commitment to the collective, 446
debt crises, 524–5
multi-party elections, 543–4
opinions on socialism in 1980s, 511
Orange Alternative, 542–3
Poznań riots, 333
reforms in, 333–4
Solidarity, 525
white- and blue-collar workers, 517
worker–intelligensia alliance, 518–19
worker protests, 431
pop music, 448–50
Popular Front
Bulgaria, 213
in Central and Eastern Europe, 211–19
crises of, 199–200
Czechoslovakia, 213, 215–16
Czechs, 209–10
destruction of, 225–7
France, 192–3
governments, 184–5
Hungary, 213, 215–16
against Nazism, 207–8
Soviet policy towards, 191–2
Stalin as supporter of, 210
Togliatti as supporter, 208–9
Yugoslavia, 213, 218–19
Port Arthur, 77
Portugal, Carnation Revolution, 475–6
Potemkin, Leonid, 167–8
poverty in the USSR, 276–7
Poznań riots, 333
Prague Spring, 425–8
Prieur de la Côte-d-Or, Claude-Antoine, 11
Proletkults, 98
proletarianization, 144–5
Prometheanism, xxi–xxiv
protochronism, 404
Proudhon, Pierre Joseph, 21
Provisional Government, Russia, 82–3
Provisional Irish Republican Army (IRA), 465
Pudovkin, Vsevolod, 61–2, 133
purges, 144–5
in 1930s, 149
Eastern Europe, 289–90
ethnic, during Second World War, 207
rectification in China, 259–61
Putin, Vladimir, 560–61
Pye, Lucien, 264
Pyrev, Ivan, 174–5
Qazbegi, Aleksandr, 136
radical Marxism, xxiv–xxv
Reagan, Ronald
change in approach to USSR from 1984, 536
meeting with Gorbachev 1986, 501–2
political position, 528
use of guerrilla warfare, 528–31
rectification as purge in China, 259–61
Red Army
founding of, 95
during Second World War, 205
Red Army Faction (RAF), 465
Red Brigades, 466
Red Cavalry (Babel), 88–9
Red Cyclists, 47, 48
Red Dawn (film), 527
Red Flag, The (song) (Connell), 51
religion
campaigns against, 152
in Eastern Europe, 414
and Marxism, 45
see also Catholic Church
religious sects, Social Democrats compared to, 143–4
Repentance (Abuladze), 532–3
revisionism, Bernstein, 55–7
revolution(s)
across Europe in 1847, 34
image of, 62
River Elegy (documentary series), 554–5
Road to Revolution (Ho Chi Minh), 241–2
Robeson, Paul, 197
Robespierre, Maximilien, 7, 12–14
rock music, 448–50
1989 compared to previous revolutionary years, 546
banks, investment by, 433
break with USSR, 406
collapse of Ceauşescu regime, 545–6
debt crises, 524
ethnic nationalism, 407–8
Khrushchev’s USSR seen as imperialist, 404–5
modern attitudes of peasants, 445
and nationalism, 406
Popular Front, 215
‘Romanian Protochronism’ (Papu), 404
Romanticism, wartime, 110
Romulo, Carlos, 374
Rostow, Walt, 385, 401
Rousseau, Jean-Jacques, 5–7
Roy, M. N., 237–8
Russia
1905 revolution, 57
ancien régime at end of 19th C, 64–5
author’s impressions 1984 and 1987, xvii–ix
Bloody Sunday, 78
Bolsheviks as lesser evil than Whites, 97
coronation of Tsar Nicholas II, 63
failure of neo-liberalism in, 560–61
fall of Port Arthur, 77
famine of 1891, 71
February revolution, 82–3
founding of Red Army, 95
‘Going to the People’ movement 1874, 70
hostility to capitalism, 563
impact of First World War, 81
inefficiency and corruption after revolution, 98
Kronstadt rebellion, 99
language of class struggle, 83–4
Marxism, revolutionaries’ attraction to, 71–2
massacre on Khodynka Field, 63–4
New Economic Policy, 99–100, 140, 141–3, 145, 146
‘People’s Will’, 70
popular worldview in 1917, 84–5
Proletkults, 98
Provisional Government, 82–3
radical student culture in 19th C, 69–70, 73
reform compromises in 19th C, 65
relevance of Kautskian Marxism to, 73
secret police - Cheka, 95
seizure of power by Bolsheviks, 87–8
socialist terrorism in 19th C, 70–71
songs and symbols, conflict over, 82
soviets, 78
spying during and after First World War, 95
tall buildings of the Stalinist regime, 273–5
unrest in 1921, 99
war communism, 95–9, 99
workers’ democracy and class struggle, 90–92
working class in the 19th C, 65–6
see also Union of Soviet Socialist Republic (USSR)
Saige, Guillaume-Joseph, 6
Saint-Simon, Henri de, Comte, 18, 22–3, 29
Sandinistas, 499–500, 530
sans-culottes, 1–2, 7, 8, 9, 10
Sartre, Jean-Paul, 292–3
Savio, Mario, 455, 458
science and national pride in USSR, 281
Scott, John, 150, 169, 170, 178
Second International, 52–3
Second World War
centre-left consensus in Europe following, 210
Communists in Europe following, 210
liberalization in USSR during, 206–7
mistrust of professional elites by USSR, 204–5
nationalist feeling in USSR, 206
problems faced by USSR after, 277–8
problems with centralized Soviet system, 204
Soviet contribution to, 204
Soviet soldiers encounters with capitalism, 211
Western support for USSR during, 205–6
secret police, Russian, 95
Secret Speech, 328–30, 351
Selassie, Haile, 481–2
‘self-criticism’
for Chinese students in Moscow, 246–7
by managers, 149–50
