East Europe security and, 116–118, 127–31
end of history and, 21–23
of Gorbachev, 62
idealism and, 36, 37–38, 274–78
ideology and, 101–4
isolationism and, 14, 32–33
in Middle East, 204–7, 209–12
military power and, 23
Muslim world and, 39, 199–200, 204–10
national interests and, 36–37
NATO restructuring and, 140–144
in Pacific rim, 184–93
peripheral interests and, 36–37
self-determination and, 72–73
Soviet military and, 114–15
Soviet republics and, 74–76, 139–40
of Soviet Union, 81–84
Turkey and, 205–6
U.N. and, 34–35
in underdeveloped world, 39, 232–37, 262–63
unified Germany and, 118–21
united Europe and, 121–22
U.S. decline and, 24–26
U.S.-German relationship and, 136–39
vital interests and, 36
Western Europe and, 115–16
France, 25, 32, 59–60, 72, 78, 153, 275
German unification and, 119, 127
Middle East and, 210–11
Persian Gulf War and, 126, 127, 139
Frederick II (“the Great”), King of
Prussia, 36
free-trade zone, 266–67
Fukien, 175
Fuller, Leon, 303
General Agreement on Trade and Tariffs (GATT), 137, 181, 264
Genocide Convention, 135–36
Georgia (republic), 46
Germany, Democratic Republic of (East), 16, 17, 19, 24, 134
Soviet troops in, 114–15
Germany, Federal Republic of (West), 19, 268–69, 275
cold war and, 119–20
economic growth of, 115
Soviet Union and, 120–21, 123
technology-export policies of, 121, 138
Germany, Imperial, 120
Germany, Nazi, 16, 75
Germany, unified, 26, 114, 129, 137, 138, 152, 153, 238, 273, 286
new power of, 118–21
Persian Gulf War and, 24, 32, 126–27, 136–37
U.S. relationship with, 136–39
Germany, Weimar, 72, 285
Ghana, 246
glasnost, 63, 65, 105, 106
Global Protection Against Limited Strikes system, 88–89
Goethe, Johann von, 293
Gorbachev, Mikhail, 50, 70, 81, 99, 100, 101, 123, 125, 142, 166, 170, 182, 279
arms control and, 83–89, 279
assessment of, 104–8
August coup and, 30–31, 66–67, 70, 75–76, 78–79, 107
Bush administration and, 77
cabinet of, 47–49
China visit of, 20, 179
East European economy and, 90–91
economic mismanagement by, 96–97
espionage activities and, 93–95
Europe’s future as envisioned by, 112–13
foreign policy of, 62
Kohl and, 120
as loyal to communism, 43–44, 53–55, 63–64, 95–96
military expenditures and, 82–83
Nobel Peace Prize awarded to, 46–47, 60
reactionaries and, 26–27
reforms of, 14–15, 18, 54–58, 73
Persian Gulf War and, 214
personality of, 61
Shevardnadze’s assessment of, 108
START talks and, 84–86
Western perception of, 80
Yeltsin contrasted with, 50–55, 76–77, 95
Yeltsin’s perception of, 105
Zia’s opinion of, 106
Gorbunovs, Anatolijs, 58
Great Britain, 25, 32, 59–60, 78, 136, 153, 156, 275
German unification and, 119, 127
Hong Kong and, 175, 238–39
Middle East and, 210–11
Persian Gulf War and, 126, 127, 139
Great Society, 292
Greece, 16, 272
Group Areas Act, 258
GRU, 93
Guangdong, 175
Guatemala, 264
Gulf Cooperation Council, 213
gun-control laws, 295
Hassan, King of Morocco, 207–8
Havel, Vaclav, 58
health care, 291, 294
Helsinki Final Act, 135
Hitler, Adolf, 22, 29, 120, 300, 303
Hitler-Stalin Pact, 16
Holocaust, 300
Hong Kong, 39, 163, 170, 183, 233, 237, 238–39, 241, 245, 250
China and, 181–82
Great Britain and, 175, 238–39
Houphouët-Boigny, Félix, 244
human rights, 33, 177, 257, 261
India’s violation of, 206
international community and, 135–36
