American Revolution, 128, 316
Amery, Julian, 258
Andropov, Yuri, 29–30, 37
Angola, 105, 142–43
Anne, Queen of England, 15, 65
anticommunist revolutionary movements, 128–31, 314
in Afghanistan, 110–11, 139–41
in Angola, 142–43
conditions for U.S. aid to, 129–30
in Eastern Europe, 147–49, 151
in Nicaragua, see contras
antitechnology syndrome, 311
Aquino, Corazon, 144–45, 270–71
Arab–Israeli conflict, 56, 103, 267, 275–79
Argentina, 290
Arias, Oscar, 133, 136
Arias peace plan, 133, 135–37
arms-control agreements, 160, 166, 183–84
conditions to be met by, 87–89, 94–97
construction of, 86–87
on conventional level, 94–95, 97, 153, 170–71, 215
coordinating defense policy with, 86–87
European leadership in, 215
flexibility required in, 90–91
legitimate role of, 164–65
linkage tactic in, 178–80
Soviet approach to, 164
summitry and, 191–92
for total disarmament, 67–71
verification of, 88, 96–97, 184–85
see also specific agreements and treaties
Articles of Confederation, 304
Australia, 272
Austrian Peace Treaty, 103, 163, 193
Averroës, 293
Avicenna, 293
AWACS sales, 279
Batista, Fulgencio, 122
Bay of Pigs invasion, 190
Ben-Gurion, David, 278
Berlin agreement, 103, 193
Berlin crisis, 73–74, 75, 199
Berlin Wall, 190, 199
Beveridge, Albert, 305
Bill of Rights, U.S., 167
biotechnology, 310
Bolívar, Simón, 285
Bolshoi Ballet, 167
Bourguiba, Habib, 252
Boxer Rebellion, 242, 250
Brazil, 307
economic crisis of, 286–87, 290
Brezhnev, Leonid, 24, 29–30, 44, 146–147, 189
Gorbachev compared with, 32–33, 37
Brezhnev Doctrine, 44
Brosio, Manlio, 188
Brzezinski, Zbigniew, 58, 170
Cambodia, 244, 269
poverty of, 270, 293
Vietnamese invasion of, 143–44, 270
Camp David Accords, 103, 276, 278
Canada, 114
Carillo Flores, Nabor, 288
Carter, Jimmy, 61, 69, 81, 118, 185, 218, 307
Arab–Israeli conflict and, 103, 276–278
Soviet invasion of Afghanistan and, 58–59, 75–76, 182
Carter Doctrine, 59
Castro, Fidel, 55, 74, 290–91
Catholic Church, Stalin’s criticisms of, 316–17
Ceausescu, Nicolas, 153–54
Center for International Private Enterprise, 299
Central Intelligence Agency, 112, 171, 173
Challenger explosion, 78
Chamberlain, Neville, 114
Chamber of Commerce, U.S., 299
Chambers, Whittaker, 294
Chernobyl nuclear-reactor disaster, 52, 78, 117, 311
Chiang Kai-shek, 242, 247
China, Nationalist, see Taiwan China, People’s Republic of, 22–23, 34, 130, 144, 163, 187, 195, 241–263
access to technology of, 257, 260
agricultural success of, 249–50
concerns about U.S. in, 259
economic reforms of, 35, 37, 40, 245–46, 248–55
emergence of, 242–43, 245–46, 254
foreign ideas absorbed by, 248–49, 254
foreign policy of, 260–62
GNP of, 245
Japan and, 231, 233, 242, 260
leaders of, 246–48
national security interests of, 243–244, 246, 255, 259–60
political turmoil of, 251–52
Soviets compared with, 42, 250
Soviet split with, 72, 241–44, 246–47, 255, 260
on Taiwan issue, 258–59
Third World relations of, 272
transfer of power in, 252–53
U.S. negotiations with, 176, 183
U.S. relations with, 23, 103, 243–47, 255–57, 259–60, 262–63, 314
U.S. trade with, 180, 245, 255–57, 260
Western criticisms of, 257–59
Western fear and mistrust of, 241–242
Western investment in, 257
Chirac, Jacques, 35
Chou En-lai, 27, 243, 262
leadership style of, 246–48, 254
Churchill, Winston, 19, 27, 32, 47, 158, 168, 252
Iron Curtain speech of, 321
on U.S. politics, 302
Civil Rights Act, 318
Civil War, 151, 157–58, 172, 234
Clark Air Force Base, 144