September 11 attacks, xvi, 570
Shapovalov, A. I., 66
Shining Path, 566–7
Shmelev, Nikolai, 418
Short Course, 183, 296–7
Siegfried, André, 130
silk-workers uprising in Lyon, 32–3
Singer, Daniel, 464
Slovenia, 551
Smedley, Agnes, 251
Smirnov, Georgii, 538
Social Contract, The (Rousseau), 5
Social Democratic Party (SPD) of Germany
Communist policy against, 186
dominant in Second International, 53
limits to influence of, 52
as Marxist party, 46
culture in, 50–51
reasons workers joined, 48–51
as reformist party, 54–5
women, attitudes to, 50
women in, 52
Social Democrats
Communist policy against, 186
compared to religious sects, 143–4
impact of First World War on, 105
meetings in Switzerland 1915 and 1916, 104
new policy towards during Stalinist regime, 191–2
during First World War, 106
‘social work’ in the USSR, 437
socialism
conversions to, 47–8
differing visions of, 44–5
utopian, 20–22
Socialist Workers’ Party of the United States, 202
Solidarity in Poland, 525
Solzhenitsyn, Aleksandr, 347, 538
Song Liying, 507
South Africa, 398, 473, 479–80
South/South-Eastern Europe, 216–17
South Wales, miners in, 128
South Yemen, 472, 547
Soviet patriotism, 159–61
Soviet system, 142
Soviet Union – A New Civilization, The (Webb and Webb), 196
soviets, 78
Spain
civil war, 194–5
Eurocommunism, 497
at Paris exposition 1937, 183–4
Popular Front crisis, 200–201
Popular Front in, 193–5
Sparta, 5, 6
Spartakus (Brecht), 103–4
sputnik satellite, 344–5
squares in the Communist world, 275
Stakhanov, Alexei, 176–7
Stakhanovite movement, 177, 306
Stalin, Iosif (Ioseb Djugashvili)
Asia, approach towards, 232–3
birth, 135
changes on death of, 316–17
compared to Lenin, 138–9
compared to Mao Zedong, 250
compared to Sergei Eisenstein, 134
death of, 322
dinners at dacha, 290–91
early character, 136–7
education, 135–6
father, 136
geopolitics, interest in, 139
‘Great Break’ 146–7
heroic epics as influence, 136
joins the Bolsheviks, 137
Khrushchev’s denunciation of, 328–30
Koba, as role model for, 136
leadership cult of, 162–3
Mao Zedong’s visit in 1949, 294–6
mutual loathing of Trotsky, 140
paternalism of, 162–5
Popular Fronts in Eastern Europe, 211–13
as relishing war, 139–40
split with Trotsky, 199
as supporter of Popular Fronts, 210
work with Lenin before 1917, 138
Stalinist regime in USSR
ancien régime features of, 164–5
anti-Semitism, 282–3, 289
campaigns against religion, 152
ceremonial tribunes and squares, 275
consumption, age of, 162
culturedness, 161–2
denunciation of bourgeois specialists, 149
economic utopianism, 148, 155–6
embourgeoisement of culture, 283–4
emergence of High Stalinism, 181
exploitation of peasants, 151–5
factory conditions after Second World War, 279–80
Gulag system, 172–3, 278–9
ideological campaigns after Second World War, 280–83
intelligentsia, 168–9
mobilization strategies, 150–51
nationalism, policy towards in 1930s, 159–61
nature in mid-1930s, 158
new policy towards Social Democracy in 1935, 191–2
peasants hostility to, 171–2
popular militarism of, 149
purges, 207
refashioning of Communism in 1930s, 158
science and national pride in, 281
and Spanish civil war, 194–5
tall buildings of, 273–5
Terror of 1936–8, 175–80, 181
wages late 1920s and early 1930s, 156
worker incentives, 149
working-class criticism of, 170–71
Stanislaw, Joseph, 557
Stasi secret police, 512–13
State and Revolution (Lenin), 85–6
Strategic Arms Limitation Treaty (SALT), 450
Structural Adjustment Loans, 526
students
radicalization of, 459–60
rebellions of 1960s, 452–3, 456–7, 463–4, 467
Students for a Democratic Society (SDS), 459–60
Sukarno, 373, 374, 400
surveillance during and after the First World War, 95
Świda-Ziemba, Hanna, 307
symbols and songs, conflict over, 82
syndicalist movement, 58
Szakolczai, Árpád, 433–4, 441–2
tall buildings of the Stalinist regime, 273–5
Tatlin, Vladimir, 101–2
Taylor, Frederick W., 93
Terror (French Revolution), 13–14
Terror of 1936–8, 175–80, 181
terrorism in the 1960s and 1970s, 464–6
Thaw, The (Ehrenburg), 341
‘Third Period’, beginnings of, 131
Third Wave (Toffler), 507
Third Way, 559
Third World Communists
China’s influence on, 376
radicalization of leaders, 469–70
Soviet aid to, 375–6
tension between left nationalists and Communists, 377
united front parties, 399–400
USSR’s disillusion with, 496
Thistle, Linda, 452
Thorez, Maurice, 192–3, 337
Tian’anmen Square protests and massacre, 502, 553–5
Tiflis seminary, 135–6
Tito, Josip Broz, 217–19
monarchical style of, 320–21
relations with USSR, 332–3
Tkachev, Petr, 70–71
‘To Those Born Later’ (Brecht), 570
Toffler, Alvin, 507
Togliatti, Palmiro, 208–9, 293, 337
Torres, Camilo, 468
totalitarianism, Islamism as, xvi
tribunes and squares of the USSR, 275