives
10.2 REPORTED/INDIRECT STATEMENT; ACCUSATIVE AND INFINITIVE
10.3 REFLEXIVE PRONOUN
10.4 SYNCOPATED FORMS OF THE PERFECT
Translation from Latin
Translation into Latin
Vocabulary to Learn Nouns; Pronouns
Verbs
Adjectives
Adverbs; Prepositions; Conjunctions
Vocabulary Specifically f
or Chapter 10 Passages Nouns; Pronouns
Verbs
Adjectives
Adverbs; Prepositions; Conjunctions
FIGURE 10.1 Romano-British oil lamp, date unknown. Lamps were made from various materials, including gold, lead, bronze, and ceramic. They were used in a variety of contexts and most obviously for lighting. The usual fuel was olive oil. © Leeds Museums and Galleries (Discovery Centre)
10.1 Infinitives
The infinitive is a verbal noun; that is to say it has qualities of a verb (tense and voice) and qualities of a noun (gender – neuter, number – singular, and case – nominative or accusative). Latin infinitives occur in three tenses: present, perfect, and future. As we have already seen, the present infinitive active is the second principal part: amāre, vidēre, pōnere, invenīre, capere. These forms we have already met. The following table contains all infinitives of non-deponent verbs (deponent verbs will be introduced in the next chapter).
ACTIVE PASSIVE
Present amāre – to love amārī – to be loved
vidēre – to see vidērī – to be seen
pōnere – to place pōnī – to be placed
invenīre – to find invenīrī – to be found
capere – to take capī – to be taken
esse – to be
posse – to be able
Perfect amāvisse – to have loved amātus, -a, -um esse – to have been loved
vīdisse – to have seen vīsus, -a, -um esse – to have been seen
posuisse – to have placed positus, -a, -um esse – to have been placed
invēnisse – to have found inventus, -a, -um esse – to have been found
cēpisse – to have taken captus, -a, -um esse – to have been taken
fuisse – to have been
potuisse – to have been able
Future amātūrus, -a, -um esse – to be going to love
vīsūrus, -a, -um esse – to be going to see
positūrus, -a, -um esse – to be going to place
inventūrus, -a, -um esse – to be going to find
captūrus, -a, -um esse – to be going to take
futūrus, -a, -um esse – to be going to be
FYI
An alternative form of the future infinitive of esse is fore.
The future infinitive passive is formed using the supine + the present infinitive passive of the verb eō, īre, e.g., amātum īrī – to be going to be loved, but it is not the most common construction. To avoid this unusual form Latin authors regularly use a different construction (see Chapter 21).
10.1.1 Formation of Infinitives
The present infinitive active is the second principal part; the present infinitive passive is formed from the present infinitive active as follows: for the 1st, 2nd, and 4th conjugations change the final -e to -ī; for the 3rd and mixed conjugations remove the ending -ere and simply add -ī.
The perfect infinitive active is formed by adding -isse to the perfect stem (from the third principal part); the perfect infinitive passive is made up of two parts: the perfect participle passive and the present infinitive of the verb sum. It is important to note that the perfect participle, as an adjective, will agree in gender, number, and case with the subject of an infinitive; hence, if the subject is masculine the participle will have masculine endings, if the subject is feminine the participle will have feminine endings and if the subject is neuter the participle will have neuter endings.
The future infinitive active is also made up of two parts: the future participle and the present infinitive of sum. It is important to note that the future participle, as an adjective, will agree in gender, number, and case with the subject of an infinitive; hence, if the subject is masculine the participle will have masculine endings, if the subject is feminine the participle will have feminine endings, and if the subject is neuter the participle will have neuter endings.
Try This
Infinitive practice.
Translate into English:
(i) prohiberi
(ii) deliberavisse
(iii) coactum iri
(iv) iuraturus esse
(v) fore
Translate into Latin:
(i) to be about to betray
(ii) to be about to be ruined
(iii) to free
(iv) to have been found
(v) to be about to be far away
10.2 Reported/Indirect Statement; Accusative and Infinitive
One of the most common constructions in Latin involves indirect or reported speech. Consider the following: I am afraid (direct speech); he says that he is afraid (indirect speech). To report someone's words, thoughts, or feelings English frequently uses a subordinate clause, introduced by the conjunction “that” and containing a finite verb. Here Latin uses a construction that is quite different from English. Instead of a “that” clause, Latin uses the accusative and infinitive construction. What in English is the finite verb of the clause becomes in Latin an infinitive and the subject of the infinitive goes into the accusative case.
The same construction is used after verbs of “saying” (e.g., dīcō; respondeō), “thinking” (e.g., putō), “knowing” (e.g., sciō; intellegō) and “perceiving” (e.g., videō; sentiō; audiō).
HINT!
