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U.S. General Accountability Office. Global Positioning System: Significant Challenges in Sustaining and Upgrading Widely Used Capabilities. GAO-09-670T. Washington DC: GAO, May 7, 2009. http://www.gao.gov/assets/130/122502.pdf.
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Werrell, Kenneth P. Chasing the Silver Bullet: U.S. Air Force Weapons Development from Vietnam to Desert Storm. Washington: Smithsonian Books, 2003.
Whitcomb, Darrell D. Combat Search and Rescue in Desert Storm. Maxwell AFB AL: Air University Press, 2006.
Woodford, J. B., and H. Nakamura. Briefing-Navigation Satellite Study. Los Angeles: Air Systems Command, August 24, 1966.
Index
Page numbers in italics refer to illustrations.
“active highways ” concept, 203
Aczel, Amir, 35
Advanced Research Projects Agency. See ARPA (Advanced Research Projects Agency)
advertising, 166–70
AGM-84 missile. See SLAMS (standoff land attack missiles)
AGM-86B missile. See ALCMS (air-launched cruise missiles)
AGM-86C/D missile. See CALCMS (conventional air-launched cruise missiles)
Agni-V missile, 198
Air Force: and civilian use of GPS, 95–97; Defense Navigation Satellite System and, 63–65; as executive service for GPS, 58; future plans of, 183–84; joint programs and, 58; launching of SVN 62; satellite by, 177; Locata and, 200–201; and Operation El Dorado Canyon, 110; public relations offensive of, 176; rocketry program of, 13, 17; satellite navigation needs of, 54; Vela Program and, 97–98
air-launched cruise missiles. See ALCMS (air-launched cruise missiles)
air traffic control, 94
ALCMS (air-launched cruise missiles), 110, 111, 113–14
Alexander the Great, 33
Alito, Samuel A., Jr., 164
Alley, Carroll, 71
Amber Alert GPS, 161
Anderson, Roy, 43–45, 54
Android, 144
ankle bracelets, 162–63
AN/PSN-8 “Manpack ” receiver, 121–22, 123
Antheil, George, 70
antisatellite. See ASAT (antisatellite)
Apollo program, 32, 33
Apple, 143–44, 147, 165, 170
armed forces, 13–14, 58–59, 63, 159–60. See also Air Force; Army; Navy
arms race, 199
Army, 13–14, 17, 19–20, 55
Army Map Service, 16
ARPA (Advanced Research Projects Agency), 47–48
ASAT (antisatellite), 196–98
astrolabes, 35
Atlantic, 36
atomic clocks, 28, 50, 62, 70–73, 83–87, 174. See also clocks
Atta, Mohammed, 151–52
Attenti, 163
augmented reality, 169, 170
automatic vehicle location. See AVL (automatic vehicle location)
automobiles, 1–2, 141–42, 145, 158, 202–4
autonomous cars, 203–4
aviation, 38–39, 89–92, 94, 95, 133–36, 153
AVL (automatic vehicle location), 160
backup GPS, 195
Bacon, Francis, 127
Barnes, Gene, 11
Barton, Joe, 165
Beard, Ron, 61, 65, 73
Beidou satellites, 179–80
Berkner, Lloyd V., 7
BI (Behavior Interventions), 163
Bipartisan Congressional Privacy Caucus, 165
Blair, Charles, 38
Block II satellites, 102–3, 104, 105, 106
Blue Force Tracking, 119–20
Bohbot, Véronique, 204–5
bombing, precision, 95
Bracker, Milton, 11
Bradley, Perry, 139
brain research, 204–5
Brin, Sergey, 203
Brown, Jerry, 203
brownouts, 177–78
Buckman, Dave, 176
Buisson, James, 53, 62, 65
Burke, Edmund, 41
Burrell, Gary L., 142
C/A (coarse acquisition) code, 83
CALCMS (conventional air-launched cruise missiles), 111, 112, 113–14
Carrier IQ, 168
Carrington, Richard, 195
Carrington Event, 195–96
cars. See automobiles
Carter, Jimmy, 96
CBO (Congressional Budget Office), 98
CDMA (code division multiple access), 83
cell phones, 143–48, 167–68. See also smartphones; wristwatch phone
Cellular Telecommunications Industry Association. See CTIA (Cellular Telecommunications Industry Association)