Hungary, 16, 17, 19, 49, 90, 115, 127–29, 130, 132, 134, 135
Hun Sen, 188, 260
Hussein, King of Jordan, 226
Hussein, Saddam, 15, 22, 24, 29, 32, 62–63, 121, 138, 180, 195, 201, 203, 204–5, 214–15, 220, 222, 236, 273, 303
Hu Yaobang, 61, 166, 168
Ibsen, Henrik, 58–59
IMF (International Monetary Fund), 150
imperial tradition, 43
import restrictions, 265
import substitution, 239–40
India, 17, 21, 165, 197, 198, 221, 233, 253–55, 262
economic mismanagement by, 245
ethnic strife in, 247
human rights in, 206
Pakistan’s conflict with, 254–55
Indonesia, 196, 197, 198, 200, 202, 207, 233, 262
inflation, 249, 251–52
INF treaty, 187
Inkatha Movement, 258
internationalist idealism, 32
International Monetary Fund (IMF), 150
International Multifibre Agreement, 176
intifada, 28–29, 220
Iran, 16, 39, 195, 197, 198, 203, 204, 211, 214, 215, 216, 233
Iran-Iraq war, 20, 202, 204
Iraq, 34, 39, 89, 155, 196–98, 201, 211
Arab-Israeli peace process and, 222–23
German technologies in, 121, 138
in Gulf War aftermath, 29–30, 32–33, 215
Kuwait invaded by, 15, 29, 273
Soviet Union and, 62–63, 170, 214
U.S. arms sales to, 203, 204, 212
Islam, 195–96, 198–99, 200–201, 202, 231
see also Muslim world
Islamic fundamentalism, 22, 195, 200–202
isolationism, 14, 32–33, 124, 274–277
Israel, 17, 37, 59, 173, 219–30
Arab hostility to, 195, 196
Camp David accords and, 207, 220–21, 226, 229–30
economic difficulties of, 251–52
Egypt’s peace treaty with, 206–7
intifada and, 28–29, 220
nuclear weapons and, 198, 221
occupied territories and, 219, 221–22, 224
peace process and, 222–30
Persian Gulf War and, 218
socialism in, 252–53
Soviet émigrés to, 222–23, 227
U.S. support of, 200, 218–20, 253
Israeli-occupied territories, 219, 221–22, 224
Italy, 78, 121, 139
Ivory Coast, 244
Jackson, Michael, 156
Jamaica, 264
Japan, 16, 25–26, 38, 97, 98, 148, 149–63, 165, 187, 191, 206, 227, 238, 273, 275, 280, 286
aid to Soviet Union by, 155–56
business-government relationship in, 281
cultural barriers and, 161–62
defense-related technology and, 154–55
domestic competition in, 242
economic antagonism and, 156–157, 161–62
economic weakness of, 159
finance min
istry of, 158
foreign aid policy of, 154–56, 268–69
GATT and, 161
Gorbachev’s visit to, 188–89
growth of, 150
Korean War and, 36
military budget of, 151–53, 157–158
Persian Gulf security and, 156
Persian Gulf War and, 24, 30, 32, 153–54, 163
protectionism and, 151, 154, 160, 242
regional conflicts and, 155
Soviet Northern Territories dispute with, 184–85, 188–90, 193
Soviet rapprochement with, 188–189
trade practices of, 158–59, 161
U.S. relationship and, 150–51, 156, 161–62, 185
U.S. trade imbalance with, 157–160
weapons renunciation agreement of, 151
women in, 159–60
Japan, Imperial, 152
Jiang Zemin, 173
Johnson, Lyndon B., 292
Johnson, Paul, 23
Jordan, 17, 121, 196, 198, 202, 222, 225–27
Kafka, Franz, 74–75
Kahn, Herman, 304
Kant, Immanuel, 22
Kaufman, Robert, 35
Kaunda, Kenneth, 250
Kazakhstan, 198
Kennedy, John F., 272–73
Kerekou, Mathieu, 250
KGB, 30, 46, 47, 49, 54, 65, 76, 93, 214
Khmer Rouge, 173
Khomeini, Ayatollah Ruhollah, 195, 201
Khrushchev, Nikita, 45–46, 48, 50–51, 57, 61, 66, 111, 139, 164
Kissinger, Henry, 229
Kitchen Debate, 45
“kleptocracies,” 236
Kohl, Helmut, 47, 60, 120, 136, 138
