Harfleur: Henry V besieges and captures
Harold Godwinson, King of the English
Harold Harefoot, King of the English
‘harrowing of the north, the’
Harthacanute, King of Denmark
harvest failures: early fourteenth century; see also famines
Hastings: burnt by French
Hastings, battle of (1066)
Hastings, William, Baron
Hazlitt, William
Heahmund, Bishop of Sherborne
Helmsley, Yorkshire
henge monuments
Hengist and Horsa
Henry I, King: and yard (measurement); inheritance; reign; and succession; death; marriage
Henry II, King: and king’s touch; administrative and judicial changes; succeeds Stephen; background and character; territorial victories; expedition to Normandy; relations and conflicts with Becket; assertion of authority; temper; speaks no English; increases national prosperity; and murder of Becket; does penance for Becket’s death; disputes with sons; succession question; death and burial; forbids tournaments in England
Henry III, King: crowned; regency council as minor; reign; character and appearance; piety; and European affairs; marriage; and increase in national prosperity; court and advisers; opposed by native barons; financial difficulties; resumes sovereignty; Simon de Montfort confronts; defeat at battle of Lewes; summons parliament (1236); administrative complexity; as hostage at battle of Evesham; death and burial; and continuity in law
Henry IV (Bolingbroke), King (earlier 1st Duke of Hereford): conflicts with Richard II; exiled; returns to England to oppose Richard II; claims throne; negotiates with Richard; accession; and rumoured survival of Richard II; seen as usurper; assassination attempts on; Percy family rebels against; revenue raising; defeats Hotspur at Berwick Field; illness; Scrope rebels against; rule and administration; and son Henry’s ambitions for throne; death and burial; has Richard II killed
Henry V (of Monmouth), King (earlier Prince of Wales): reburies Richard II at Westminster Abbey; wounded at Berwick Field; martial prowess; as successor to father; appearance and character; coronation; piety; campaigns in France; Agincourt victory; acclaimed in England; builds up navy; marriage; death; treaty with Charles VI of France (1420)
Henry VI, King: peaceful nature; ratifies Magna Carta; infancy at father’s death; minority; crowned as king of England and of France while boy; character and appearance; piety; seeks peace in war with France; French demand renunciation of claim to crown; marriage; bestows honours; weak rule; loses Normandy to Charles VII; debts; and Jack Cade rebellion; suffers stroke; and York – Somerset enmity; treatment and partial recovery; wounded at St Albans; suffers further malady; in Wars of the Roses; captured at Northampton; position challenged by York; rescued at second battle of St Albans; and crowning of Edward IV; flees to Scotland; imprisoned in Tower; released and reinstated; Edward IV reconfines to Tower; killed in Tower; marks out site of tomb; Henry VII idealizes
Henry VI, King of Germany
Henry VII (Tudor), King (earlier Earl of Richmond): and murder of Princes in the Tower; background; rebels against Richard III; in Brittany; marriage to Elizabeth; claim to throne; invades (1485); defeats Richard at Bosworth Field; appearance and character; coronation; royal bodyguard (yeomen); rule; Yorkist opposition to; and Lambert Simnel conspiracy; son Arthur born; victory at East Stoke (1487); financial stringency; supports Brittany against France; and Perkin Warbeck conspiracy; health decline; piety and superstiousness; remains unmarried after death of Elizabeth; death; encourages overseas trade; court; isolation; reputation
Henry VIII, King: authority; marriage to Catherine of Aragon; legacy from father
Henry, Bishop of Winchester
Henry of Huntingdon
Henry the Younger (Henry II’s son): crowned as ‘joint king’; death
heraldry