Census Bureau, 171
Center for Public Integrity, 185
Chaffetz, Jason, 165, 166
Challenger disaster, 102–4
ChildChecker safety vest, 161
China, 179–80, 197
chronometer, 38, 77–78
Clarke, Arthur C., 42, 75, 148
Clements, William P., 63, 93–94
Clinton, Bill, 136, 138–39, 150, 152, 154
clocks, 34, 37, 75, 83–87. See also atomic clocks
Coalition to Save Our GPS, 185, 187
code division multiple access. See CDMA (code division multiple access)
Combat Survivor Evader Locator radios. See CSEL (Combat Survivor Evader Locator) radios
compass, 36
Compass satellites, 179–80
Conduct of the Persian Gulf War, 113–14
Congressional Budget Office. See CBO (Congressional Budget Office)
Continental Airlines, 135
conventional air-launched cruise missiles. See CALCMS (conventional air-launched cruise missiles)
Cook, James, 37, 76–77
Coordinated Universal Time. See UTC (Coordinated Universal Time)
correctional systems, 162
Corrigan, “Wrong Way ,” 38
criminal justice system, 162, 163–65. See also law enforcement
cross-staff, 35
CSEL (Combat Survivor Evader Locator) radios, 129–30
CTIA (Cellular Telecommunications Industry Association), 146
DARPA (Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency), 200
DART (Demonstration for Autonomous Rendezvous Technology), 198
dead reckoning, 37
debris, space, 196–97
Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency. See DARPA (Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency)
Defense Navigation Satellite Development Plan. See DNSDP (Defense Navigation Satellite Development Plan)
Defense Navigation Satellite System. See DNSS (Defense Navigation Satellite System)
Defense Systems Acquisition Review Council. See DSARC (Defense Systems Acquisition Review Council)
Delta II rocket, 102–3
Demonstration for Autonomous Rendezvous Technology. See DART (Demonstration for Autonomous Rendezvous Technology)
Department of Defense. See DOD (Department of Defense)
Development Concept Paper Number 133, 68
DGPS (differential GPS), 132, 135, 136, 139
differential GPS. See DGPS (differential GPS)
Distress Alerting Satellite System, 190
Dmatek Group, 163
DNSDP (Defense Navigation Satellite Development Plan), 63–64
DNSS (Defense Navigation Satellite System), 63–73
DOD (Department of Defense), 72, 93, 94, 102, 175
Doppler measurements, 43
Doppler shift, 26
Dornan, Robert
, 129
driverless cars, 203–4
Drogin, Bob, 116
drones, 152, 194
DSARC (Defense Systems Acquisition Review Council), 65, 70, 96
DuBridge, Lee, 61
Dutcher, R. L., 60
E-911 mandate, 146–48
Earhart, Amelia, 35
Easton, Roger: first satellite launch attempt and, 8; on ground station location, 62; on Lonely Halls meeting, 65; Naval Space Surveillance System and, 27, 28; with NRL team, 73; Project Vanguard and, 23–24; satellite navigation and, 45–47, 49–50, 61; on signal structure, 69–70; Timation program and, 51; on time synchronization, 54; with Vanguard TV-3 satellite, 9; Viking rocket program and, 14
EGNOS (European Geostationary Overlay System), 181
Eisenhower, Dwight D., 16–19, 22
eLoran, 200
emergency phone calls, 145–46
energy crisis, 95
Eratosthenes, 34
ESA (European Space Agency), 179, 180–81
ether theory, 44
EU (European Union), 131, 153, 154, 179, 180, 181, 196, 198
European Geostationary Overlay System. See EGNOS (European Geostationary Overlay System)
European Space Agency. See ESA (European Space Agency)
European Union. See EU (European Union)
Explorer I, 20, 25
F-111 fighter-bomber, 58
