71. Blum, From the Morgenthau Diaries: Years of War, p. 473.
72. Drew Pearson, “Washington Merry-Go-Round,” Washington Post, July 30, 1945, found in Morgenthau Papers, box 805.
EPILOGUE
1. John Keegan, The Second World War (London: Penguin Book, 1990), p. 6.
2. Henry Morgenthau III, Mostly Morgenthaus : A Family History (New York: Ticknor and Fields, 1991), pp. 410–14.
3. David M. Kennedy, ed., The Library of Congress World War II Companion (New York: Simon and Schuster, 2007), p. 202.
4. Henry Morgenthau Jr., Germany Is Our Problem (New York: Harper and Brothers, 1945), p. 17.
5. W. K. Hancock and M. M. Gowing, British War Economy (London: HMSO, 1949), p. 375.
6. Mark Harrison, ed., The Economics of World War II: Six Great Powers in International Comparison (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1998), p. 51.
7. Stephen Daggett, Costs of Major U.S. Wars (Washington, DC: Congressional Research Service, 2010).
8. Harrison, Economics of World War II, p. 86.
9. “Mr. Morgenthau’s Resignation,” New York Times, July 6, 1945, p. 10.
10. Christopher Chantrill, “Government Spending in the US,” http://www.usgovernmentspending.com (accessed August 16, 2014).
Ahamed, Liaquat. Lords of Finance: The Bankers Who Broke the World. New York: Penguin, 2009.
Barnett, Correlli. The Lost Victory: British Dreams, British Realities, 1945–1950. London: MacMillan, 1995.
Beschloss, Michael. The Conquerors: Roosevelt, Truman and the Destruction of Hitler’s Germany, 1941–1945. New York: Simon and Schuster, 2003.
Bishop, Jim. FDR’s Last Year, April 1944–April 1945. New York: William Morrow, 1974.
Black, Conrad. Franklin Delano Roosevelt: Champion of Freedom. New York: Public Affairs, 2003.
Blum, John Morton. From the Morgenthau Diaries: Years of Crisis, 1928–1938. Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1959.
———. From the Morgenthau Diaries, Years of Urgency, 1938–1941. Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1965.
———. From the Morgenthau Diaries, Years of War, 1941–1945. Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1967.
Brands, H. W. Traitor to His Class: The Privileged Life and Radical Presidency of Franklin Delano Roosevelt. New York: Doubleday, 2008.
Cohen, Adam. Nothing to Fear: FDR’s Inner Circle and the Hundred Days That Created Modern America. New York: Penguin, 2009.
Craig, R. Bruce. Treasonable Doubt: The Harry Dexter White Spy Case. Lawrence: University of Kansas Press, 2004.
Dwork, Debórah, and Robert Jan Van Pelt. Flight from the Reich: Refugee Jews, 1933–1946. New York: W. W. Norton, 2009.
Einzig, Paul. Can We Win the Peace? London: MacMillan, 1942.
Feingold, Henry L. The Politics of Rescue: The Roosevelt Administration and the Holocaust. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press, 1970.
Feis, Herbert. 1933: Characters in Crisis. New York: Little, Brown, 1966.
Gilbert, Martin. Second World War. London: Stoddard, 1989.
Gilman, Sander L., and Steven T. Katz, eds. Antisemitism in Times of Crisis in the United States. New York: New York University Press, 1991.
Hall, H. Duncan. North American Supply. London: HMSO, 1955.
Hancock, W. K., and M. M. Gowing. British War Economy. London: HMSO, 1949.
Harrison, Mark, ed. The Economics of World War II: Six Great Powers in International Comparison. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1998.
Hastings, Max. Winston’s War: Churchill, 1940–1945. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 2010.
Herf, Jeffrey. The Jewish Enemy: Nazi Propaganda during World War II and the Holocaust. New York: Belknap, 2006.
Hull, Cordell. The Memoirs of Cordell Hull. New York: MacMillan, 1948.
Ickes, Harold L. The Secret Diary of Harold L. Ickes: The First Thousand Days 1933–1936. New York: Simon and Schuster, 1953.
