beer: trade
Belers, Robert
Belgae (tribe)
Belloc, Hilaire
‘benefit of clergy’
Beowulf
Beresford (Esberfort), Lord Simon de
Bernard of Clairvaux, St
Berwick Field, battle of (1403)
Bible, Holy: English translations
Bill of Rights (1689)
birth: conditions
Black Death: outbreak in England (1348); effects and mortality
Blackheath: in Peasants’ Revolt; Jack Cade’s rebel camp at
Blocking, John
Blore Heath, battle of (1459)
Blount, Sir Thomas
Bluestonehenge
Bolingbroke see Henry IV, King
Bonefaunte, William
Boniface of Savoy, Archbishop of Canterbury
Bordeaux
Borzeas (god)
Bosworth Field, battle of (1485)
Boudicca (or Boadicea), Queen of Iceni
Bouvines, battle of (1214)
Brackenbury, Sir Robert
Bramwyk, Robert de
Braose, Matilda de
Braose, William de
brigands and highwaymen
Brigantes (tribe)
Bristol: merchants travel overseas
Britain: origin of name
Britons: defined
Brittany and Bretons (France)
bronze: manufacture
Bronze Age; customs
Browne, Sir Thomas: Hydriotaphia, Urn Burial
Bruce, David II, King of Scotland
Bruce, Robert VIII, King of Scotland; death
Brunanburgh, battle of (937)
Buckingham, Henry StaffordDuke of
Buckingham, Humphrey Staffordt Duke of
bureaucracy: increase under Henry I,; and Henry III
Burgh, Hubert de
Burgundy: Charles the Bold, Duke of, Edward IV forms alliance with; marriage to Margaret of York
Burgundy, John II (the Fearless), Duke of
Burgundy, Margaret of York, Duchess of
Burgundy, Philip the Good, Duke of
burial: prehistoric; East Angles; procedure
Bury St Edmunds: parliament in (1447); conflict between monks and citizenry
Buxton: holy well of St Anne
Byrhtferth (Benedictine monk)
Cabot, John
Cabot, Sebastian
Cadbury (hill fort)
Cade, Jack
Caernarfon Castle, Wales
Caesar, Julius: invades England; on Druids; Comentarii de Bello Gallico
Calais: English capture; Edward III in; Thomas of Woodstock murdered at; Henry V marches on; Duke of Burgundy threatens; remains in English hands; Duke of York protects; Warwick in
Calehill Heath, Kent
calendar: and festivals; see also space and time
Calvinists
Cambridge University: founding and early development
Cannynges, William
canon law: Lanfranc introduces
Canterbury: name; archbishopric; house density; pilgrims; Cathedral; see also Becket, St Thomas
Cantii (tribe)
Canute, King of the English, Danes and Norwegians
Caratacus
Cartimandua, Queen of Brigantes
Cassivellaunus
Castillon, battle of (1453)
castles: Norman; in Wales
Castor, Cambridgeshire
cathedrals: built
Catherine of Aragon, Queen of Henry VIII
Catterick
cattle: domesticated
Caxton, William; The Game and the Playe of the Chesse
Ceawlin (Saxon leader)
Cecilia (William the Conqueror’s daughter)
Celtic church
Celtic languages
Celts: origins
cemeteries and churchyards
Cernunnos (god)
chancery: developed under Henry I, ;under Edward I
Channel, English: formed
Channel Islands: retained by King John
Charlemagne, King of Frankish Empire
Charles I, King: and Petition of Right
Charles IV, King of France
Charles V (the Wise), King of France
Charles VI, King of France
Charles VII, King of France: crowned; captures Paris; reoccupies Normandy
Charles VIII, King of France
Chaucer, Geoffrey: writes in English; Canterbury Tales; ‘The Miller’s Tale’; ‘Tale of Melibee’; Troilus and Criseyde
Cheddar Gorge
Chester: footways
childhood; see also education; schools
chivalry
Christianity: introduced in Roman England; under Anglo-Saxons; rich statues; conversions under Augustine and Paulinus; Roman Church prevails; Church organization; as unifying force; Viking assault on; prevails over Danish invaders; Church reforms under Normans; Church material wealth and landowning; secular clergy; practices and beliefs challenged by Lollards; heretics burned at stake; English saints; tensions with sovereign
