Korea, Democratic People’s Republic of (North), 105, 269
Korea, Republic of (South):
Chinese relations with, 260
economic success of, 268–69
Japan and, 231, 233–34
political freedom in, 268–69
Korean War, 73–74, 103, 105, 262
Koslov, Frol, 306
Krauthammer, Charles, 45–46
Krishna Menon, V. K., 73
Kuznetsov, A. A., 77
Laos, 244
Latin America, 286–92
poverty in, 290–91
trade needed by, 291–92
see also specific countries
League of Nations, 21, 28
leaks, 112–13, 218
Lebanon, U.S. hostages in, 109
Lee Kwan Yew, 269, 300
on China, 22–23, 249
on Japan, 23–24, 235
Lenin, V. I., 33, 50, 154, 182, 270
Liberia, 281
Libya, U.S. raid on, 20, 206
Limited Nuclear Test Ban Treaty, 193
Lincoln, Abraham, 172, 305, 317
linkage, 178–80, 184, 218–19
Locke, John, 303
Long March, 247–48
Lon Nol, 122
MacArthur, Douglas, 24, 222, 236
McCloy, John J., 77
McKinley, William, 14
Macmillan, Harold, 31, 65, 197
McNamara, Robert S., 77, 81
Malaysia, 272
Malenkov, Georgi, 65
Malraux, André, 19, 247
Malthus, Thomas, 15
Manifest Destiny, 19
Mansfield Amendment, 206, 213
Mao Tse-tung, 27, 242–43, 245, 262, 293
leadership style of, 246–49, 251, 254
Marcos, Ferdinand, 126, 144
Mariam, Mengistu Haile, 280
Marshall Plan, 171, 197–98
Marx, Karl, 42
massive retaliation, doctrine of, 72, 201
Meany, George, 165
Mecca, Iranian demonstrations in, 294
Meir, Golda, 276
Menzies, Sir Robert, 173
Mexican–American War, 234, 288
Mexico, 257, 286
economic crisis of, 114–15, 288–89, 298
Mexico, University of, 288
Midgetman missile, 83, 85, 185
military aid:
to anticommunist revolutionary movements, 109–11, 132–37, 139–143
Soviet-U.S. competition and, 105–6
military power:
change in Eastern Europe and, 151–152
NATO and, 198, 212–15, 220
Soviet-U.S. competition and, 106–109, 151–52
Mitterrand, François, 35
Mobutu Sese Seko, 280
Mohammed Reza Shah Pahlavi, 110, 118, 258
overthrow of, 294–95
Monroe Doctrine, 137
moral relativism, doctrine of, 314
Mozambique, 293
Mugabe, Robert, 282
Muñoz Marín, Luis, 289
Mussolini, Benito, 16
Mutual and Balanced Force Reduction Talks, 176, 215
mutual assured destruction, doctrine of, 79–82
MX-missile deployment, 69, 84–85, 89, 95, 185
SDI and, 85, 90
Nagy, Imre, 153
Nakasone, Yasuhiro, 223, 228, 230, 235–36
Napoleon I, Emperor of France, 31, 278
on China, 242–43
Nasser, Gamal Abdel, 55, 73, 204
National Endowment for Democracy (NED), 299
National Security Council (NSC), 312
Iran-contra affair and, 109, 112, 173
Soviet-U.S. negotiations and, 173–175
NATO (North Atlantic Treaty Organization), 34–35, 55, 73, 104, 187
changes in world since formation of, 198–206
core mission of, 209–15
crisis of, 197, 206–7, 219
doctrine of flexible response adopted by, 201–3
expanding mission of, 215–17
improving conventional forces of, 212–15, 220
reasons for formation of, 197–98
resolving problems of, 207–9, 219–220
Soviet relations with, 217–19
Soviet-U.S. negotiations and, 162–163, 169–71, 181
see also Western Europe
negotiation, 315
back-channel, 177
conduct of, 161, 168–94
deadlines for, 192
government-to-government, 174
head-to-head, 174–75
key tactics to employ in, 177–84
necessity for secrecy in, 175–77
pros and cons of, 161–65
selecting issues for, 161, 166–67
sound agreements reached by, 193
with Soviets, 63–65, 160–94
at summit level, see summits, summitry
talk soft, act tough tactic in, 184
tenacity in, 182–84
unpredictability in, 184
see also arms-control agreements; diplomacy
Nehru, Jawaharlal, 273
neo-isolationism, 308–9, 313–14
Neutrality Act, 111–12
New People’s Army (NPA), Philippine, 144, 270, 292
New Zealand, 272
Nicaragua, 293
critical U.S. interests in, 131–37
Sandinista rule in, 53, 105, 122, 132–137, 292
Nietzsche, Friedrich, 318–19
