Seabrook, Theo Leslie
Sheldrick, Robert
Vincent, William Percival
Mitchell Library, Sydney
Otto, Robert
German Soldiers
Gelshorn, von (first name n/a), Offiziersstellvertreter, 6th Battery Field Artillery Regiment 62
Kotthoff, Reserve Leutnant (first name n/a), Reserve Infantry Regiment 77
Lincke, Major (first name n/a), Commander, 2nd Battalion, Reserve Infantry Regiment 212
Wohlenberg, Alfred, Reserve Leutnant, Reserve Infantry Regiment 77
(See also German soldiers in the text, sourced to their battalion histories and The German Army at Passchendaele, by Jack Sheldon)
Note: Canadian and New Zealand case studies are sourced to their official and other histories.
Official Documents and Publications
Australian War Memorial: Australian Imperial Force, Unit War Diaries, 1914–18.
British War Cabinet Papers and other documents, 1914–1918, The National Archives, Kew (UK): CAB 23, CAB 24, CAB 27, CAB 63: http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/cabinetpapers/
First World War, General Archives: http://www.firstworldwar.com/
Horne, Charles and Austin, Walter, Source Records of the Great War, Internet Archive, American Library Association, San Francisco, California, 1923: https://archive.org/details/sourcerecordsofg03horn
Liddle Collection, The University of Leeds: https://library.leeds.ac.uk/special-collections-liddle-collection
Officers’ Training Manual, The British Army
Official Histories of the Great War – British, Australian and Canadian. See works by Bean, Charles; Butler, Arthur; Edmonds, James; and Nicholson, Gerald – in Books section)
Official German Documents Relating to the World War, translated under the supervision of the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, Oxford University Press, New York, 1923
World War One Document Archive: https://wwi.lib.byu.edu/index.php/Official_Papers and https://wwi.lib.byu.edu/index.php/1917_Documents
General Online Sources
Australian War Memorial: https://www.awm.gov.au
Australian War Memorial, Blog: https://www.awm.gov.au/blog/
Blockade of Germany, Spotlights on History, The National Archives, United Kingdom: http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/pathways/firstworldwar/spotlights/blockade.htm
Blackadder comedy series, controversy: http://www.bbc.com/news/uk-politics-25612369; https://rusi.org/search/site/Blackadder; http://www.historyextra.com/feature/blackadder-bad-first-world-war-history
Brigadier General Edward Spears on the Calais Conference, January 1917: http://discovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk/details/r/C373605
British Journal of Military History: http://www.bjmh.org.uk/index.php/bjmh/pages/view/about
Commonwealth War Graves Commission: http://www.cwgc.org/
Fischer Controversy, 50 years on: http://www.open.ac.uk/Arts/fischer-controversy/
Germany’s Policy of Unrestricted Submarine Warfare, 31 January 1917: firstworldwar.com, www.firstworldwar.com/source/uboat_bernstorff.htm
Haig, Field Marshal Sir Douglas, ‘Backs to the Wall’ Order, 11 April 1918: www.firstworldwar.com/source/backstothewall.htm
Haig, Field Marshal Sir Douglas, complete transcripts of Despatches: http://www.firstworldwar.com/source/haig_despatches.htm
Intelligence Squared, Debate, ‘Britain Should Not Have Fought in the First World War’, 15 April 2014: http://www.intelligencesquared.com/events/britain-first-world-war/
Lansdowne Letter for a negotiated peace: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/1467-8497.00249/abstract
Lenin’s Call to Power, 24 October 1917: www.firstworldwar.com/source/calltopower.htm
Lenin’s Statement of Bolshevik Demands: www.firstworldwar.com/source/lenin_24oct1917.htm
Pope Benedict XV’s Peace Proposal, 1 August 1917, World War I Document Archive, 7 July 2009: https://wwi.lib.byu.edu/index.php/Pope_Benedict_XV%27s_Peace_Proposal
Prime Minister Lloyd George on the British War Aims, 5 January 1918, The World War One Document Archive:
http://wwi.lib.byu.edu/index.php/Prime_Minister_Lloyd_George_on_the_British_War_Aims
Reichstag Peace Resolution, 19 July 1917, The World War One Document Archive: https://wwi.lib.byu.edu/index.php/The_Reichstag_Peace_Resolution
Scheck, Raffael, ‘Military Operations and Plans for German Domination of Europe’, http://web.colby.edu/rmscheck/contents/germanyc2/
Wilson’s War Message to Congress, 2 April 1917, The World War One Document Archive: wwi.lib.byu.edu/index.php/Official_Papers
World War One Diaries, Memoirs, The World War One Document Archive: http://wwi.lib.byu.edu/index.php/Diaries,_Memorials,_Personal_Reminiscences
World War One Timelines, 1917: http://www.firstworldwar.com/timeline/1917.htm
Zimmerman Note, The World War One Document Archive: wwi.lib.byu.edu/index.php/1917_Documents
JSTOR Essays and Articles
Baussan, Charles, ‘General Foch’, Studies: An Irish Quarterly Review, Vol. 7, No. 25 (March 1918), pp. 65–79.
