Angelina, Pasha, 163–4, 284
Angola, 473, 479–80, 530
anti-Semitism in the USSR, 282–3, 289
apparatchiki, emergence of, 166–7
Arbenz, Jacobo, 370, 371–2
architecture
modernity in the USSR, 343–5
Pioneer Palace, 315–16
Stalinist in Beijing, 351
tall buildings of the Stalinist regime, 273–5
tribunes and squares of the USSR, 275
army (French) under the Jacobins, 10–12
Arp, Hans, 104–5
artisans, 33–4
Arzhilovskii, Andrei, 172
Asia
capitalism in, 562
difficulties embedding Marxism, 243–4
Indonesia, 271
Malaysia, 271–2
nationalist movements, 237
North Korea, 267–9
Philippines, 271
Stalin’s approach towards, 232–3
USSR’s approach towards, 238–9
atheism in the USSR, 345
Baader–Meinhof Gang, 465
Babel, Isaak, 88–9
Babeuf, François-Noel, 8–9, 18–19
Baibakov, Nikolai, 526
Baku Comintern congress, 237
Bakunin, Mikhail, 41–2, 69–70
Bandung conference, 373–5
Bay of Pigs invasion, Cuba, 384–6
Bebel, August, 52
Beijing’s Ten Great Buildings, 351
Bely, Andrei, 80–81
Beria, Lavrentii, 323–4
Berkeley University, 455–6
Berlin Wall, breaching of, xv, 544–5
Berlinguer, Enrico, 496–7
Berman, Jakub, 214, 225, 288, 290, 291
Bernstein, Eduard, 55–7
Bhattacharya, Narendra Nath, 237–8
Bizot, François, 487–8, 492
black markets, 446–7, 448
Black Power, 460
Blonde Round the Corner, The, 446
Bloody Sunday (Russia), 78
Bolsheviks
control over national parties, 124–7
discipline and support welcomed by national parties, 127–8
emergence of pure Communist parties under, 122–3
move from radical to modernist Marxism, 62–3
progress of after First World War, 107–8
seizure of power by, 87–8
Stalin joins, 137
wartime methods to control economy, 95–6
Bolshevism, appeal of for China, 242
Bosnian war, 551–2
Brecht, Bertolt, 103–4, 120–21, 570–71
Brezhnev, Leonid
attitude to Stalin, 430
background, 420
character, 420–21
cult of Malaia Zemlia, 430
economic reforms, 421
ideological flexibility, 421
jokes about, 419
love of hierarchy, 431
meeting with Nixon 1972, 450
stability of cadres principle, 431
Strategic Arms Limitation Treaty (SALT), 450
Bronze Horseman, 61–2, 80–81
Bukharin, Nikolai, 142
Bulgaria, 213, 217, 545
Buonarroti, Filippo, 19
Burawoy, Michael, 416–17, 438–9, 443–4
Burlatskii, Fedor, 322
Cabet, Étenne, 21
Cabral, Amílcar, 469
Caetano, Marcelo, 475
Calvert, Gregory, 458–9
capital
allocation of as problem, 417–18
shortage of, impact of, 523–7
Capital (Marx), 38–9, 72
Captive Mind, The (Miosz), 286–7
Carmichael, Stokely, 460
Carnation Revolution, Portugal, 475–6
Carnot, Lazare Nicholas, 10
cars, provision of, 416
Case of the Illiterate Saboteur, The (Tuma), 480–81
Castro, Fidel
assassination attempts on, 386
background, 381
on Che Guevara, 381
turns against Soviets, 386, 389
Catholic Church
in Italy, 294
and Marxism in Latin America, 468
Poland, 518–19
see also religion
Ceauşescu, Nicolae, 546
alliance with Czech reformers, 403
background, 403
cult of, 407
ethnic nationalism, 407–8
as Romanian premier, 406–7
Cement (Gladkov), 140–42
Central America, 530
Charter 77, 449
Cheka, Russian secret police, 95
Chen Duxiu, 235, 241, 247, 248
Chernyshevskii, Nikolai, 66–9, 71, 75
Chiang Kaishek
change in attitude towards USSR, 247
Northern Expedition, 248
Chile, 474–5
Chmieliński, Edmund, 304–5
China
appeal of Bolshevism for, 242, 245
Beijing’s Ten Great Buildings, 351
break with USSR, 356–7
campaigns against Japan, 255–6
categorization of population, 345
changes since early 1970s, 502–3
cinema in, 300–301
class discrimination, 357–8
class struggle, 299
collapse of empire, 240–41
collectivization in, 309–11
colonization of, 240
Comintern impose control, 255
compared to Korea, 302–3
Confucianism in, 239–40, 562
controlled liberalization attempt, 352–3
Cultural Revolution, 358–69, 504
and the destruction of Indonesian party, 400
difficulties embedding Marxism, 244–5
dress reform campaign, 301–2
economic success of, 561
fashion in, 301–2
Gorbachev’s visit 1989, 553–4
Great Leap Forward, 353–7
greatest heroes named in 2002, 556–7
guerrilla ‘people’s war’, 253–4
Guomindang, 247–8, 265–6
impact of Versailles agreement, 241
industrial labour force, 308
inequalities in, 563
influence on Third World Communists, 376
investments made on political grounds, 563
January Storm, 366
Japanese invasion 1937, 261–2
Jiangxi Soviet Republic, 253
and the Korean War, 298
land reform, 262–3, 298
Long March, 255
market reforms, 504–8
May 4th movement, 241
May 30th movement, 248
and nationalism, 247–8
New Culture movement, 241
New Democracy era, 297–8
operas, revolutionary, 361
opposition to Bolshevik-style party, 246
paternalism of state, 436
peasantry as difficult to mobilize, 263