Korea, People’s Republic of (North), 16–17, 91, 164, 170, 171, 174, 180, 189, 190, 212, 238, 275
Korea, Republic of (South), 17, 20, 37, 39, 170, 177, 189, 191, 233, 237, 238, 242, 244, 250, 275
Korean War, 34, 36, 148, 164, 238, 175–76
Kozyrev, Andrei, 80–81
Kryuchkov, Vladimir, 49, 67, 93
Kuwait, 15, 24, 26, 29, 35, 63, 126, 195, 197, 203, 205, 220, 225, 273, 280, 303
Landsbergis, Vytautus, 58–59
Laos, 17, 233, 260–61
Latin America, 233, 251–52, 262, 276, 304
communist insurgencies in, 246
democracy in, 248–50
free-trade zone and, 266–67
poverty in, 245
see also underdeveloped world Latvia, 16, 48, 57, 58, 65
League of Nations, 34, 128, 275
Lebanon, 29, 195, 196, 201, 203, 205, 215
Lee Kuan Yew, 163, 239
Lenin, V. I., 22, 38, 43, 55, 56, 75, 106
liberalism, 296
Liberia, civil war in, 28, 246
Libya, 89, 91, 121, 138, 174, 195, 196, 198, 201, 209
Lincoln, Abraham, 56
Li Peng, 172, 173
Lithuania, 16, 46, 57, 58, 65, 168
London summit, 47
MacArthur, Douglas, 140
Macmillan, Harold, 139
Malaysia, 197, 198, 202, 233, 262
Mali, 37, 250
Malraux, Andre, 274
Mansfield amendment, 124
Mao Zedong, 13–14, 16, 110, 164, 248
Marcos, Ferdinand, 28
Mariam, Mengistu Haile, 246
Marshall Plan, 98, 115, 121, 133
Marx, Karl, 30, 108
Marxism-Leninism, 22, 25, 52, 95–96
Matsu, 17
Mauritania, 37
Mexico, 36, 208–9, 250, 252, 265–266
Mexico City policy, 263
Middle East, 195, 208, 210–12, 246
arms control and, 212–13
Gulf security and, 216–17
Nixon Doctrine for, 215–16
nuclear proliferation in, 204
population of, 197
poverty in, 213–14
Soviet Union and, 214, 221
see also Arab-Israeli conflict; Muslim world
Middle East Command, 210
Middle East Defense Organization, 210
Mohammed Reza Shah Pahlavi, 216
Moldavia, 57
Mongolia, 171
Morocco, 196, 198, 200, 202, 207–208, 209
Moscow News, 64, 82
Movement for Democratic Reforms, 72, 250
Mozambique, 17, 252, 263
“MTV generation,” 282
Mubarak, Muhammad Hosni, 220
Muslim world, 194–231
Arab-Israeli conflict and, 217–31
arms control and, 212–13
cultural achievements of, 198–99
ethnic diversity of, 195–96
Gulf security and, 216–17
Islamic fundamentalism and, 195, 200–202
militarization of, 197–98
modernization and, 202–3
Nixon Doctrine and, 215–16
nuclear weapons and, 198
Persian Gulf War and, 209
poverty in, 213–14
regional conflicts in, 196–97
security framework for, 210–12
Soviet influence on, 198, 202
U.S. perception of, 194–95, 200
U.S. policy in, 199–200, 204–10
see also Middle East
Mussolini, Benito, 22, 201
Myanmar, 173, 233, 240, 247
Najibullah, 91–92
Namibia, 20
Napoleon I, Emperor of France, 183
Nasser, Gamal Abdel, 17, 219
National Economic Council, 281
National Endowment for Democracy (NED), 75, 251
national interests, summary of, 36–37
nationalism, 139, 182
communism and, 55–59
in Eastern Europe, 128–29, 134–136
in Soviet republics, 55–56, 69, 70, 184
National Security Agency, 93
National Security Council, 141, 281
Nelson, Horatio, 299
New Guinea, 148, 197
Ne Win, 240
New Zealand, 191
Nicaragua, 17, 19, 62, 91, 251
Nixon, Pat, 283
Nixon Doctrine, 215–16
Nobel Peace Prize, 46–47, 60, 82
Noriega, Manuel, 20
North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO), 23, 82, 84, 115, 116, 123, 136, 139, 149, 206, 210, 279
article 5 commitment of, 129
creation of, 125