herbs: medicinal
Hereford, Henry Bolingbroke Duke of see Henry IV, King
heresy
Hereward the Wake
hierarchies (social): prehistoric; under Romans; Anglo-Saxon; medieval; development; survival; in towns; see also class (social)
Higden, Ranulf; Polychronicon
highway robbery
hill forts
history: nature of
Hoccleve, Thomas
Holinshed, Raphael
Homer: Iliad
Honorius, Roman Emperor
horse: as means of travel
Hospitallers, Order of
hospitals
houses: medieval design and construction
Hugh, Bishop of Lincoln
Hugh de Neville
Hull: brick wall; wool exporters
human sacrifice: in Iron Age
humour: medieval
humours, four
Hundred Years War (1337 – 1453): conduct and campaigns; origins; and English claim to French sovereignty; resumes under Henry V; continues; ends
hundreds (administrative units)
hunting: by kings
Iceni (tribe)
Icknield Way (track)
illness and ailments
imports: luxury goods in fifteenth century
industry: in fifteenth century
Inglewood, Cumbria
Innocent III, Pope
inns: roadside
inns of court
Ireland: raiders against Vortigern; Richard II in; Warbeck in
iron: as new technology; under Romans; demand in fifteenth century
Iron Age: development; religion; art
Isabella of Angoulême, Queen of King John
Isabella of France, Queen of Edward II
Isabella of France, second Queen of Richard II
Isabella, wife of Emperor Frederick
Jack Straw’s Castle, Hampstead Heath
Jacquerie (France)
James IV, King of Scotland: shelters Perkin Warbeck; marries Margaret Tudor
James of St George, Master
Jarrow
Jews: Edward I represses and expels; early settlement and legal status in England; as moneylenders and moneychangers; popular hostility to; accused of ritual murder of Christian children; census (1239)
Joan of Arc
Joanna of Castile: Henry VII courts
John II, King of France
John of Arderne
John, King: kingship; as ‘Lackland’; nominated as king of Ireland; and succession to Henry II; barons’ rebellion against; Richard pardons on return; swears fealty to Philip II of France and usurps Richard’s throne; reputation and character, ; succeeds Richard; and death of Arthur of Brittany; loses empire in France; raises revenues; travels throughout England; and administration of justice; campaigning in Britain; dispute with pope over appointment of archbishops and bishops; womanizing; excommunicated; accepts pope’s demands; assumes cross of crusader; seals Magna Carta; defies Magna Carta; death and burial; loses treasure in Wash; calls parliament (1212); protects Jews; killings
John, King of Bohemia
John of Luxemburg
John of Worcester
Johnson, Samuel
Joseph of Arimathea
judges
Julian, Roman Emperor
Jurassic Way
juries: origins
Jutes: settle in England
Katherine of Valois, Queen of Henry V: marriage to Henry; remarries (Owen Tudor)
Kenilworth Castle: Edward II at; John of Gaunt at; Margaret of Anjou at
Kent: settlers and administration; popular revolts; Danish invasion (1896); condemns law under Henry VI1; coast attacked from France and Brittany; and rebellion under Jack Cade
Keston, Kent
keyhold tenure
King’s College, Cambridge
king’s touch: as cure for scrofula
kingship: origins and authority; and divine right; and hunting; and lawlessness following death of; Richard II and; tensions with nobility and
Church
Knighton, Henry
knights: under Normans; status; and chivalry; and summoning of parliament; ‘distraint of’ (order)
labour: value following Black Death
Lambarde, William: The Perambulation of Kent
Lancaster family: in Wars of Roses; extinguished
Lancaster, John of Gaunt, Duke of: house burned by Tyler’s rebels; governs during Edward III’s illness; unpopularity; and John Wycliffe; as Chaucer’s patron; Richard II fears as rival; presides at Arundel’s trial; and son Bolingbroke’s conflict with Richard II; death; marriage to Katherine Swynford; and house of Lancaster
Lancaster, Thomas of see Thomas, Earl of Lancaster