Chronique de la Trahison et Mort de Richard II
Church of England: in Henry V’s reign
Church, the see Christianity
churches: design; Perpendicular style; see also cathedrals
churchyards see cemeteries
Cicero
Cistercians, Order: settle in England; practise eviction
Clarence, George, Duke of: and recognition of Elizabeth Woodville as queen; Warwick promises crown to; proposed marriage to Warwick’s daughter; Edward IV seeks friendship; in Warwick’s rebellion; deserts Warwick for Henry VI; rivalry with Edward IV; murdered in Tower
Clarendon, Constitutions of (1164)
class (social): system develops; see also hierarchies
Claudius, Roman Emperor
climate: variability; human effect
clocks
Clyn, John
coal: Romans and
Coelius (Coel Hen; ‘Old King Cole’)
coins and coinage: under Normans; debased under Henry I
Coke, Sir Edward
Colchester (Camulodunum); cloth manufacture
Coleswain of Lincoln
commerce see trade
common people: lives and conditions; effect of Black Death on; dress and behaviour regulated by law
Commons, House of see parliament
communitas (local self-rule)
Commynes, Philippe de
Complaint of the Poor Commons of Kent
Constantine the Great, Roman Emperor
Conway Castle, Wales
Conyers, Sir John (‘Robin of Redesdale’; ‘Robin Mend-All’)
cooking see food and drink
Cornwall: Pytheas visits; Celtic language
coronations (royal); see also individual monarchs
Cotton, Sir Robert
Council Learned in the Law
courtly love
courts of law
Coventry
Crane, Matilda
cranes (lifting)
Crécy, battle of (1346)
crime: rises at times of harvest failure; violent; and punishment; prevalence under Henry VI
Crowland Chronicle
Crusade, Third
Cunobelinus
cursus monuments
customs: prehistoric origins; and continuity
customs duties: under Edward I
Cuthbert, St
Danegeld (tax)
Danelaw, the
Danes see Denmark
David I, King of Scotland
‘Deadmen’s Den’ (Blore Heath battlefield)
death see burial; mortality
Deeds of Henry V, The
Deira, kingdom of
Denmark: Viking raiders from; invasions and settlement in England; subjects fight on English side at Hastings
Despenser, Henry, Bishop of Norwich
Despenser, Hugh le (father
and son)
diet see food and drink
doctors
Domesday Book (‘The King’s Book’)
domestic life: in Paston letters
Dominican Order
Dover: name
dress: in Bronze Age; under Romans; Anglo-Saxon; legislation on
drink see food and drink
Druids
drunkenness
Dublin: as Norse trading centre
Dudley, Edmund
Dumnonii (tribe)
Dunstan, St, Archbishop of Canterbury
Durham: Cathedral; pilgrimages to; Germanic structures
Durotriges (tribe)
East Anglia: settled; Danes in
East Saxons
East Stoke, battle of (1487)
economic activity: fifteenth century improvement; see also trade; wool
Edgar Atheling
Edgar, King of the English
Edinburgh
Edington, battle of (878)
Edith, Queen of Henry I
Edmund Ironside, King of the English
education: children’s; university; see also schools
Edward I, King: captures Gwynedd; wars against Scotland and Wales; and de Montfort’s war with Henry III,; imprisoned as hostage; escapes and defeats de Montfort at Evesham; on crusade; accession and coronation; attempted assassination; interest in Gascony; soldierly qualities; appearance and personality; reclaims father’s lost lands; taxes and customs; authority; and international finance; represses and expels Jews; law and administration reforms; raises paid troops; and death of first wife (Eleanor); remarries (Margaret); death
Edward II, King: acclaimed Prince of Wales; birth and upbringing; character and tastes; coronation; marriage and children; relations with Piers Gaveston; baronial opposition to; conflict with Scots; and execution of Gaveston; disgraced by Bannockburn defeat; appoints Despenser chamberlain; provokes civil war and violence; authority and tyrannical rule; calls parliament at York (1322); dispute over Gascony; Isabella rebels against; deposed and killed; supposed survival and peregrinations; military ineptness; Richard II and