Beckett, Ian., (Review), ‘A Month at the Front: The Diary of an Unknown Soldier’, The Journal of Military History, Vol. 71, No. 2 (April 2007), pp. 546–547.
Bond, Brian, ‘Soldiers and Statesmen: British Civil-Military Relations in 1917’, Military Affairs 32, no. 2 (1968): 62–75.
Bowman, Kent, ‘Echoes of Shot and Shell: Songs of the Great War’, Studies in Popular Culture 10, no. 1 (1987): 27–41.
Brown, Ian M., ‘Not Glamorous, But Effective: The Canadian Corps and the Set-Piece Attack, 1917–1918’, The Journal of Military History, Vol. 58, No. 3. (July 1994), pp. 421–444.
Burke, Tom, ‘The Royal Dublin Fusiliers in the Great War’, History Ireland 13, no. 5 (2005): 29–33.
Cowdrey, Albert E., ‘Environments of War’, Environmental Review: ER 7, no. 2 (1983): 155–64.
Cowley, Robert, ‘Ghosts on the Plain’, New England Review (1990) 13, no. 3/4 (1991): 45–66.
Curry, Andrew, ‘Under the Western Front’, Archaeology 62, no. 4 (2009): 49–54.
De Schaepdrijver, Sophie, ‘Death Is Elsewhere: The Shifting Locus of Tragedy in Belgian Great War Literature’, Yale French Studies, no. 102 (2002):94–114.
Egerton, George W., (Review), ‘The Lloyd George “War Memoirs”: A Study in the Politics of Memory’, The Journal of Modern History 60, no. 1 (1988):55–94
Englander, David, and Osborne, James, ‘Jack, Tommy, and Henry Dubb: The Armed Forces and the Working Class’, The Historical Journal 21, no. 3 (1978): 593–621.
Falls, Cyril, (Review), ‘Canadian Expeditionary Force 1914–1919 by G. W. L. Nicholson’ International Journal 18, no. 2 (1963): 229–30.
French, David, ‘Sir Douglas Haig’s Reputation, 1918–1928: A Note’, The Historical Journal 28, no. 4 (1985): 953–60.
Fussell, Paul, ‘Modernism, Adversary Culture, and Edmund Blunden’, The Sewanee Review 94, no. 4 (1986): 583–601.
Hoffenberg, Peter H., ‘Landscape, Memory and the Australian War Experience, 1915–18’, Journal of Contemporary History 36, no. 1 (2001):111–31.
Hucker, Jacqueline, ‘“Battle and Burial”: Recapturing the Cultural Meaning of Canada’s National Memorial on Vimy Ridge’, The Public Historian 31, no. 1 (2009): 89–109.
Isham, R. H., (Review), ‘From A Surgeon’s Journal, 1915–1918, by Harvey Cushing’, The North American Review 242, no. 1 (1936): 215–18.
Jones, Edgar, ‘The Psychology of Killing: The Combat Experience of British Soldiers during the First World War’, Journal of Contemporary History 41, no. 2 (2006): 229–46.
MacLeod, James Lachlan, ‘“Greater Love Hath No Man than This”: Scotland’s Conflicting Religious Responses to Death in the Great War’, The Scottish Historical Review 81, no. 211 (2002): 70–96.