Nisbet, Robert, 307–8
Nixon Doctrine, 122–23
Nkrumah, Kwame, 281
Norway, 218
nuclear blackmail, 66–67, 82
nuclear power, 311
nuclear superiority:
as answer to nuclear dilemma, 67, 69–71
doctrine of mutually assured destruction and, 80–82
policy of deterrence and, 71–80, 117, 198, 201, 210
as Soviet pursuit, 77–83, 135
nuclear war, avoidance of, 52, 66–68, 162
nuclear weapons, 52, 63
concept of no first use of, 213
for defense of Europe, 210–15, 231
for defense of Japan, 231–32
as deterrent to war, see deterrence, policy of
intermediate-range, 202–3, 210, 212, 231
modernization of, 88, 164
as obsession, 18–19
perfect defenses against, 67, 70–71
political utility of, 67
proliferation of, 187, 275
proposed 50
percent reduction in, 92–94, 169
scientific progress in development of, 78, 81–82
Soviet-U.S. agreements on, see arms-control agreements
Soviet-U.S. parity in, 82–83, 87–88, 100, 202, 214
tactical, 170, 201
Office of Patents, U.S., 14
OPEC oil embargo, 115
Ortega, Daniel, 136
Other Path, The (de Soto), 291
pacifism, 308
Paine, Thomas, 254
Pakistan:
Indian feuds with, 267, 272–75
Soviet–Afghani war and, 49, 138–40, 274
U.S. economic aid to, 104, 140, 274–75
Palestinian question, 119
Palme, Olof, 45
Paris Exhibition, 14
Paris peace accords, 58, 103, 106
Pax Romana, 196
Paz, Octavio, 298
Perestroika, 40
peripheral interests, 113–14
Perry, Matthew, 221, 237
Pershing II missile deployment, 162–163, 202–3
Persian Gulf, 206, 294
Soviet long-term strategy in, 48–49, 59, 115–19, 138
as vital U.S. interest, 115–20
Peru, 290–91
Peter I (the Great), Czar of Russia, 43
Philippines, communist insurg
ency in, 143, 144–45, 270–71, 292
Pipes, Richard, 152
Poland, 130
agricultural collectivization in, 153–154, 155
Solidarity movement in, 152, 154, 155, 206
political conflicts, 166, 189, 191–92
political progress:
material progress vs., 16–18, 312
for twenty-first century, 312–15
Pol Pot, 122, 269
Pompidou, Georges, 252
Postdam Conference, 161
Prague Spring, 154
Prensa, La, 136
presidential campaigning, 301–2
public opinion:
covert operations and, 111–12
NATO and, 200
on Soviet-U.S. conflicts, 61
Soviet-U.S. negotiations and, 170–171
Qaddafi, Muammar el-, 293
quickie summit meetings, 190–91
Radio Free Europe, 101
Radio Liberty, 101, 156
Radio Moscow, 101–2
Rapid Deployment Force (RDF), 118
Reagan, Ronald, 31, 45, 47, 59, 61, 69, 118, 162, 182, 190
Arias peace plan and, 133, 136–37
arms-control negotiations of, 71, 92–93, 97, 169, 171, 179, 185, 191, 203
China policy of, 256, 258, 260
leadership style of, 308
popularity of, 301–2
protectionism resisted by, 256
SDI proposal of, 84–86, 93
on Third World issues, 279, 299
Reagan Doctrine, 128–29, 131
Realpolitik, 306
Real War, The (Nixon), 48, 115
Reconstruction, 158
Red Guards, 242, 247
Reykjavik summit, 61, 70–71, 191–92
Rogers, Bernard, 169
Romania, 153–54
Roosevelt, Franklin D., 44, 111–12, 208
in Soviet-U.S. negotiations, 172, 183, 188
on U N, 21–22, 28
Rosenthal, Abe, 47
Russian Revolution, 25, 315
Sadat, Anwar el-, 138
Sakharov, Andrei, 39
Salinas de Gortiari, Carlos, 289
SALT I, 61, 88, 176, 178, 185, 193
SALT II, 61, 88, 164–65, 179, 185
Sato, Eisaku, 226, 235–36, 252
Saudi Arabia, 117–19, 278–79
Savimbi, Jonas, 143
Schmidt, Helmut, 212
scientific progress, 13–18, 23–24
in health care, 15, 310
in nuclear weapon development, 78, 81–82
political progress vs., 16–18, 312
in travel, 15–16
in twenty-first century, 310–12
Scowcroft Commission, 83–84
SDI (Strategic Defense Initiative), 70, 77, 164, 212, 230
need for comprehensive compromise on, 89–91
START agreement and, 92–93, 95, 97, 184
value of, 84–86, 191
security aid, 296
Senate, U.S., see Congress, U.S.