FAA (Federal Aviation Administration), 95, 133, 134–35, 138–39, 153, 183, 193
Faga, Martin C., 131
Falcone, Philip, 185
FBCB2 (Force XXI Battle Command Brigade and Below) program, 120
FCC (Federal Communications Commission), 82, 146, 148, 154, 158, 184, 185, 186, 193
Federal Aviation Administration. See FAA (Federal Aviation Administration)
Federal Communications Commission. See FCC (Federal Communications Commission)
federal government, public trust of, 10
Flax, Alexander H., 38–39
FOC (Full Operational Capability), declaration of, 133
Folen, Vince, 71
Force XXI Battle Command Brigade and Below program. See FBCB2 (Force XXI Battle Command Brigade and Below) program
Foursquare, 92
Franken, Al, 166
Franklin, Rosalind, 41–42
“freedom of space ,” 18–19
Full Operational Capability. See FOC (Full Operational Capability), declaration of
Furnas, Clifford C., 17, 18
GAGAN (GPS-Aided Geo-Augmented Navigation) system, 182
Galileo, 153–54, 179, 180–81
Galison, Peter, 71
Gallery, Daniel, 34–35
GAO (General Accounting Office), 96, 97, 98, 102, 135, 175–77, 183, 190, 200
Garmin, 142, 143
GBAS (ground-based augmentation system), 193
GDM (Generalized Development Model), 100, 101
General Accountability Office. See GAO (General Accounting Office)
General Accounting Office. See GAO (General Accounting Office)
Generalized Development Model. See GDM (Generalized Development Model)
geodesy, 16
geographic information systems. See GIS (geographic information systems)
Geolocational Privacy and Surveillance (GPS) Act, 165–66
geophysics, 173–74
geosynchronous orbits, 43
Getting, Ivan, 61
Gibbons, Glen, 166–67
Gibbs, Asa B., 23
GIS (geographic information systems), 131, 171
Glendon, John, 57
Global Locate, 147
global navigation satellite system. See GNSS (global navigation satellite system)
Global Navigation Space Systems, 195
Global Positioning System. See GPS (Global Positioning System)
GLONASS, 173, 178–79
GNSS (global navigation satellite system), 5, 82, 155, 178, 180, 182, 183, 187, 188, 193, 195, 197, 198
Godfrey, Arthur, 64
Google, 144, 170, 203–4, 205
Google Glass, 205
Gore, Al, 138
government, public trust of, 10
GPS (Global Positioning System): civilian use of, 89–107, 130–54; commercial use of, 170–75, 201–2; development of, 2; differential, 132–33, 139; disruption of, 184–87, 193–94; functioning of, 75–87; future of, 189–206; growth and importance of, 3–6; High Integrity, 176–77; maintenance of, 175–77; private industry and, 2–3; receivers for, 86, 99, 104–7, 121–23, 133, 138, 149–50; reliability of, 155–58, 195–96; signals for, 81–83; use of, in agriculture, 172; use of, in engineering, 173
GPS-Aided Geo-Augmented Navigation system. See GAGAN (GPS-Aided Geo-Augmented Navigation) system
GPS III satellites, 175, 183–84, 189–92, 200
gravitational variations, 32
Griffin, Jeramie, 155–56
ground-based augmentation system. See GBAS (ground-based augmentation system)
guided weaponry, 109–17
Guier, William, 26, 27, 43
H+: The Digital Series, 206
Hagen, John P., 13, 20
Hagerty, James, 17
Hale, Edward Everette, 42–43
Hall, Bruce, 116
Harrison, John, 34, 37, 75–76
Hein, Guenter, 193
Herlihy, Ed, 11
Hertz, 140
Holmes, David C., 48, 63–64, 65, 68, 70
Humphreys, Todd, 194–95
Hunt, Frederick Knight, 76
Hussein, Saddam, 119, 124
Huston, Bill, 73, 222n17
Huygens, Christopher, 37
Hyten, John E., 176
ICAO (International Civil Aviation Organization), 131, 133, 136, 153
ICBMS (intercontinental ballistic missiles), 13, 16, 17, 18, 21, 91, 93, 124, 199
IEEE (Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers), 204