Edward III, King: father sends to France to do fealty for Gascony; and rebellion against father; character; crowned; has Mortimer killed; reign and administration; wars with Scotland; claims throne of France; restores knightly virtues; and conduct of Hundred Years War; as warrior; taxation; relations with parliament; asserts authority; invades Normandy; and Black Death; and capture of King John II of France; accepts treaties and truces in France; achievements; death
Edward IV, King (earlier Earl of March and Duke of York): Black Book; in Wars of the Roses; appearance and character; crowned; extravagance and display; treatment of Lancastrians; foreign policy; strong rule; view of French; marriage to commoner (Elizabeth Woodville); sociability; and Robin of Redesdale rebellion; captured, confined in Warwick Castle and released; defeats Lincolnshire rebels (1470); and Warwick’s 1470 invasion; flees to Holland; returns to England to counter Warwick; defeats Warwick at Barnet; participates in trade; and succession; purges enemies; treaty with Louis XI (1475); has Clarence killed; arranges family marriages; illness and death; solvency
Edward V, King (earlier Prince of Wales): marriage prospects; accession and reign; confined in Tower and killed; and Richard III’s seizure of crown
Edward the Confessor, King of the English
Edward the Elder, King of the Angles and Saxons
Edward, Prince (Richard III’s son): death
Edward, Prince of Wales (Henry VI’s son): birth; mother protects; as claimant to throne; and Wars of the Roses; betrothal and marriage to Warwick’s daughter; killed at Tewkesbury
Edward of Woodstock, Prince of Wales (‘the Black Prince’): military activities; health decline and death; sets up court at Bordeaux
Edwin, King of Northumberland
Eleanor of Aquitaine, Queen of Henry II
Eleanor of Castile, Queen of Edward I: death; Crosses; and birth of Edward II
Eleanor of Provence, Queen of Henry III
Elizabeth I, Queen: authority
Elizabeth II, Queen: coronation
Elizabeth (Woodville), Queen of Edward IV: marriage; twice takes sanctuary in Westminster Abbey; children; hostility to Clarence; and son’s succession to throne; surrenders son Richard to Richard III,; and Lady Margaret Beaufort; supports Lambert Simnel; sent to nunnery
Elizabeth of York, Queen of Henry VII: marriage to Henry; Richard III’s supposed plan to marry; death
Elmet (kingdom)
Eltham palace
Ely: as centre of Hereward’s resistance; school
Emma, Queen of Ethelred and of Canute
Empson, Richard
enclosures: in Bronze Age; eighteenth-century Enclosure Acts; and sheep breeding
Engels, Friedrich
England: early settlement; formed; regional divisions; Romans invade and colonize; tribes; government and social development under Romans; early Christianity in; incursion by northern tribes; Roman rule ends; post-Roman division and administration; name; under Anglo-Saxons; converted to Christianity; urbanization under Alfred the Great; as Anglo-Saxon realm; administrative units; land ownership; national identity formed; involvement with France; resistance to William the Conqueror; under Norman rule; frontier with Scotland defined; development of bureaucracy; Normans assimilated; increased prosperity under Henry II; archives and records develop; civil disorder under Edward II; rivalry with France; in Hundred Years War against France; popular discontent (1377); established as nation under Henry V; foreigners’ views of; loses possessions in France; economic fortunes in fifteenth century; prosperity under Edward IV, 404; historical change; political and legal systems; foreign-born monarchs