Eastern Europe and, 127–31
nuclear weapons and, 142
restructuring of, 38, 140–44
underdeveloped countries and, 143–44
unified Germany in, 138
U.S. role in, 124, 126
Warsaw Pact dissolution and, 117–18
Nuclear Nonproliferation Treaty, 180, 279
nuclear weapons:
Arab-Israeli conflict and, 198, 221
China’s capacity in, 163
India and, 254–55
Muslim world and, 198
NATO and, 142
Pakistan and, 255
proliferation of, 180, 204, 206
Nurmi, Paavo, 280
oil embargo, 217
Okinawa, 156, 275
Olympic Games (1972), 195
Other Path, The (De Soto), 262
Ottoman Empire, 42
“out of area” security cooperation, 143
Pacific rim, 38, 147–49
Soviet policy in, 184–90, 193
U.S. presence in, 190–93
Pakistan, 17, 21, 91, 106, 173, 196, 197, 198, 202, 211, 221, 233, 262
economic mismanagement in, 245
India’s conflict with, 254–55
nuclear weapons and, 255
Persian Gulf War and, 209
U.S. Middle East policy and, 206
Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO), 219, 220, 222, 223, 226–27
Panama, 20
Pan Am flight 103, 215
Pan Arabism, 22, 199
Paris Peace Agreemen
ts, 276
Pavlov, Valentin, 47–48, 49
“Peace Cooperation Corps,” 153
perestroika, 47, 63, 100, 108
perimeter-portal monitoring, 87–88
Persian Gulf War, 15, 24, 142, 207, 213, 218, 222, 224–25, 235, 273, 280, 292
aftermath of, 29–30, 32–33, 215
Soviet Union and, 29, 32, 62–63, 214
U.N. and, 29, 33, 34–35
U.S. involvement in, 29–30, 210, 300
Western Allies and, 126, 127, 139
Peru, 247, 249, 251, 262
Philippines, 20, 28, 148, 209, 233, 247, 249–50, 265, 275
Pinochet, Augusto, 249
Pitt, William, 299
Poland, 16, 17, 18–19, 90, 117, 119, 127–29, 130, 133, 134, 135
economic transformation of, 131–132
population control, 263
Population Registration, 258
poverty, 263, 270
communism and, 233, 235
in Latin America, 245
in Middle East, 213–14
in underdeveloped world, 233–235, 245
in U.S., 295–97
“Prague Spring,” 17
protectionism, 122, 131, 238, 265, 280, 299
in Israel, 252–53
Japan and, 151, 154, 160, 242
in Western Europe, 122
Pugo, Boris, 48–49, 67
Pushkin, Alexander, 54
Qaddafi, Muammar, 121, 201
Quemoy, 17
racism, 298
Radio Free China, 179
Radio Free Europe, 179
Radio Free Tibet, 179, 180
Radio Liberty, 76, 179
Rapallo Treaty, 120
Rapid Deployment Force, U.S., 216
Reagan, Ronald, 43, 60, 62, 204, 211, 216, 251, 277
reform, 26, 118, 132, 133, 169
in China, 164, 166–68, 170–71, 175, 182, 241
in Eastern Europe, 14–15, 27–28
by Gorbachev, 14–15, 18, 54–58, 73
U.S. aid and, 49–50
Republican party, U.S., 273
Republican party of Russia, 72
Romania, 16, 19, 57, 135, 275
Roosevelt, Franklin D., 59, 300
Roosevelt, Theodore, 184, 288
Rukh movement, 58
Russia, Imperial, 120, 184
Russia, republic of, 46
Russian Democratic party, 72
Russian Revolution (1917), 15, 30, 72, 140
Russo-Japanese War, 184
Ruutel, Arnold, 58
Sadat, Anwar, 201, 220
Sakharov, Andrei, 47
Salinas de Gortari, Carlos, 266
SALT I treaty, 279
Saudi Arabia, 173, 196, 197, 198, 200, 205, 208, 212, 213, 214, 216, 217, 222, 227
self-determination, 72–73
Senate, U.S., 124
Serbia, 126, 129, 135
Shanghai Communiqué, 165, 181
Sharif Nawaz, 206
Shatalin plan, 65
Shevardnadze, Eduard, 46, 58, 64, 82, 107–8
Shining Path, 247
Singapore, 39, 162, 183, 191, 233, 237, 239, 241, 242, 245, 250
Single European Act, 121
Sino-American trade agreement, 174