Shanghai Communiqué, 258, 262
Sherr, William, 101
Shining Path, The, 291
Simes, Dimitri, 45
Singapore, 268–69
Somoza, Anastasio, 134–35
South Africa, Republic of:
racial injustice in, 282–85
UNITA aided by, 142–43
Soviet gas pipeline crisis, 60
Soviet Union, 17, 22–23, 306
Afghanistan invaded by, 48, 58–59, 75–76, 105, 111, 115, 118, 167, 179, 182, 190, 274
Afghani war of, 35–36, 48–50, 137–142, 157, 260, 274
Arab–Israeli conflict and, 276, 279
arms treaty compliance of, 88–89, 96, 184–85
bureaucracy of, 42–43, 158
China compared with, 42, 250
Chinese split with, 72, 241–44, 246–247, 255, 260
conventional force superiority of, 68–69, 72, 75–76, 82, 171, 198, 200–202, 210–11, 214–15
counterforce warhead advantage of, 92–93
Czechoslovakia invaded by, 147–48, 191
differences between U.S. and, 46–48, 50–51, 163–64, 316–17
expansionism of, 25–26, 33, 36, 38, 48, 52–57, 72, 76, 98–99, 105, 114, 131–32, 147, 166, 179, 192, 204–5, 275, 305, 309, 313–14
export of strategic technologies to, 218, 227
external problems of, 35–36, 54–55, 145–55, 163
Far East military buildup of, 229–231
Hungary invaded by, 147–49, 205
Indian relations with, 272, 274–75
internal problems of, 33–43, 45, 54–55, 59–60, 64, 69, 155–59, 199, 218, 239–40, 313–14
Japan and, 223, 227, 229–32, 234, 239–40
Jewish emigration from, 39, 180
Latin American trade interests of, 291
leaders of, 29–33, 146
Moslem peoples of, 157, 294
most-favored-nation status denied to, 57–58
NATO relations with, 217–19
negotiating with, 63–65, 160–94
nuclear superiority pursued by, 77–83, 135
people of, 42–43, 49–51, 60, 157, 294
policy of détente and, 56–58, 62, 99, 152
policy of deterrence and, see deterrence, policy of
South African interests of, 283–84
superdove view of, 58–59, 62
superhawk view of, 59–62
thaw in Chinese relations with, 261
U.S. competition with, 53–54, 63–65, 98–159, 266, 309, 313, 316–18, 321
U.S. relations with, 23, 25–31, 33, 62, 64, 99, 178–81, 186, 188–90, 193, 315
value of human life in, 76
Western Europe threatened by, 197–202, 208–9
space exploration, 312
Spain, 196
Spinoza, Baruch, 303
Sputnik, 312
Stalin, Joseph, 16, 25–26, 29–30, 60, 65, 98, 245, 293
Central Asian conquests of, 157
Church criticized by, 316–17
crimes of, 41, 43–44
Eastern European satellites and, 103, 155
Gorbachev’s reforms and, 41–43, 250
nuclear diplomacy and, 67, 75
Persian Gulf objectives of, 116–17
in Soviet-U.S. negotiations, 161, 183
START agreement, 88, 92–97
first-strike vulnerability and, 93–97, 169–70
SDI and, 92–93, 95, 97, 184
verification of, 96–97
statecraft, 317
negotiation and, 163, 165, 168
State Department, U.S., 112
Soviet-U.S. negotiations and, 171, 173–75
Steffens, Lincoln, 36
Subic Bay naval base, 144
Sudan, 280–81
Suez crisis, 73, 75, 204–5, 214
Suharto, General, 271
Sukarno, Achmed, 271
summits, summitry, 161, 186–93
annual, 192–93