English language: under Normans; literary and official development; prevalence under Henry V
Epona (horse goddess)
Ermine Street
esquires
Essex: rebels in Peasants’ Revolt
estates (landed)
Ethelred II (‘the unready’), King of the English
Eton College
Evesham, battle of (1265)
Evesham, monk of (chronicler)
Evreux, Louis, Count of
exchequer: developed under Henry I
fairs and markets
Falkirk, battle of (1298)
famines: (1086); (1257 – 8); (1314 – 17)
farming: beginnings; Bronze Age; Iron Age; under Romans; and climate change; under Anglo-Saxons; under Henry III; and seasons; regional diversity; routines; and a money economy; see also harvest failures
Fastolf, Sir John
Faversham monastery
fens: drained under Romans
festivals and pastimes: seasonal
feudalism
fields: formed; regional diversity and patterns
Fieschi, Manuel di
Fishbourne, Sussex
Fitz-Osbert, William (or William the Beard)
Fitzstephen, William
fitz Walter, Robert
Flanders: rebellion (fourteenth century); English campaign in (1383); French hold
flint: artefacts; tools; mining
Flint Castle, Wales
Florence: revolt (fourteenth century)
Foliot, Gilbert
Folville, Eustace de
Folville, John de
Folville, Richard de
food and drink: Bronze Age; medieval
Forest of Dean
forest law
forests see woods and forests
Formby Point
Forme of Cury, The (cookery book)
Fortescue, Sir John: De Laudibus Legum Angliae
Foxe, John
France: English involvement with; King John loses empire in; Henry III in; in Hundred Years War against England; power struggle with England; Edward III claims throne; English depredations in; Charles V’s forces raid south coast; Jacquerie riots; alliance with Scotl
and against England; threatens England from Flanders; Henry V’s campaigns in; Henry VI crowned king; fleet sacks Sandwich (1457); Edward IV’s view of; treaty with Edward IV (1475); finances Henry Tudor’s invasion against Richard III
Franciscan Order
Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor
Frederick III, Holy Roman Emperor
free men: in towns; legal rights
French language: introduced by Normans
Frisians: settle in England
Froissart, Jean
Fuller, Agnes
Fuller, Thomas: The Holy State and the Profane State
Galen
games and sports
Garter, Order of the: instituted (1348)
Gascony: Henry III in; Edward I values and controls; status of merchants; Edward III does fealty to French king for; in Hundred Years War; remains in English hands; surrendered to French
Gaul, Gauls
Gaveston, Piers, Earl of Cornwall
gentlemen
gentry, formed
Geoffrey of Anjou
Geoffrey, Prince (Henry II’s son)
George, St
Germanic languages
Germanic settlers: in England
Germanus, Bishop of Auxerre
Geyser, William
Gildas
Girton, Cambridgeshire
Glanville, Ranulph de: tutors King John; On the Laws and Customs of England
Glastonbury
Glendower, Owen
Gloucester Cathedral: Perpendicular style
Gloucester, Gilbert de Clare, 10th Earl of
Gloucester, Humphrey, Duke of: as protector in Henry VI’s minority; advises Henry VI on war with France; arrest and death
Gloucester, Richard, Duke of see Richard III, King
Gloucester, Thomas, Duke of (Thomas of Woodstock)
Godiva (or Godgifu) Lady
Gododdin (kingdom)
Godwin, Earl of Wessex
Gordon, Katherine
Gornay, Lord Thomas de
Gothic art
‘Gough’ map
Gower, John
Gower Peninsula
Great Chronicle of London
Gregory the Great, Pope
Guildhall Library, London
guilds
Guinevere, Queen
Guthrum (Danish leader)
Gwynedd
Gytha (Harold’s mother)
Hadrian, Roman Emperor
Hadrian’s Wall
Hailes Abbey, Gloucestershire
Hakluyt, Richard
Halidon Hill, battle of (1333)
Hall, Edward
hamlets
handwriting: development of cursive script
Happisburgh, Norfolk
Harald Hardrada, King of Norway
Hardy, Thomas; Tess of the d’Urbervilles