Clark Amendment, 142–43
Clausewitz, Karl von, 78
Cleveland, Grover, 172
Cold War, 163, 217, 223, 295
colonialism:
European vs. communist, 17
of Soviets, see Soviet Union, expansionism of
communism, communists, 24
determinism of, 307
Islamic fundamentalism compared with, 293–94
Japanese relations with, 234
negotiating with, 175–76
romantic notions about, 292–93
as secular religion, 41, 42–43, 294, 317–18
Third World insurgencies of, 121–137, 142–45, 204, 208–9, 270–71, 285, 291–93, 298–99
Third World unrest and poverty caused by, 267–72
computers, revolution in, 311
Congress, U.S., 24, 64
demise of détente and, 57–58
Japanese trade debate in, 225–27, 239
NATO and, 206, 213–14
Soviet-U.S. competition and, 106–108, 111–13, 118, 120, 134, 136–137, 142–43
Soviet-U.S. negotiations and, 162, 179, 183, 189
on Soviet-U.S. trade, 57, 180
strategic issues addressed by, 69, 77, 83, 87, 89–91, 93, 185, 228
Third World issues and, 270, 284, 296, 299–300
Constitution, U.S., 303, 319
Contadora peace talks, 133
containment, policy of, 55–56, 62, 98–99, 132
contras:
diversion of arms profits to, 109
peace negotiations and, 133–37
U.S. aid to, 109, 132–37
counterforce warheads, Soviet advantage in, 92–93
covert operations, Soviet-U.S. competition and, 109–13, 139–41
critical interests, 113–14, 120–37
in Nicaragua and El Salvador, 131–137
Crozier, Brian, 179
cruise missile deployment, 162–63
Cuba, 122, 177
economic problems of, 290–91, 293
Third World insurgencies supported by, 136–37, 142–43
Cuban missile crisis, 73–75, 77, 79, 190–91
Cultural Revolution, 242, 247, 250
Czechoslovakia, 146
Soviet invasion of, 147–48, 191
Daniloff, Nicholas, 191
Declaration of Independence, 303
Defense Department, U.S., 112, 118
military interventions justified by, 106–7
Soviet-U.S. negotiations and, 169, 171, 173
defense policy:
coordinating arms control with, 86–87
for real peace, 52–54
de Gasperi, Alcide, 27
de Gaulle, Charles, 27, 32, 108, 196, 239, 252, 288, 309
on China, 241–42, 244, 246
on Japan, 235
on U.S. politics, 301
Deng Pufang, 242
De
ng Xiaoping, 40, 68, 242, 245
goals of, 254–55
Gorbachev compared with, 250
leadership style of, 248–55
power transferred to Zhao by, 252–253
on Sino–Soviet relations, 261
on Taiwan issue, 259
Western criticisms of, 251
dependency theory, 290
de Soto, Hernando, 291
détente, policy of, 56–58, 62, 99, 152
deterrence, policy of, 51, 56–57, 62–65, 66–97
doctrine of flexible response and, 201–3
doctrine of mutually assured destruction and, 79–82
NATO and, 201–3, 210–15
nuclear superiority and, 71–80, 117, 198, 201, 210
role of strategic defense in, see Strategic Defense Initiative
U.S. requirements for maintenance of, 82–87, 314
Dickens, Charles, 265
Diem, Ngo Dinh, 123, 258
diplomacy:
nuclear, 73–75, 102–3, 190–91
personal, 188–89
Soviet-U.S. competition and, 102–3
for war in Afghanistan, 138–42
for war in Nicaragua, 133, 135–37
see also negotiation
disarmament, total, 308
as answer to nuclear dilemma, 67–68, 70–71
risks of, 68–69
DNA research, 310
Dobrynin, Anatoly, 177
Dubek, Alexander, 146–47, 149, 154
Duell, Charles H., 14
Dulles, John Foster, 72–73
Duvalier, Jean-Claude, 126
Eastern Europe, 101–2, 208
economic problems of, 149–51
encouraging reforms in, 153–55, 163
Soviet imperialism vs. nationalism in, 150–51
Soviet-U.S. competition in, 145–55
see also specific countries
economic aid:
to Africa, 279–80
to contras, 109, 132–37
