Tricontinental Conference, 469
Trotsky, Leon
conflict with radical Marxists, 98
criticism of NEP, 142
Fourth International, 201–2
military methods extended in peacetime, 98
mutual loathing of Stalin, 140
Red Army founding, 95
socialism as far away in 1921, 123
split with Stalin, 199
and war communism, 96
‘True Story of Ah Q, The’ (Lu Xun), 244
Truquin, Norbert, 32
Tsipko, Aleksandr, 515, 538
Tuma, Hama, 480–81
Tuominen, Arvo, 171–2
Ulbricht, Walter, 108–9, 331, 421–2
Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR)
Afghanistan, 496, 530–31, 548
Albania’s break with, 408–9
allocation of capital as problem, 417–18
ancien régime features of, 164–5
anti-imperialism under Khruschev, 375–6
anti-Semitism, 282–3, 289
atheism in, 345
attempted coup 1991, 549
ceremonial tribunes and squares, 275
changes on death of Stalin, 316–17
combining discipline with dynamism, 275–6
Comecon, 405, 406
Communist attitudes towards in 1980s, 509–10
compared to Korea, 302–3
consequences of invasion of Czechoslovakia, 429
consumption, 162, 416–19
Cuban Missile Crisis, 349
culturedness in 1930s, 161–2
decline in relations with US, 498–9
and the destruction of Indonesian party, 401
disillusion with Third World Communists, 496
dissidence, responses to, 511–12
economic reforms, 421, 422
embourgeoisement of culture, 283–4
emergence of new class, 166–7
end of Communist party in, 550
Ethiopia’s affinity with, 481
Eurocommunism, response to, 497
factory conditions after Second World War, 279–80
failure of Popular Fronts, responsibility for, 213–14
fear of expansion by, 500
foreign policy after Stalin’s death, 324, 325
Gulag system, 172–3, 278–9
hierarchies, 158, 167
hostility to capitalism, 563–4
hybrid approach towards Asia, 238–9
ideological campaigns after Second World War, 280–83
as imperialists, 214, 273–5, 288–9
inclusiveness in mid-1930s, 158
industrialization, benefits from during Second World War, 205
inequalities in, 274–5
intelligentsia, 168–9
invasion of Czechoslovakia, 403–4, 428
leadership changes following Stalin, 323–30
liberal reform signals to Eastern Europe, 543
liberalization during Second World War, 206–7
links with Cuba, 384
Mao Zedong’s visit in 1949, 294–6
and the Marshall Plan, 224–5, 227
media themes of attack by, 527
modernity in, 343–5
and nationalism, 159–61, 206, 548
new policy towards Social Democracy, 191–2
Novocherkassk strike, 346–7
oil-price increase 1973, impact of, 432
pact with Germany 1939, 203
at Paris exposition 1937, 182–4
paternalism in 1970s and 1980s, 436–7
peasants’ hostility to Soviet regime, 171–2
poverty in, 276–7
prestige in the West in 1930s, 195–9
problems faced after Second World War, 277–8
problems in at Stalin’s death, 322–3
relations with China, 296–7
relationship between workers and officials, 346
repression, ethnic, during Second World War, 207
science and national pride, 281
Second World War, 204–5
seen as imperialist in Eastern Europe, 288–9
seen as successful in the West, 1930s, 187–8
‘social work’, 437
soldiers’ encounters with capitalism, 211, 277–8
space program, 344–5
and Spanish civil war, 194–5
support for during Second World War, 205–6
tall buildings of, 273–5
Terror of 1936–8, 175–80, 181
Third World allies as liability, 547
visitors to in 1930s, 196–8
wages late 1920s and early 1930s, 156
workers’ wages, 431
working-class criticism of the regime in 1930s, 170–71
and Yugoslavia, 218–19
see also Brezhnev, Leonid; Gorbachev, Mikhail; Russia; Stalin, Iosif (Ioseb Djugashvili)
‘united front’ policy, 123–4
United Opposition, 145–6
United States
change from idealism to realpolitik, 378–9
change in approach to USSR from 1984, 536
changes since early 1970s, 502–3
deterioration in relations with USSR, 498–9
economic crisis 1979, 522–3
encouragement of guerrilla warfare, 528–31
exaggeration of Communist threat, impact of, 378
gendarme strategy, 473–45
and impact of Stalin’s death, 325–6
interventions in Middle East, 379
interventions in the Third World, 379–80
Marshall Plan, 223–5, 227
Marxism in, 45
Mississippi Summer, 454–5
mistrust of Third World nationalism, 377
Mosinee, staged Communist overthrow of, 227–8
Mujahedin, support for, 530–31
neo-colonialism in Cuba, 382
neo-conservatives, 520–22
neo-liberalism, 521
partial defeat in Vietnam War, 461–2
Popular Front in, 192
reaction to sputnik satellite, 344–5
response to Cuban revolution, 384
Socialist Workers’ Party of, 202
subversion campaign in Guatemala, 380–81
and Third World united fronts, 399–400
Trotskyism in, 202
as underdog, 527–8
use of high interest rates to attract capital, 523
wages in Hungary compared to, 438–9
universities
impact of Cultural Revolution in China, 362
purges in USSR, 144–5
University of the Toilers of the East, Moscow, 246–7
utopian socialism, 20–22
Valmy, Battle of, 11
Venezuela, 391
Vietnam
following the Chinese example, 269–70
fusion of Confucius and Marx, 242
and US imperialism, 379–80
Vietnam War, 459–63
Volkonskaia, Sofia, Princess, 91
wages
in Hungary compared to US, 438–9
late 1920s and early 1930s, 156
worker’s, 431
war communism, 95–9, 99
We (Zamiatin), 94
Weathermen, 465
Webb, Beatrice and Sidney, 196
Weitling, William, 19
West Bengal, 472
Westphalen, Baron Ludwig von, 24
What is to be Done? From Tales of New People (Chernyshevskii), 66–9, 71, 75
Whites in civil war, 97, 98
Wilson, Woodrow, 235
attitudes towards in SPD, 50
employment of, 307
Stalinist policies towards in the USSR, 171
workers
attitudes of in 1930s USSR, 169
criticism of Soviet regime in 1930s, 170–71
educational opportunities, 169–70
increased radicalism in early 20th C, 57–8
mobilized in Cultural Revolution, 362–3
reactions to second industrial revolution, 42–3
reasons for joining SPD, 48–51
relations with managers, 438–41, 442–3
relationship with officials, 346
unrest in Italy and France, 466–7
wages, 431
working class in 19th century Russia, 65–6
Wu Hung, 300–301
Wu Yu, 240
Wugong village, China, 309–11
Yan’an, China, 256–7, 258–9
Yawning Heights, The (Zinoviev), 440–41
Yeltsin, Boris, 549
Yergin, Daniel, 557
Yugoslavia
American aid to, impact of, 320
break-up and war, 550–52
debt crises, 524
governance models after Second World War, 318
Hoxha’s visit to, 408
impact of economic reforms, 423–4
mixture of markets and socialism, 320–21
NEP-style policies, 318–19
Popular Front, 213, 218–19
reforms of 1950s, 318
relations with USSR, 332–3
repression in, 319
Tito’s background, 217–18
use of voluntary workers, 319
and the USSR, 218–19
Żakowski, Jacek, 519
Zamiatin, Evgenii, 94
Zapatista Liberation National Army (EZLN), 568–9
Zarafshan, N. R., 539
Zhou Enlai, 374
Zinoviev, Alexander, 437, 440–41
Zinoviev, Gregorii, 142, 176
Zola, Émile, 43–4
Zoshchenko, Mikhail, 280