seeking US aid, 162–63, 269–70
Kintner, Robert, 18, 44, 69, 128
Klotz, Henrietta, 17, 19, 23–24, 30, 39–40, 65, 89, 112, 139–40, 157, 172, 184–85, 191, 235, 274, 277, 287, 288
and Jews, 197, 221, 271–72
Knox, Frank, 116, 129, 133, 134, 144, 152, 161, 171, 205, 212
Knudsen, William, 125, 131, 133, 136, 141, 152, 156, 164
Kristallnacht, 46
Krock, Arthur, 69, 75, 76, 81, 84, 101, 123, 158, 190, 214, 250, 265–66, 270
Kung, H. H., 34, 55, 210, 233, 240, 271, 279, 281, 283
La Guardia, Fiorello Henry, 12, 116
Latin America, 23, 49, 153, 181–82, 210, 240
Lazard (investment bank), 55
Lebrun, Albert, 10
LeHand, Missy, 29
Lehman, Herbert, 12, 42, 46, 207–208
lend-lease, 145, 147–53, 160–61, 165–66, 180–81, 232, 248, 263, 269–70, 281–82, 285, 292
Lincoln, Abraham, 25
Lindbergh, Charles, 122, 152
Lippmann, Walter, 12, 76, 126, 225
Lithuania, 172, 245
Litvinov, Maxim, 64, 83, 180–81
London, United Kingdom, 9, 10, 27, 82, 83, 90, 93, 128, 130, 135, 142, 152, 193, 205, 209, 217, 227, 233, 240, 242, 255, 262, 263, 280
Morgenthau visits, 191–92, 247–49
London Times, 242
Long, Breckinridge, 217–18, 220
Lothian, Lord (Philip Kerr), 128, 134, 136, 144, 162
Marchandeau, Paul, 10
Marshall, George, 54, 113, 117–19, 131, 142–43, 145, 167, 193, 201
Marshall Plan, 150, 293
McCloy, John J., 129, 201, 232, 237, 252, 257, 260, 267, 272–73, 275–76, 278
McConnell, Robert, 257
McCormick, Robert R., 68
McReynolds, William, 56–57, 119
Mellon, Andrew, 74, 86, 228
Mexico, 23, 240
Monnet, Jean, 41, 44–46, 52, 54–56, 91, 252, 285
Montreal, Canada, 41
Morgenthau, Elinor (née Fatman) (wife), 9–10, 14, 20–21, 26–27, 29, 40, 41–44, 48, 68, 79, 82, 93, 116, 139–40, 149, 172, 184–85, 191, 200, 207, 229, 274, 277–79, 280, 290
intelligence of, 14, 41–42
and Jews, 47, 48, 196–97
Morgenthau, Helen (sister), 24
Morgenthau, Henry, III (son), 9–11, 26, 41–42, 48, 81, 138–39, 172, 183, 184, 229, 246, 267, 290
Morgenthau, Henry, Jr., 14–15, 18, 24, 26, 46, 83–84, 157–58, 193, 290–94
and the airplane program, 15, 38, 39–41, 44–45, 51–52, 54–56, 58–63, 87–88, 91, 103–104, 107–10, 112–14, 122–25, 127–29, 131–32, 133, 135–37, 141–44, 166–67, 292
and the Bretton Woods Conference, 174, 242, 254, 260, 279, 280, 288
and the British government, 16, 87, 89, 104–105, 127–29, 131–33, 140–43, 150–51, 163, 169, 174, 180, 232, 248, 261–64, 288–89, 292
and China, 19, 20, 23, 34–35, 46, 50–51, 61, 64, 71, 114, 134, 137, 160, 169, 181, 201, 201, 226, 232, 240, 270–71, 281, 282, 283–84, 291
and Congress, 16, 81, 86, 97, 113, 122–26, 144–45, 147–52, 156, 175, 186, 209, 213–14, 215, 223–24, 227, 231, 236, 242, 269, 280, 293
and Cordell Hull, 21–22, 34–35, 50, 65, 70, 73, 110, 127, 147, 150, 164–65, 210
economic policies of, 14, 15, 39, 66–70, 72–73, 74–79, 81–82, 87, 93–100, 107, 109–12, 114, 118–19, 123–26, 144–45, 154, 159–61, 175–78, 185–90, 200–201, 211, 223–25, 269, 281
and Eleanor Roosevelt, 79–81, 213, 247, 256–57, 261
and family, 9–11, 20, 26–27, 31, 41–42, 79, 83–84, 138–39, 171, 183–85, 196, 199–200, 229–30, 235–36, 267–68, 277–78
and Franklin Roosevelt, 15, 18, 24, 28–29, 30, 33–36, 69, 72–78, 81–82, 86, 95, 96–98, 100, 105, 110, 113, 115, 118–20, 138, 142, 145, 149, 155, 167–68, 183, 189, 193, 195, 206, 213–15, 225, 229, 242, 253, 260, 262, 278–79, 280, 284