to El Salvador, 104, 123
to Israel, 277
Japanese programs for, 232, 234, 238–39
to Latin America, 292
NATO and, 216–17
to Pakistan, 104, 140, 274–75
to Philippines, 271, 277
principles for distribution of, 296–97
Soviet-U.S. competition and, 103–5
economic power:
Japan and, 223
NATO and, 198, 218–19
negotiating leverage from, 180–82, 184, 218–19
Eden, Anthony, 252
Egypt, 103, 276–78
Eisenhower, Dwight, 110, 204–5, 279, 301, 312
nuclear diplomacy of, 73–74, 102–103
Elizabeth I, Queen of England, 65
Ellsberg, Daniel, 113
El Salvador, 122, 293
critical U.S. interests in, 131–32, 135
U.S. economic aid to, 104, 123
Energy Department, U.S., 116
Engels, Friedrich, 292
Erhard, Ludwig, 252
Ethiopia, 279–80, 293
European Defense Community, 214
European Economic Community, 225
extended deterrence, 82–83
Falklands War, 214
first-strike vulnerability, 77–78, 82–83, 87–88, 314
SDI and, 77, 91
START agreement and, 93–97, 169–170
flanking actions, 177–78, 184
flexible response, doctrine of, 201–3
Ford, Gerald, 58
Foreign Economic Policy Boards, 182
foreign policy:
capabilities of democracies in, 64–65
China and, 260–62
idealism central to, 306
new initiatives in, 23
for real peace, 52–54
Soviet-U.S. negotiations and, 172–174
Four Modernizations, 248
France, 18, 237–38, 301, 306, 309
NATO and, 73, 195–96, 204–5, 214–217
Suez crisis and, 73, 204–5
Third World and, 281–82
Frederick II (the Great), King of Prussia, 53
Free Trade Union Institute (FTUI), 299
Fukuda, Takeo, 226, 252
Fuller, Lon, 320
Galloway, Joseph, 183–84
gamesmanship, negotiation and, 170
Gandhi, Indira, 45, 273
Gang of Four, 248, 250
Gaza Strip, 278–79
George III, King of England, 128
Germany, Federal Republic of (West), 195–96, 203, 237–38
China compared with, 245
new NATO role of, 211–12, 214–15
Social Democratic Party of, 200, 211–12
Germany, Nazi, 16–17
Germany, Weimar Republic of, 305–306
Ghana, 281
Gierek, Edward, 154
Glasnost, 39–40, 47–48, 150, 158, 250
Glassboro summit, 186, 191
Golan Heights, 277
Gomulka, Wladyslav, 153–54
González, Felipe, 196
Good Neighbor Policy, 292
Gorbachev, Mikhail, 50, 60, 72, 78, 102, 230
Afghani war and, 35–36, 138, 140, 142
aggressive foreign policy of, 44–45, 99–100, 109
arms-control negotiations of, 71, 91–93, 95, 97, 164, 169–71, 191–192, 203, 218
Deng compared with, 250
domestic policies of, 33–35, 37–43, 45–48, 54–55, 150, 158, 180, 218, 250, 313, 315, 320
Eastern European satellites and, 150–51
emergence of, 26–27, 65
as formidable adversary, 29–33
goals of, 47, 54–55
internal and external obstacles to, 34–37, 41–43, 157
NATO and, 200, 207–8, 211, 218
negotiating skills of, 162, 164–65, 169–70, 172, 175, 184, 188–89
sincerity of, 54
trade negotiations and, 180–81, 218
Gottfried, Paul Edward, 303
Grant, Ulysses S., 172
Great Britain, 18, 237–38, 305–6
China and, 259
Labour Party of, 200
NATO and, 73, 195–96, 200, 206, 217, 219
Suez crisis and, 73, 204–5
Third World and, 265, 268, 272–273
U.S. covert assistance to, 111–12
Great Leap Forward, 242, 248, 254
Grenada, U.S. invasion of, 20
Gruenther, Alfred, 73
Gunga Din (Kipling), 265
Haig, Alexander, Jr., 204
Han Xu, 249–50
Hegedüs, András, 148–49
Helsinki accords, 55, 167
Hirohito, Emperor of Japan, 236
Hitler, Adolf, 16, 49, 52, 114, 157, 301, 305
Honduras, contra base camps in, 133, 135
Hong Kong, 259, 268–69
Hoover, Herbert, 242
Houphouet-Boigny, Felix, 281–82
House of Representatives, U.S., see Congress, U.S.