Kearns Goodwin, Doris. No Ordinary Time: Franklin and Eleanor Roosevelt: The Home Front in World War II. New York: Simon and Schuster, 1994.
Kennedy, David M., ed. The Library of Congress World War II Companion. New York: Simon and Schuster, 2007.
Kennedy, Paul. The Rise and Fall of the Great Powers. New York: Random House, 1987.
Langer, William L., and S. Everett Gleason. The Undeclared War, 1940–1941. New York: Harper and Brothers Publishers, 1953.
Levy, Herbert. Henry Morgenthau Jr.: The Remarkable Life of FDR’s Secretary of the Treasury. New York: Skyhorse Publishing, 2010.
MacIver, R. M. Towards an Abiding Peace. New York: MacMillan, 1943.
Minshall, Col. T. H. What to Do with Germany. London: George Allen and Unwin, 1941.
Morgenthau, Henry, Jr. Germany Is Our Problem. New York: Harper and Brothers, 1945.
Morgenthau, Henry, III. Mostly Morgenthau: A Family History. New York: Ticknor and Fields, 1991.
Mukerjee, Madhusree. Churchill’s Secret War: The British Empire and the Ravaging of India during World War II. London: Basic Books, 2010.
Nelson, Donald M. Arsenal of Democracy: The Story of American War Production. New York: Harcourt, Brace, 1946.
Ohl, John Kennedy. Hugh S. Johnson and the New Deal. DeKalb: Northern Illinois University Press, 1985.
Plokhy, S. M. Yalta: The Price of Peace. New York: Viking, 2010.
Rees, David. Harry Dexter White: A Study in Paradox. London: MacMillan, 1973.
Rosen, Robert N. Saving the Jews: Franklin D. Roosevelt and the Holocaust. New York: Thunder’s Mouth Press, 2006.
Schlesinger, Arthur M., Jr. Journals 1952–2000. New York: Penguin, 2007.
Shirer, William. The Rise and Fall of the Third Reich: A History of Nazi Germany. New York: Simon and Schuster, 1960.
Shirlaw, G. B., and L. E. Jones. You and the Peace. London: MacMillan, 1944.
Shlaes, Amity. The Forgotten Man: A New History of the Great Depression. New York: HarperCollins, 2007.
Skidelsky, Robert. John Maynard Keynes, 1883–1946: Economist, Philosopher, Statesman. London: Penguin, 2005.
Smith, Jean Edward. FDR. New York: Random House, 2007.
Stafford, David. Roosevelt and Churchill: Men of Secrets. London: Overlook, 2000.
Steil, Benn. The Battle of Bretton Woods: John Maynard Keynes, Harry Dexter White, and the Making of the New World Order. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2013.
Visson, Andre. The Coming Struggle for Peace. New York: Viking, 1944.
Wyman, David S. The Abandonment of the Jews. New York: New Press, 1998.
Acheson, Dean, 31, 101, 143, 147, 149, 172, 180, 183, 227, 232, 236–37, 240, 242
Alsop, Joseph, 18, 44, 69, 128, 158
American Agriculturalist (magazine), 26–27
American Jewish Congress, 92
Anderson, Benjamin, 227
Anderson, John, 247, 270
Angriff, Der (Nazi publication), 12
Antibes, France, 11
Argentina, 182, 210–11
Arnold, Henry “Hap,” 41, 59, 62–63, 112–13
Associated Press, 60, 113, 122, 202, 212
Badoglio, Pietro, 212