and his hatred of Nazis, 13, 21, 22–23, 34, 121, 246–49, 252–58, 260
and his love of liberty and democracy, 20, 35, 44
and James Byrnes, 199–200, 205–208, 212–13, 228, 285, 286–88
and Jews, 11, 20, 22, 28, 42, 47–49, 70–71, 92–93, 95, 140, 158, 195–98, 203–204, 216–21, 229, 231–32, 242, 253, 255, 271–72, 289
and John Maynard Keynes, 162–63, 236, 284
and lend-lease, 147, 148–51
and the Morgenthau Diaries, 14, 74
and the Morgenthau Plan, 246–49, 252–59, 261–63, 265, 272–73, 291
at the second Quebec Conference, 261–63
and the State Department, 22–23, 34–35, 50–51, 134–37, 164–65, 169, 288
as a target of Nazi propaganda, 12, 265–66
travels to Africa and Italy in 1943, 214–15
travels to Britain and France in 1944, 245–49
travels to Britain in 1942, 191–92
as Treasury secretary, 17–22, 30–33, 66–68, 86–87, 173, 176, 189, 225, 228, 254, 286–88
and Treasury staff, 18, 24, 32, 39–40, 53–54, 56, 61, 64–66, 84–85, 125, 153, 172, 184, 199–200, 216–17, 219–21, 255–57, 287, 290
and the war-bond program, 115–16, 155–57, 159, 170–71, 178–80, 184, 186–89, 192, 198–201, 202–203, 205, 211–12, 214, 223, 225, 226, 268, 285, 293–94
and the War Refugee Board, 15, 219–21, 231–32, 271–72
and Winston Churchill, 191, 247–48, 257, 261–63
Morgenthau, Henry, Sr. (father), 10–11, 24–26, 47–48, 130, 139, 183, 290
Morgenthau, Joan (daughter), 9–10, 138, 184, 279, 290
Morgenthau, Josie (née Sykes) (mother), 25, 80, 138
Morgenthau, Lazarus (grandfather), 24, 25
Morgenthau, Robert (son), 9–10, 41, 84, 138, 160, 171, 183–84, 229, 230, 267, 274, 290
Mount Washington Hotel (in Bretton Woods), 235–36, 123, 212
Munich, Germany, 20, 35, 41, 72, 75
Mussolini, Benito, 20, 64, 75, 212, 245
Nazis, 11–13, 16, 20, 34, 46–47, 49, 65, 70, 71, 81, 83, 88, 92, 93, 106, 115, 117, 121, 122, 129, 160, 168, 176, 193, 196–97, 201, 210, 216, 230, 237, 246, 249–51, 272–73, 276, 282
Neutrality Acts, 21, 34, 50, 51, 87, 148–49
New Deal/New Dealers, 13, 15, 30, 32–33, 40, 49, 58, 66, 67, 79, 85, 94–95, 110, 116, 158, 159, 162, 178, 190, 200–202, 210, 214, 259, 265, 266, 289, 291, 294
Newfoundland, Canada, 84, 163
New York, New York, 9, 15, 19, 25–28, 32, 39, 42, 46, 48, 76, 92, 95, 105, 116, 125, 158, 170–71, 178, 183, 185, 203, 223, 242, 274, 280, 289
New York Herald Tribune, 62, 96
New York State, 28, 42–43, 68, 80, 207, 232, 255
New York Stock Exchange, 72
New York Times, 25, 28, 43, 44, 57, 62, 69, 75, 101, 108, 113, 121, 123, 139, 166, 168, 176, 177, 187, 200, 202–203, 205, 214, 224, 249, 280
coverage of the Bretton Woods Conference, 238–39, 242
coverage of the Holocaust, 193
and Morgenthau, 69, 76, 108, 156, 158–60, 230, 293
Nixon, Richard, 14
Normandy, 228, 234
Morgenthau visits, 246–47, 249
See also D-Day (Invasion of Normandy)
Nova Scotia, Canada, 11, 110, 128
Nuremburg Laws, 11
Office of Price Administration, 19
Oliphant, Herman, 17–23, 31, 32, 34, 49–50, 51, 53–54, 57–58, 64, 65, 106, 158
Palestine, 48–49, 196–97, 203, 231, 253, 289
Palmer, Harold, 274
Paris, France, 9–10, 46, 55, 64, 121, 126, 226, 249, 285–86
Patenôtre, Raymond, 9
Patterson, Robert, 129, 141
Patton, George, 290
Paul, Randolph, 125, 184, 210, 212, 217–19, 221, 224