arms control on agendas of, 191–92
exploiting common goals at, 186–87
key rules for, 188–93
perils of, 187–88
quickie, 190–91
successful, 189–90 see also specific summits
Sun Yat-sen, 242
Supreme Court, U.S., 108, 319
Syria, 276
Taiwan, 268–69, 272
U.S. policy on, 258–59
U.S. trade with, 256
Takeshita, Noboru, 236
tank-free zone proposal, 170–71
Tanzania, 104
Tchaikovsky, Peter Ilyich, 31
Teheran Conference, 161
terrorism, 167, 216, 292
Thailand, 269, 272
Thatcher, Margaret, 35, 206, 211
Thieu, Nguyen Van, 122
Third World, 63, 189, 264–300
causes of unrest and poverty in, 267–72
communist ins
urgencies in, 121–37, 142–45, 204, 208–9, 270–71, 285, 291–93, 298–99
corrupt governments in, 280–81, 285
debt crisis of, 114–15, 286–90, 297–298
definition of, 264
economic aid for, 103–5, 123, 140, 216–17, 232, 234, 238–39, 271, 274–75, 277, 279–80, 292, 296–297
importance of, 265–67
irresponsible European positions on, 205–6
Islamic fundamentalist revolution in, 293–95
Japanese activities in, 232–34, 238–239
NATO mission in, 215–17
natural and human resources of, 265–66, 275
poverty and misery in, 266–67, 269–270, 275, 279–80, 287, 290–91
security aid for, 296
simplistic approaches to, 264–65, 292–93
Soviet economic commitment to, 36, 44
Soviet-U.S. competition in, 53–54, 99–108, 115–45, 266
on summit agendas, 191–92
supporting political growth in, 298–300
trade needed by, 291–92, 297
U.S. policy for, 23, 295–300
see also specific countries
Thomas Aquinas, Saint, 320
Tito (Josip Broz), 103, 153
Tocqueville, Alexis de, 25, 64–65, 221, 313
Togo, 281–82
Tolstoy, Leo, 31
Toshiba, 227
trade negotiations, 184, 189
linkage tactic in, 178–79, 218–19
U.S. economic power in, 180–82
Trident submarine program, 185, 211
Trident II missile, 84, 95
Trotsky, Leon, 53
Truman, Harry S., 75, 117, 226
Tunisia, 252
Turkey, 196
Ukraine, 50, 156–57
Ukrainian Insurgent Army, 157
UNITA, 142–43
United Nations, 21–22, 28, 73, 274, 287, 308, 314
General Assembly of, 22
Soviet–Afghani war and, 138–39, 141
Third World political growth and, 298
United States:
blacks in, 298, 318
critical interests of, 113–14, 120–137
domestic problems of, 318–19
economy of, 62, 224–27, 238, 256, 310–11, 316–18
historical legacy of, 319–21
history of, 302–5, 309, 316
idealism of, 27–28, 306, 316–18
international responsibility of, 19–23
Japan occupied by, 222, 224, 236
leadership class of, 307–8
national pride of, 20
negativism in, 307, 313, 315
Soviet rhetoric against, 45, 78–79
spiritual values of, 315–19
twenty-first century role of, 302, 306, 308–9
vital interests of, 113–20
Versailles, Treaty of, 172, 305
Vienna summit, 48, 186, 190–91
Vietcong, 293
Vietnam, Democratic Republic of (North), 122
Soviet aid to, 105–6
U.S. negotiations with, 58, 103, 106, 176, 183
Vietnam, Republic of (South), 122–23
U.S. aid to, 58, 105–6
Vietnam, Socialist Republic of, 272, 296