Bailie, Earle, 31, 72, 85
Baltimore Sun, 47
Barkley, Alben, 154, 224
Baruch, Bernard, 12, 36, 270, 285
Basel, Switzerland, 11
Bell, Daniel, 39–40, 56–57, 65, 67, 77, 98, 106, 110, 172–73, 177, 184, 189, 199–200, 215, 224, 234, 251, 259, 270, 273, 287
Bentley, Elizabeth, 290
Berlin, Germany, 12, 47, 265, 274
Berlin, Irving, 157, 179, 226
Bern, Switzerland, 203, 205
Bernstein, Bernard, 246
Bernstein, Edward, 65
Bloom, Sol, 12
Blum, John Morton, 14, 252, 273, 279, 290
Blum, Leon, 64
Boeing, 54
Boettiger, Anna (née Roosevelt), 266, 275–76, 278
Boettiger, John, 31, 259, 273, 275–76
Bonnet, Georges, 10, 46
Boston, Massachusetts, 39,
144
Bowman, Isaiah, 49
Bradley, Omar, 246–47
Brand, Robert, 260
Bretton Woods, New Hampshire, 228, 232, 234, 236–38, 241, 243, 254, 279, 280, 288
Bretton Woods Conference (1944), 174, 242, 254, 260, 279, 280, 288
Britain. See Great Britain
Brown, Ned, 236, 240
Brown, Prentiss M., 179
Bulgaria, 231, 253
Bullitt, William, 10, 41, 44–46, 56, 59, 64, 88, 116, 121
Burma Road, 71–72, 106
Byrnes, James, 191, 198–99, 224, 237, 269, 284
and Morgenthau, 199–200, 205–208, 212–13, 228, 285, 286–88
California, 59–62, 80, 113, 227
Canada, 41, 52, 55, 91, 105, 115, 150, 160, 161, 187, 269
Casablanca Conference, 201
Central Realty Bond and Trust, 25
Chamberlain, Neville, 35, 66, 72, 116–17, 134
Chambers, Whittaker, 290
Chemidlin, Paul, 60
Chen, K. P., 50, 56, 71–72
Cherwell, Viscount (Frederick Lindemann), 262–63, 270
Chiang Kai-shek, 34, 46, 50, 71, 106, 181, 210, 232, 270–71, 281, 291
Chiang Mei-ling (Madame Chiang Kai-shek), 210, 226
Chicago, Illinois, 21, 64, 105, 129, 227, 236
Chicago Tribune, 31, 68, 78, 152, 178, 179
China, 19, 20, 23, 34–35, 46, 50–51, 61, 64, 71, 114, 134, 137, 160, 169, 181, 201, 210, 226, 232, 240, 270–71, 281, 282, 283–84, 291
Christian Science Monitor, 42, 44
Chungking, China, 46, 72, 106, 232, 270–71, 283, 284
Churchill, Clementine, 247
Churchill, Winston, 13, 117, 119, 147, 163, 168, 174, 191, 201, 229, 251, 269, 274, 286, 290, 292
and Morgenthau, 191, 247–48, 257, 261–63
at the second Quebec Conference, 261–63, 265, 267, 285
seeking aid from the United States, 132, 140, 142, 161, 162, 232, 248, 284
Clark, Bennett Champ, 62
Clark, Mark, 211
Cochran, Merle, 172
Cohen, Ben, 23, 74, 75
Collier's (magazine), 14
Collins, Harry, 59, 62–63, 86, 104, 115
Columbia University, 25, 32
Compton, Lewis, 120
Congress (US), 47, 51, 57, 59, 64, 91, 96, 101, 110, 112–14, 131, 132, 141, 164, 227
budget negotiations, 32, 57, 62, 66, 75–76, 81, 83, 94, 97, 99, 107, 118, 120, 122–26, 154, 156, 160–61, 175, 186–87, 200, 213–14, 215, 223–24, 269
isolationists in, 21, 86–88, 91, 122, 147–52, 280
and lend-lease, 147–52, 165, 248
and Roosevelt, 21, 59, 86–88, 94, 99, 107, 113–14, 118, 120, 122–26, 133, 147–52, 159, 160–61, 171, 190, 200, 211, 223–24, 231
Cook, Nancy, 43
Corcoran, Thomas, 23–24, 74, 75
Cornell University, 26