Pearl Harbor, 19, 162, 171–72, 174, 178, 198, 282
Pearson, Drew, 6, 228, 265, 271, 288–89
Pehle, John,
65, 168, 184, 204, 216–17, 219–21, 230–32, 252–53, 256, 271, 287
Peoples, Christian, 54, 86
Perkins, Frances, 18, 187
Pétain, Philippe, 130
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, 39, 105, 274
Philips Exeter Academy, 26
Photomaton (photo booth company), 27
Pleven, René, 104–105, 107
Poland, 83–84, 88, 93, 96, 114, 121, 123, 130, 163, 193, 231, 240, 257, 271, 274
Poughkeepsie, New York, 19, 26, 186, 230
Pratt and Whitney (aircraft manufacturer), 58, 62, 109
Preziosi, Giovani, 12
Purvis, Arthur, 91, 104–105, 114, 128–29, 131–36, 140–42, 149, 152, 248, 292
death of, 164, 183
friendship with Morgenthau, 104, 153, 164
Quebec, 11, 261–63, 265–67, 269–70, 284–85
Rayburn, Sam, 152, 154
Rhineland, 12, 20, 114, 258
Rhine River, 11
Riegner, Gerhart, 203–204, 218
Romania, 93, 203–205, 220, 245, 253
Roosevelt, Eleanor, 42–43, 114, 147, 147, 156, 183, 226, 290
friendship with Morgenthau, 79–81, 213, 247, 256–57, 261
friendship with the Morgenthau family, 43, 138–39, 196, 277, 279–80
Roosevelt, Franklin D., 9, 21, 22–23, 28, 50–51, 52, 79, 85, 91, 95, 103, 105, 112, 116, 126–27, 129–30, 163, 173, 175, 202, 205, 228, 233, 268, 271
and the armament program, 57–59, 62, 90, 103–105, 109, 112–13, 115, 118–20, 122–23, 125, 127–28, 132–33, 136–37, 141–44, 150, 152–53, 165, 167, 181, 210
dealings with Congress, 21, 59, 86–88, 94, 99, 107, 113–14, 118, 120, 122–26, 133, 147–52, 159, 160–61, 171, 190, 200, 211, 223–24, 231
death of, 278–79, 290
economic policies of, 57, 66–70, 74–78, 81–82, 96–101, 110–11, 114, 118, 126, 150, 153–54, 160, 161, 175–77, 189, 191, 198, 200, 211, 213, 224, 261, 269
and Henry Morgenthau Jr., 15, 18, 24, 28–29, 30, 33–36, 69, 72–78, 81–82, 86, 95, 96–98, 100, 105, 110, 113, 115, 118–20, 138, 142, 145, 149, 155, 167–68, 183, 189, 193, 195, 206, 213–15, 225, 229, 242, 253, 260, 262, 278–79, 280, 284
and Jews, 12–13, 48, 92–93, 196–98, 219–20
and lend-lease, 145, 147–53, 160–61, 165–66, 180–81
opposing Nazis, 34, 47, 83–84, 106, 107, 115, 163, 201
and Pearl Harbor, 171, 173
and postwar Germany, 192, 227, 248, 251, 255–56, 258, 261, 262–63, 265–67, 272–73, 274–77
Roosevelt, Elliott (FDR’s son), 184
Roosevelt, James (FDR’s father), 28
Roosevelt, Sara (FDR’s mother), 28
Rosenman, Sam, 12, 191, 197, 273, 287–88
Saturday Evening Post, 18, 33, 44, 137
Schlesinger, Arthur M., 14, 18, 198, 290
Scotland, 91, 93, 164, 245
Secret Service, 15, 19, 85–86, 172, 259, 294
Sheppard, Morris, 62
Silversmith, Gregory, 173
Smith, Bedell, 246
Smith, Fred, 225–26
Soong, T. V., 71–72, 134, 181, 271, 281–84
Soviet Union, 13, 20, 37, 65, 83–84, 91, 114–15, 172–73, 227–28, 248–49, 261, 272, 274–75, 290, 291
and the Bretton Woods Conference, 232, 234, 236–38, 240, 242
US aid to, 164–66, 180
war with Germany, 163–64, 174, 188, 235, 245
Spain, 20, 37, 46, 61, 114, 123, 163, 168, 230
Stalin, Joseph, 13, 50, 83, 164, 166, 188, 209, 229, 234, 248, 274, 286, 291
State Department, 21, 22–23, 50–51, 70, 73, 128, 141, 149–50, 182–83, 192, 202, 227, 245, 253, 281, 284, 285
hindered refugee efforts, 92, 93, 193, 198, 203–205, 216–20, 271–72