land ownership: and lordship; as cause of disputes; and social standing; and land shortage; in Black Death
landscape: formed by farming and field system
Lanfranc, Archbishop of Canterbury
Langland, William: Piers Plowman
Langton, Stephen, Archbishop of Canterbury
languages: prehistoric; see also English language
Laurence of St Martin, Sir
law: under Normans; reforms under Henry II; under Edward I; custom and precedent in; ineffectiveness under Henry VI, ; Edward IV intervenes in
lawyers: origins
lead mines
Leeds: founded
Leeds Castle, Kent
legal rights of free men
Leges Henrici Primi
Leofric, Earl of Mercia
Leopold, Duke of Austria
le Toruk, Jacob
Lewes, battle of (1264)
Leyburn, Roger
life expectancy
Lincoln: population
Lincoln, John de la, Earl of
Lincolnshire: revolt (1470)
Lindisfarne
Lindisfarne Gospels
Lindley Hall Farm, Leicestershire
literacy
Lithere, Benedict
livestock: in medieval period
living standards: improve in fifteenth century
Lollards
London: Boudicca attacks; as Roman capital of Britannia Superior; population; burned by Danish raiders; medieval house design; road links; mayor and aldermen established; plan; communal government; citizens rebel against Richard I’s taxes; rebel barons occupy (1215 – 16); Prince Louis of France in; supports de Montfort against Henry III,; Edward I imposes taxes on; and rebellion against Edward II; in Peasants’ Revolt (1381); Jack Cade rebels in; improvements and rebuilding
longbow: English mastery of
Lords, House of see parliament
lordship: and land ownership; and feudalism; see also aristocracy
Loudun Hill, battle of (1306)
Louis VII, King of France
Louis VIII (the Lion), King of France (earlier Prince)
Louis IX, King of France
Louis XI, King of France
Lovel, Francist Viscount
Loveraz, Richard de
Lud (or Nud; god)
Ludlow, Shropshire: in Wars of Roses
Lutherans
luxury goods: imported
Lydgate, John
Lynn (King’s Lynn), Norfolk
Macaulay, Thomas Babington, Baron
Maelbeath (or Macbeth)
Magna Carta (1215)
Maiden Castle, Dorset
Maidstone Prison: prisoners freed
Maine, France
Malcolm III (Canmore), King of Scotland
Malcolm IV, King of Scotland
Maldon, battle of (991)
Malory, Thomas: Le Morte Darthur
Manchester: name
Mancini, Dominic
manor: as centre of agrarian life; court records; at Wharram Percy; accounts
Map, Walter
March, Edmund Mortimerd Earl of
March, Roger Mortimer, 1st Earl of see Mortimer, Roger
Margaret of Anjou, Queen of Henry VI: marriage to Henry; birth of son; opposes Richard of York; and threat to son’s succession, ; in Wars of the Roses; shut out of London; flees to Scotland; takes refuge in Anjou; forms alliance with Warwick against Edward IV; taken prisoner at Tewkesbury; incarcerated in Tower and ransomed by Louis XI, ; Louis XI supports
Margaret, Queen of Edward I,
Margaret Tudor, Queen of James IV of Scotland
Margaret of York see Burgundy, Margaret of York, Duchess of
Markeby, John de
Martin, St
Mase, Harry
Mass, the
Matilda (earlier Edith), Queen of Henry I
Matilda (Maud), Empress (Henry I’s daughter): and succession to Henry; conflict with Stephen over crown; hailed as ‘lady of England’; unpopularity; retires to Rouen
Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor
measurement: inexactness; see also yard
Meaux, siege of (1421)
medicine: practice of
megaliths; see also Stonehenge
melancholy (humour)
merchant adventurers
Mercia, kingdom of
Meredith, George
Merfield, William
Meriden, Warwickshire
Mesolithic people
Middle Saxons
Middleham, north Yorkshire
Milton, John: Paradise Lost
minsters (communities of priests and monks)
miracle and mystery plays
monasteries: established by Normans; children recruited to
Mons Badonicus, battle of (490)
Montfort, Eleanor de, Countess of Leicester
Montfort, Simon de, Earl of Leicester: opposes Henry III; and summoning of parliament; defeated at Evesham (1265); death and burial