Coughlin, Charles, 47, 64
Craig, Malin, 41
Crane, Jay, 210
Crawford, Janet, 9
Currie, Lauchlin, 94, 110–12, 210
Curtiss-Wright (aircraft manufacturer), 53, 60, 62, 90, 107, 113, 127
Czechoslovakia, 12, 20, 49–51, 72, 114, 130
Daily Mail, 10
Daladier, Édouard, 35, 45, 52
Darlan, François, 193, 294
D-Day (Invasion of Normandy), 234–35
Dickerson, Marion, 43
Dietrich, Marlene, 9
Doughton, 78–79, 81, 124–26, 185, 207, 213
Douglas, Lewis, 47, 57
Douglas Aircraft Company, 53, 58–60, 62, 90
DuBois, Josiah, 184, 198, 204, 217, 219, 221, 267, 271, 273
Dutchess County, New York, 19, 42, 197, 208, 213, 254, 259
Early, Steve, 108, 112
Eccles, Marriner, 72, 74, 75, 87, 94–95, 97, 110–11, 155, 159, 179, 182, 190, 281
Eden, Anthony, 247–48, 262–63
Edison, Charles, 63, 113, 116, 120, 126–27
Einstein, Albert, 12, 43, 157
Eisenhower, Dwight, 192, 214, 246, 260, 267, 290
Elizabeth II (queen), 30, 75, 82, 226
excess-profits tax, 32–33, 81, 98, 100, 124–26, 159–60, 291
Export-Import Bank, 34, 50–51, 106, 145
Ethiopia, 20
Farm Credit Administration, 18, 26, 30, 32
Federal Reserve, 72, 75, 86, 87, 90–91, 94–95, 110, 155, 182, 185, 202, 243, 281
Feis, Herbert, 23, 72–73, 150, 182, 204, 216
Financial Times, 10, 242
Finland, 83, 91, 106, 114, 164
Fish, Hamilton, 21, 151
Fishkill Farm (estate owned by Morgenthau), 26, 28, 36, 44, 255, 256
Florida, 56, 277, 288
Foley, Edward, 54, 58, 65–66, 148, 149, 152, 153, 173, 184
Ford, Henry, 37, 47
Fortune, 31, 139
France, 9–11, 20, 33, 35, 37–38, 64, 70, 77, 84, 87–89, 93, 99, 108, 109, 113, 115, 233, 240, 257, 274
airplane purchases, 41, 44–46, 48, 51–56, 58–64, 66, 127
fall of, 121–24, 130, 131
liberation of, 183, 192, 201, 234–35, 237
Jews in, 204, 205, 211, 230–31, 271
Morgenthau visits in 1944, 245–47
Franco, Francisco, 20, 46, 52, 62, 168
Frankfurter, Felix, 12, 149
Franklin D. Roosevelt Presidential Library and Museum, 9
Gaer, Joseph, 14
Gallatin, Albert, 39
Gamble, Theodore, 225–26
Gaston, Herbert, 31, 76, 85, 172, 191, 214, 221, 224, 257, 287
General Motors (GM), 53, 125, 156, 180
George VI (king), 30, 75, 82, 117, 191
Germany, 11–13, 15, 17, 19, 23, 24, 37–38, 67, 77, 84, 87–89, 110, 114–15, 130, 167, 182, 192, 211, 232–33, 254, 278, 287
and Jews, 47, 92–93, 192, 272
plans for postwar Germany, 245–48, 249–53, 255–60, 262–63, 265–67, 272, 274–77, 281, 283, 285, 291
relations with the United States, 11–13, 48–49, 51, 70–71, 161–62
under Nazi rule, 11–13, 20, 46, 72
Goebbels, Josef, 12, 46, 282
and Morgenthau, 12, 265–66
Göring, Hermann, 37, 249
Gridiron Dinner, 32, 74
Great Britain, 9, 20, 33, 35, 37–38, 41, 49, 64, 67–68, 72, 75, 77, 134, 236–37, 241, 274
airplane purchases, 52–53, 108, 127, 131–33, 140–41, 143, 166
and Morgenthau, 16, 87, 89, 127–29, 131–33, 140–43, 150–51, 163, 169, 174, 180, 232, 248, 261–64, 288–89, 292
Morgenthau visits, 191–92, 245–49
and postwar Germany, 256, 261–64