and postwar Germany, 245, 251, 266, 272, 275–76, 280
rivalry with Treasury, 22–23, 34–35, 50–51, 134–37, 164–65, 169, 288
Statendam (ocean liner), 9
Stettinius, Edward, Jr., 72, 85, 134, 220, 268, 269, 272, 275–76, 279
Stimson, Henry, 51, 129, 133–37, 141–45, 167, 171, 174, 193, 205, 210, 212, 220
opposed to Axis, 51, 135–37, 149–50, 152, 161
on postwar Germany, 201–202, 231, 252–53, 255, 257–59, 261, 265–67, 272, 275, 277, 285
Stopford, Robert Jemmett, 168
Sudetenland, 12, 20, 35, 49
Sullivan and Cromwell (law firm), 28, 52
Switzerland, 11, 203–204, 230
Taft, Robert, 122, 154, 200
Taney, Roger, 40
Taylor, Wayne, 64–65
Taylor, William H., 210
Texas, 26
Time (magazine), 18, 19, 31, 37–38, 103, 152, 190, 200
Tripartite Pact (1936), 10, 33, 174, 255
Trotsky, Leon, 12
Truman, Harry, 243, 279–86
and Morgenthau’s resignation, 286–90
Turkey, 26, 196, 230, 231
Underwood Typewriter Company, 25
United Kingdom. See Great Britain
University of Chicago, 32
US Army, 37, 53, 54, 56–59, 60, 63, 86, 90, 103, 105, 107, 112, 117–20, 124, 127, 131, 136, 141, 154, 174, 176, 180, 184, 191, 252, 268, 271
US Navy, 28, 40, 51, 57, 63, 86, 104, 105, 108, 113, 116, 119, 120, 124, 127, 129, 131, 141, 161, 174, 184, 188, 191
Vassar College, 26, 42, 279
Vinson, Fred, 199, 205–207, 212–13, 237, 284–88
Wallace, Henry, 72, 110, 129, 187
Wall Street, 68, 85, 129, 157, 160, 209, 213, 225, 242, 255
Wall Street Journal, 29, 33, 66, 76, 109, 125, 161, 173, 180, 212, 265, 280, 294
war bonds, 115–16, 157, 159, 171, 178–80, 184, 186–89, 192, 198, 202–203, 205, 214, 225, 226, 285, 293
first war-bond drive, 199–201
second war-bond drive, 202–203
third war-bond drive, 211–12, 215
fourth war-bond drive, 223
fifth war-bond drive, 226
sixth war-bond drive, 268
seventh war-bond drive, 285
eighth war-bond drive, 294
War Refugee Board, 16, 220, 228, 230, 271, 272, 289
Washington Heights (neighborhood in New York City), 25
Washington Post, 62, 265, 269, 271, 288
Watson, Pa, 107, 112, 129
Welles, Orson, 226
Welles, Sumner, 23, 50, 52, 70, 85, 134, 137, 164–65, 204, 216, 219–20, 250, 255
White, Harry Dexter, 17–24, 36, 41, 44, 57, 64–66, 71, 73, 82, 88, 94, 106, 144, 169, 172, 181, 184, 191–92, 201, 202, 210, 219, 221, 234, 236–41, 242–43, 260, 269, 271, 276, 285, 287
and the Bretton Woods Conference, 174, 208–209, 227–28
and postwar Germany, 245–46, 249, 252, 256–58, 261, 263, 267, 271, 275
suspected Communist spy, 172–73, 290
Willkie, Wendell, 101, 132, 141, 144, 225
Wilson, Woodrow, 25, 163
Winant, John Gilbert, 116, 217, 247–49, 251
Wood, Kingsley, 191
Woodin, William, 30, 31
Woodring, Harry, 21, 54–56, 58–59, 63, 85, 103–104, 113, 115–16, 118–20, 126–29
Works Progress Administration, 39
World War I, 12, 26, 33, 37, 44, 49, 52, 57, 83, 85, 88, 130, 154, 155, 187, 196, 200, 268
Yalta, 274, 275
PETER MOREIRA is the author of Hemingway on the China Front: His WWII Spy Mission with Martha Gellhorn and Backwater: Nova Scotia’s Economic Decline. He is also the principal of Entrevestor, a consultancy that promotes and analyzes technology startups in Eastern Canada. For many years he also worked as a reporter for The Deal, Bloomberg Financial News, and Knight-Ridder Financial News.
Photo by Marvin Moore