‘People or Monsters’ reportage piece, 503–4
power of managers, 439
rectification as purge, 259–61
relations with USSR, 296–7
Soviet aid to, 352
technocratic Marxism in, 507, 562
tensions with Moscow, 245
Tian’anmen Square protests and massacre, 553–5
University of the Toilers of the East, Moscow, 246–7
unpopular piece rate and wage systems, 308
USSR as model, 300–302
versions of Communism in, 241–2
Wugong village, 309–11
Yan’an, 256–7
cinema in China, 300–301
Circus (film), 189–91
civil rights movement, radicalization of, 459–60
civil war in Spain, 194–5
class, difficulty defining, 145
class discrimination in China, 357–8
Cobb, Richard, 197–8
Cohin, Pierre, 11–12
Cold War
causes of, 220–23
ideological security as basis, 229–32
collectives
commitment to, 446
informal/formal, 442
personal relationships, time available for, 441–2
security in, 441
collectivization
China, 309–11
Eastern Europe, 312–13, 414
post-Stalin, 413
in the USSR, 151–4
Colombia, 391
colonialism, anti-movements, Communism as vehicle for, 236–7
Comecon, 405, 406, 469
Cominform, founding conference, 226–7
Comintern
congresses: Baku, 237; First, 113, 237; Second, 122, 237
control over national parties, 124–7
dissolution in 1943, 206–7
failure in China, 247–9
students, 125–6
Commanding Heights, The (Yergin and Stanislaw), 557
Communism
author’s impressions 1984
and 1987, xvii–ix
differing views of, ix–xx
early origins, 2
Marx’s and Engels’ vision of, 18–20
fall of, xv–xvi
modernization story, xx, xxi
official credo, ix–xx
prestige in the West in 1930s, 195–9
repression narrative, xx–xxi
scientific, 18
Communist Manifesto, The (Marx), 20, 29
Confucianism, 239–40, 562
Connell, James, 51
Conspiracy of the Damned (film), 229
consumerism, 446–8
consumption
age of, 162
improvement of, 415–16
problems in improving, 416–19
Contras, 529–30
corruption after Russian revolution, 98
countryside
Stalinist policy towards in the 1930s, 151–5
Stalinist regime’s compromises with in the 1930s, 156
Croatia, 551
Cuba
acceptance of modernist economic regime, 468–9
attempts to export revolution, 390–92
Bay of Pigs invasion, 384–6
Castro’s meeting with Mikoian, 384
economic crisis 1963, 389
economic strategy, 565–6
increased discipline following revolution, 386
industrialization, 388
links with USSR, 384
Marxism in following revolution, 386–9
missile crisis, 349, 386
regime following revolution, 383–4, 386–9
revolution in, 382–3
Soviet alliance, 386
US’s neo-colonialism in, 382
cults
Mao Zedong, 367–8
Stalin, 162–3
Cultural Revolution, China, 358–69, 504
culture, embourgeoisement of in USSR, 283–4
Czechoslovakia
1989 compared to previous revolutionary years, 546
Ceauşescu’s alliance with reformers, 403
consequences of USSR’s invasion, 429
demonstrations in 1989, 545
and the Marshall plan, 225
opinions on socialism in 1980s, 511
Popular Front, 213
Prague Spring, 425–8
prospects for Communism in 1945, 213
Soviet invasion of 1968, 403–4, 427
as supporters of Popular Front, 209–10
unrest following Stalin’s death, 331–2
Dada movement, 104–5
Dalin, Sergei, 246
David, Jacques Louis, 1–2, 4–5, 14
Debord, Guy, 457
debt crises, 523–7
Delacroix, Eugène, 16–17
Deng Xiaoping, 502, 505, 553
Desanti, Domenique, 292–3
‘developed socialism’, 429–30
dialectical materialism, 39–40
‘Diary of a Madman, The’ (Lu Xun), 239–40
Dimitrov, G., 212
dissidence, responses to, 511–13
Djilas, Milovan, 214, 217, 218, 219, 317–18, 320–21
Djugashvili, Ioseb, see Stalin, Iosif (Ioseb Djugashvili)
Dostoyevsky, Fyodor, 68–9
dress reform campaign in China, 301–2
Dubček, Alexander, 424, 427
Duch, Comrade, 487–8
Dudintsev, Vladimir, 339–41
Dulles, John Foster, 325
Dumouriez, Charles, 10
Duranty, Paul, 197
East Germany, see German Democratic Republic (GDR)
Eastern Europe
1989 compared to previous revolutionary years, 546
allocation of capital as problem, 417–18
anti-Semitism brought into from USSR, 289
banks, investment by, 432–3
appeal of Communism after Second World War, 285–6
cars, provision of, 416
collectivization, 312–13, 414
concessions to workers, 307–8, 414
consumption, improvement of, 415–16
consumption, reducing, 288
debt crises, 523–7
disillusion with Communism, 287–8
dissent in late 1980s, 542–3
hierarchies in industry, 305–7
impact of Stalin’s death, 330–33
leaders of as subordinates in Moscow, 290–92
limits of Soviet support for, 525–6
middle classes under Communism, 286
nationalism, 415, 548
neo-liberalism in, 559–60
oil-price increase 1973, impact of, 432
opinions of socialism in 1980s, 511
Orange Alternative, 542–3
Popular Fronts in, 211–19
problems improving consumption, 416–19
production at the centre of life, 287
religion in, 414