US aid to, 87–89, 108, 127–29, 131–33, 140–45, 147–50, 161–63, 165, 232, 261–64, 269, 281–82, 284–85
war with Germany, 84, 115, 130, 132, 135, 163, 168
Grew, Joseph, 276, 285
Groton School, 28
Halifax, Lord (Edward Wood), 162, 168
Hamilton, Alexander, 31, 65
Hanes, John W., Jr., 39–40, 56, 58, 61, 67–70, 74–79, 81, 82–84, 87, 95, 97–98, 100–101, 106, 158, 291
Harrison, George, 87
Harrison, Leland, 203–205, 216–18
Harrison, Pat, 76, 123–24, 126
Harvard University, 19, 28, 73, 172
Hatry, Clarence, 27
Henderson, Leon, 72
Himmler, Heinrich, 193
Hitler, Adolf, 11–13, 22, 23, 35, 46, 51, 64, 71, 75, 83, 92, 96, 115, 122, 123–24, 135, 147, 163, 164, 186, 193, 202, 209, 221, 245, 252, 282, 289, 294
Hochschild, Harold K., 28
Holocaust. See Jews
Hong Kong, 46, 71, 174
Hoover, Herbert, 28, 69, 129
Hoover, J. Edgar, 121
Hopkins, Harry, 18, 32, 39, 40, 68, 79, 127, 141, 152, 153, 161, 162, 166–67, 183, 205, 255, 258–59, 266
Hornbeck, Stanley, 23
Hudson River, 26, 36
Hull, Cordell, 43, 46, 91, 137, 141, 145, 150–52, 166, 169, 182–83, 209–10, 227, 255, 268
and Jews, 92, 204, 216–20, 231, 271
and Morgenthau, 21–22, 34–35, 50, 65, 70, 73, 110, 127, 147, 164–65, 210
and postwar Germany, 245, 251, 253, 255, 259, 261, 266
Hull, Rose, 21, 43
Hungary, 93, 220, 231, 253
Hyde Park, New York, 9, 36, 40, 82, 279
Hyman, Harold, 274
Ickes, Harold, 18, 21, 93, 103, 116, 134, 137, 161
International Monetary Fund (IMF), 182, 236, 238, 240–42, 287
Israel, 290–91
Italy, 15, 20, 37–38, 67, 71, 77, 87, 123, 130, 140, 184, 192, 201, 211, 230–31, 248, 261
Morgenthau visits, 214–15
J. P. Morgan and Company, 55, 85, 108
Japan, 15, 17, 19, 34, 37–38, 46, 50, 54, 71, 77, 109, 134–37, 167, 171–72, 188, 248, 274, 286, 288
attack on Pearl Harbor, 169–73, 179, 282
occupation of China, 20, 46, 50, 71, 106, 174, 181, 281, 282
Japanese Americans, 173, 193, 294
Jaretzki, Alfred, 28
Jewish Refugee Committee, 93
Jews, 83, 226, 265
anti-Semitism in the United States, 13, 47–48, 64, 285, 287
and Morgenthau, 11, 20, 22, 28, 42, 47–49, 70–71, 92–93, 95, 140, 158, 195–98, 203–204, 216–21, 229, 231–32, 242, 253, 255, 271–72, 289
Nazi hatred of and persecution of, 11–13, 22, 46, 70, 192–93, 196–98, 203–204, 242, 265–66
refugees, 11, 47–49, 92, 196–97, 203–204, 216–20, 230–32, 253, 271–72
and Roosevelt, 12–13, 48, 92–93, 196–98, 219–20
and the US government, 16, 21, 47, 70, 93, 198, 203–204, 216–21, 230–32
Johns Hopkins University, 32, 49
Johnson, Hugh S., 18
Johnson, Louis, 53–54, 58–60, 63, 85, 103–105, 108, 110, 112–13, 115, 116, 118–20, 128, 129
Johnson Act, 44, 52, 82, 87, 148
Jones, Jesse, 106, 145, 165, 191
Kennedy, John F., 9
Kennedy, Joseph, 9, 72, 82, 89–90, 152
Kennedy, Paul, 13
Kennedy, Robert, 9
Kent, Frank R., 29, 66, 76–77, 81, 94, 101, 127, 173, 189, 265
Keynes, John Maynard, 94, 148, 252
and the Bretton Woods Conference, 191, 208–209, 227, 236, 240–41
and Morgenthau, 162–63, 236, 284