English also uses the accusative and infintive construction; for example, “I consider him to be pompous.”
dīcit montem … ab hostibus tenērī (Caesar De Bello Gallico 1.22.3): he says that the mountain is being held by the enemy.
audīvī Dolabellam in Ciliciam vēnisse cum suīs copiīs (Cicero Epistulae ad Familiares 12.12.5): I have heard that Dolabella has come into Cilicia with his forces.
After verbs of “hoping” (spērō), “promising” (promittō), and “swearing” (iūrō), the accusative and future infinitive is the commonest construction.
iūrāvit sē nisi victōrem in castra non reversūrum <esse> (Caesar Bellum Civile 3.87.6): he swore that he would not return to camp except as a victor.
Note that in the accusative and infinitive construction the esse of the perfect passive and of the future infinitive is frequently omitted.
HINT!
Anticipate the sentence structure/grammar. If, for example, you find a verb of “saying,” “thinking,” “knowing,” or “perceiving,” look for an accusative followed by an infinitive.
10.3 Reflexive Pronoun
Reflexive pronouns occur in the predicate of the sentence and refer back to the subject (e.g., in English: I see myself; he sees himself), and therefore cannot occur in the nominative case. For the first and second persons, singular and plural, the forms of the reflexive in Latin are exactly the same as the non-reflexive forms (e.g., mē = me or myself, depending on the context). For the third person reflexive pronoun himself, herself, itself, and themselves Latin has separate forms but uses the same forms in the singular and plural:
Nom. NO NOMINATIVE
Gen. suī
Dat. sibi
Acc. sē
Abl. sē
Voc. NO VOCATIVE
Notice that in the accusative and infinitive construction, Latin uses se when the subject of the infinitive is the same as the subject of the verb of saying, thinking, etc.; however, if a third person subject of an infinitive is different from the subject of the introductory verb, the forms eum, eam, id in the singular and in the plural eōs, eās, ea are used.
consulēs sē aut dictatōrēs aut etiam regēs spērant futūrōs? (Cicero In Catilinam 2.19): do the consuls hope that they will be either dictators or even kings?
homo disertus non intellegit eum quem contrā dīcit laudārī ā sē (Cicero Philippicae 2.18): the eloquent gentleman does not realize that he whom he is speaking against [i.e., his opponent] is being praised by himself.
There is a corresponding reflexive adjective of the first/second declension, suus, sua, suum – his, hers, its, their. This declines in exactly the same way as bonus, -a, -um. To show possession in third person non-reflexive contexts Latin u
ses the genitive singular or plural of is, ea, id.
HINT!
The adjectives meus, -a, -um – my, and tuus, -a, -um – your (sing.) may be used reflexively or non-reflexively.
aut suīs fīnibus eōs prohibent aut ipsī in eōrum fīnibus bellum gerunt (Caesar De Bello Gallico 1.1.4): either they are keeping them out of their own territory or waging war themselves in the territory of those men.
10.4 Syncopated Forms of the Perfect
Perfects ending -āvī, -ēvī, -ōvī, or -īvī have alternative syncopated forms where the -vī or -vē drop out. For example, instead of amāvistī the form amāstī may occur (or dēlērunt for dēlēverunt). Similarly in the pluperfect: amāram for amāveram; nōram for nōveram; audīssem for audīvissem. These forms occur in prose and especially in poetry where they are used to fit the meter.
simul ad sē Valerium mittī audīērunt (Caesar Bellum Civile 1.30.3): as soon as they heard that Valerius was being sent to them.
Translation from Latin
1. palam iam cum hoste nullo impediente bellum iustum geremus. sine dubio perdidimus hominem magnificeque vicimus. (Cicero In Catilinam 2.1)
2. ille dixit … a P. Lentulo se habere ad Catilinam mandata et litteras. (Cicero In Catilinam 3.8)
3. nominat ille servum … eum dicit coniuravisse et familias concitavisse (is omnino servus in familia non erat) eum statim exhiberi iubet. (Cicero In Verrem 2.5.17)
4. L. Opimius eiectus est e patria, is qui praetor et consul maximis rem publicam periculis liberarat. (Cicero In Pisonem 95)
5. iuravit se nisi victorem in castra non reversum … hoc laudans Pompeius idem iuravit. (Caesar Bellum Civile 3.86.5–87.6)
6. confirmo vobis nullum posthac malum civile ac domesticum ad ullam rei publicae partem esse venturum. (Cicero In Catilinam 4.15)
7. audiverat Pompeium per Mauretaniam cum legionibus iter in Hispaniam facere confestimque esse venturum. (Caesar Bellum Civile 1.39.4)
8. his datis mandatis eum ab se dimittit. postquam omnes Belgarum copias in unum locum coactas ad se venire vidit neque iam longe abesse ab eis quos miserat exploratoribus et ab Remis cognovit, flumen Axonam, quod est in extremis Remorum finibus, exercitum traducere maturavit atque ibi castra posuit. (Caesar De Bello Gallico 2.5.5)