Morast (fruit drink)
More, Sir Thomas: personal display; on literacy in England; on Edward IV; on Richard III; on Henry VII
mort d’ancestor (legal procedure)
mortality: age of; infant
Mortimer, Anne
Mortimer, Roger, 1st Earl of March
Mortimer’s Cross, battle of (1461)
Morton, John, Archbishop of Canterbury (earlier Bishop of Ely)
Motte, Agnes
Mowbray, Thomas see Norfolk, 1st Duke of
murrain (disease)
names: changes under Normans
navy: King John constructs; Henry V builds up
Neckam, Alexander
Nefyn, Wales
Neolithic: as term
Neolithic period
Neville family: support Yorkists in Wars of Roses
Neville, George, Archbishop of York
Neville’s Cross, battle of (1346)
Newfoundland
Norfolk, John Howard, 1st Duke of
Norfolk, Roger Bigod, 4th Earl of
Norfolk, Thomas Mowbray, 1st Duke of
Normandy: Henry I invades and conquers; Henry II’s expedition to; King John loses to Philip Augustus; Edward III invades; Henry V in; France reclaims
Normans: and separation of Church and state; Ethelred marries into; Edward the Comfessor’s loyalty to; under William; invade and conquer England; oppressive rule and occupation of England; buildings; introduce French language; assimilated; names; council; wheat-growing and eating; dynasty
Norsemen see Vikings
North America: English exploration and settlement
North Sea: formed
Northampton: parliament (1380); scholastic community
Northampton, battle of (1460)
Northumberland, Henry Percy, 1st Earl of
Northumberland, Henry Percy, 2nd Earl of (Hotspur)
Northumberland, Henry Percy, 4th Earl of
Northumberland, Henry Percy, 5th Earl of
Northumberland, kingdom of: power; Vikings conquer; Malcolm IV surrenders to Henry II
Norway: Viking raiders from
Norwich: population; social divisions; grammar school
Noseles, Philip
Noteman, Andrew
Offa’s Dyke
Oldcastle, Sir John
Orderic Vitalis
Ordinance of Labourers (1349)
Orkney: surrendered to Scotland
Orleans: Joan of Arc lifts siege
Orleton, Adam, Bishop of Hereford
Osborne, John
Otto IV, Holy Roman Emperor
Oxford, John de Vere, 12th Earl of
Oxford, Provisions of (1258)
Oxford University: teaching of law; origins; student violence and misbehaviour; learning
‘oyer et terminer’ commission
Page, John and Agnes
Palaeolithic: as term
Palfrey, William
Pandulf (papal legate)
papacy: and appointment of archbishop of Canterbury; see also Christianity
Paris: Treaty of (1259); in Hundred Years War; falls to Charles VII
Paris, Matthew
parish: development; numbers
parish churches: as communal centres; show evidence of affluence
parish priests
Parisii (tribe)
parliament: origins and development; Edward I summons; first records (1316); Edward II summons; and consent to taxation; growing power during Hundred Years War; relations with Edward III; ‘Good’ (1376); in Westminster Hall; conflict with Richard II; ‘Wonderful’ (1386 – 7); ‘Merciless’ (1389); relations with Henry IV; meets in Bury St Edmunds (1447); Henry VII ignores
pastimes see festivals and pastimes
Paston family: life and letters
Paston, Agnes
Paston, Clement
Paston, Elizabeth
Paston, John
Paston, Margaret
Paston, William
Patrick, St: Confessions
Paulinus (missionary)
peasantry: and village life; houses; condition improves in Black Death; see also serfs
Peasants’ Revolt (1381)
Pembroke, Jasper Tudor, Earl of: commands Queen Margaret’s forces; and Henry Tudor’s invasion; sends Henry to Brittany
Pembroke, William Marshal, 1st Earl of
Pembrokeshire: Flemings in
Penny, William
Pepys, Samuel
Percy family: rebels against Henry IV; power in north
Percy, Henry (Hotspur) see Northumberland, 2nd Earl of
Perpendicular style (architecture)
Perrers, Alice
Peter de Blois
Peter des Rivaux
Peter des Roches, Bishop of Winchester
Peter of Savoy, Earl of Richmond
Peter, St
Peterborough: Bronze Age remains
Peterborough Abbey: suffers under Henry I; and warfare between Stephen and Matilda