Howard, Michael, 200
Hoxha, Enver, 154
Hua Guofeng, 244
human rights issues, 33, 47
linking arms-control agreements to, 179–80
as negotiable, 166–67
Sandinistas and, 134
Third World and, 298
Hungary, 153–54
Soviet invasion of, 147–49, 205
Hussein ibn Talal, King of Jordan, 56
Hu Yaobang, 251, 253
ideological power:
in Eastern Europe, 101–2, 151–53
in Soviet Union, 155–56, 158–59
Soviet-U.S. competition and, 101–2
U.S. influence derived from, 305–6, 316–18
Ikeda, Hayato, 226, 252
India, 243, 265
democratic government of, 273–74
Pakistani feuds with, 267, 272–75
Indonesia, 271–72
Ind
o–Pakistani war, 56, 177
industrial pollution, 153
Industrial Revolution, 19
INF Treaty, 88, 96–97, 230
NATO and, 169–70, 210–12
zero-zero proposal in, 169–70
Iran, 267
Chinese arms deals with, 260–61
Soviet-Afghani war and, 138
Soviet-U.S. clash over, 75, 117
U.S. covert operations in, 109–10
Iran-contra affair, 109, 112, 119, 173, 308
Iranian Revolution, 294–95
Iran–Iraq war, 119–20
Iraq, 260–61
Islamic fundamentalism, 267
revolutionary change and, 293–95
Israel:
Arab conflict with, 56, 103, 267, 275–79
U.S. ties with, 119, 276–79
Italy, 16–17, 37
Ivory Coast, 281–82
Jackson-Vanick Amendment, 57, 180
Japan, 16–17, 37, 60, 79, 104, 187, 195, 218, 221–40, 266
birth of democracy in, 222–23
China and, 231, 233, 242, 260
defense spending policy of, 224, 227–32, 234–35, 238–40
economic emergence of, 221–23, 233–34, 308–9, 313
global responsibilities of, 23, 229, 234–35, 238–40
internationalist state of mind needed by, 235, 236–40
leadership of, 235–36
obstacles in U.S. alliance with, 236–239
reasons for rearmament of, 229, 231–32
Self-Defense Forces of, 231
Soviets challenged by, 35
Soviet-U.S. negotiations and, 181
U.S. trade imbalance with, 224–27, 238, 256
in Western alliance, 223, 226, 229, 235–38, 314
Jefferson, Thomas, 305
John Paul II, Pope, 317
Johnson, Lyndon B., 191, 239
Johnson, Paul, 121, 315
Johnson, Samuel, 273–74
Joint Chiefs of Staff, 191
Jordan, 278–79
Kadar, Janos, 154
Kahn, Herman, 310–11
Kampelman, Max, 183
Kansai Airport project, 225
Kazakhstan, 50, 157
Kean, Thomas, 263
Kellogg-Briand Pact, 28
Kennan, George F., 171
Kennedy, John F., 48, 301
nuclear diplomacy of, 74, 190–91
Khmer Rouge, 143, 270, 293
Khomeini, Ayatollah Ruhollah, 119–120, 258, 293, 295
Khrushchev, Nikita, 29–30, 65, 159, 199, 257, 306
aggressive foreign policy of, 43–45, 48
Eastern European satellites and, 148, 155, 205
Gorbachev compared with, 31–33, 37–38, 40–41, 43
nuclear diplomacy and, 73–74, 77, 190–91
in Soviet-U.S. negotiations, 175, 190–91
Kim Il-Sung, 269
King, Martin Luther, Jr., 281
Kipling, Rudyard, 265
Kirk, Russell, 319
Kishi, Nobusuke, 226
Kissinger, Henry, 44
Arab–Israeli conflict and, 276, 278
as negotiator, 177, 183
Kissinger Commission, 292
Kitchen Debate, 306
Kohl, Helmut, 35