IGY (International Geophysical Year), 12–13, 16–17, 19
IIA satellites, 103, 104
IIF satellites, 103, 106, 175, 177, 183
IIR(M) satellites, 103, 106
IIR satellites, 103, 105
India, 182, 198
Indian Regional Navigation Satellite System. See IRNSS (Indian Regional Navigation Satellite System)
inertial navigation, 37–38
inertial navigation systems. See INS (inertial navigation systems)
inertial surveying systems. See ISS (inertial surveying systems)
INS (inertial navigation systems), 90, 110, 111, 112, 116, 117, 124, 194, 200
Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers. See IEEE (Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers)
Integrated Operational Nuclear (Detonation) Detection System. See IONDS (Integrated Operational Nuclear [Detonation] Detection System)
International Civil Aviation Organization. See ICAO (International Civil Aviation Organization)
International Geophysical Year. See IGY (International Geophysical Year)
international satellite systems, 178–84
IONDS (Integrated Operational Nuclear [Detonation] Detection System), 97–98
iPhone, 4, 143–44, 147, 165
Iran, 183, 194–95, 198–99
IRNSS (Indian Regional Navigation Satellite System), 182
IS (Istrebitel Sputnikov) antisatellite program, 197–98
ISS (inertial surveying systems), 99
Jackson, C. D., 21–22
jamming, 60, 83, 122, 138, 139, 153, 177, 184–87, 190, 193–94, 195, 198, 200
Japan, 182
Japan GPS Council, 139–40
Jewell, Don, 54
Johnson, Lyndon B., 10
joint program office. See JPO (joint program office)
Jones, Antoine, 164
Jovian moons, 36–37, 44
JPO (joint program office), 63, 65, 66, 67, 69, 70, 71, 72, 93, 96, 129
Juno I, 20
Jupiter C rocket program, 20
Kao, Min H., 142
Kempthorne, Rupert, 57
Khrushchev, Nikita, 21
Kleczek, Chester, 50, 51
Klein, John H., 198
Korean Airlines Flight KE007, 89–93
Lamarr, Hedy, 70
Larsen, Torben B., 33
latitude, 33–34
law enforcement, 1–2, 3, 167–68. See also criminal justice system
Lawrence, Lovell, Jr., 43
L-band radio spectrum, 82
LBS (location-based service), 143, 148, 165, 166–70, 204, 206
Leibnitz, Gottfried Wilhelm, 41
light, speed of, 44
lighthouses, 36
LightSquared, 184–87
Locata, 200–201
location-based service. See LBS (location-based service)
Location Privacy Act (2011), 166
Lockheed Martin, 103, 175, 183, 190, 192
Lonely Halls meeting, 65–67
longitude, 25, 33–34, 36–37, 43, 47, 57, 62, 72, 75, 76, 77, 78, 79, 86, 90, 122, 125, 132, 167, 170, 171
Loran, 16, 39
lunar distances method, 36–38
Lynch, Don, 53, 71
Macrometer V-1000, 99, 100
Magellan Systems, 105, 140
Maguire, Eleanor, 204
Maloof, Matt, 50
“man-made moons ,” 12–13
maps, 123–24, 157–58
Maritime Differential GPS Service, 133–34
Markey, Edward, 165, 167
McCaskill, Thomas, 62
McClure, Frank T., 27
McCoubrey, Art, 222n14
McDonald, Keith, 66–67
McLucas, John, 95
Medaris, John B., 19, 20–21
media, 11–12, 115–17
Melton, W. C., 60
Mengel, John, 14–15
Micro-PNT Program, 200
microsatellites, 197, 198
millennium bug, 148–50
Minitrack tracking system, 14–15, 23–26, 47, 48
mobile phones. See cell phones; smartphones
Moltz, James Clay, 199
monitoring devices, electronic, 162–63
Moussaoui, Zacarias, 152
MSAS (Multifunctional Transport Satellite Augmentation System), 182
Multifunctional Transport Satellite Augmentation System. See MSAS (Multifunctional Transport Satellite Augmentation System)
Nakamura, H., 55
nanosecond, 84, 85, 176, 201
NANU (Notice Advisory to Navstar Users), 81
NAPA (National Association of Public Administration), 136–38
NASA (National Aeronautics and Space Administration), 26, 33
Nasir 1, 183