Maier, Charles S., ‘Wargames: 1914–1919’, The Journal of Interdis
ciplinary History 18, no. 4 (1988): 819–49.
McGerr, Rosemarie, ‘“It’s Not All That Easy to Find Your Way Back to the Middle Ages”: Reading the Past in “A Month in the Country”’, Criticism 47, no. 3 (2005): 353–86.
Millman, Brock, ‘A Counsel of Despair: British Strategy and War Aims, 1917–18’, Journal of Contemporary History 36, no. 2 (2001): 241–70. Morgan, Kenneth O., ‘Lloyd George’s Premiership: A Study in “Prime
Ministerial Government”’, The Historical Journal 13, no. 1 (1970):130–57.
Nevinson, Henry W, ‘Lloyd George: The Leader of British Liberals’, Foreign Affairs 9, no. 3 (1931): 457–68.
O‘Leary, Daniel, ‘Censored and Embedded Shaw: Print Culture and Shavian Analysis Of Wartime Media’, Shaw 28 (2008): 168–87.
Sanders, M. L., ‘Wellington House and British Propaganda during the First World War’, The Historical Journal 18, no. 1 (1975): 119–46.
Sidebotham, H, ‘Civilian or Military Strategy’, Journal of the British Institute of International Affairs 3, no. 5 (1924): 247–63.
Strachan, Hew, ‘The British Way in Warfare Revisited’, The Historical Journal 26, no. 2 (1983): 447–61.
Strachan, Hew, (Review), ‘The First World War: The Arming of Europe and the Making of the First World War by David G. Herrmann; Armaments and the Coming of War: Europe 1904–1914 by David Stevenson; Authority, Identity and the Social History of the Great War by Frans Coetzee, Marilyn Shevin-Coetzee; Dismembering the Male: Men’s Bodies, Britain and the Great War by Joanna Bourke; Passchendaele: The Untold Story by Robin Prior, Trevor Wilson; Battle Tactics of the Western Front: The British Army’s Art of Attack, 1916–1918 by Paddy Griffith; Government and the Armed Forces in Britain, 1856–1990 by Paul Smith’, The Historical Journal 43, no. 3 (2000): 889–903.
Ware, Thomas C., ‘“Shepherd in a Soldier’s Coat”: The Presence of Arcadia on the Western Front’, South Atlantic Review 68, no. 1 (2003): 64–84.
Woodward, David R., ‘Britain in a Continental War: The Civil-Military Debate over the Strategical Direction of the Great War of 1914–1918’, Albion: A Quarterly Journal Concerned with British Studies 12, no. 1 (1980): 37–65.
Woodward, David R., ‘Did Lloyd George Starve the British Army of Men Prior to the German Offensive of 21 March 1918?’, The Historical Journal 27, no. 1 (1984): 241–52.
Further Essays & Reports
Anstey, Brigadier E. C., ‘History of the Royal Artillery’, Anstey Papers, Royal Artillery Institution, Woolwich
Bartholomees, Jr., J. Boone, ‘The Issue of Attrition’, Strategic Studies Institute, US Army, Spring 2010, www.strategicstudiesinstitute.army.mil
Biernoff, Suzannah, ‘Flesh Poems: Henry Tonks and the Art of Surgery’, Visual Culture in Britain, 11(1), 2010, 25–47
Bradby, W. J., ‘Polygon Wood and Broodseinde’, Stand-To, vol. 8, no. 5, September–October 1963, pp. 19–22, 27–28
Edmonds, A. H., ‘In Flanders Fields’, IWM, 1960
Engen, Rob, ‘Steel Against Fire: The Bayonet in the First World War’, Journal of Military and Strategic Studies, Spring 2006, Vol. 8, Issue 3, Centre for Military and Strategic Studies, Canadian Defence & Foreign Affairs Institute, 2006
Greenhalgh, Elizabeth, ‘Myth and Memory: Sir Douglas Haig and the Imposition of Allied Unified Command in March 1918’, The Journal of Military History, Vol. 68, No. 3 (July 2004), pp. 771–820
Greenslade, Roy, ‘First World War: How State and Press Kept Truth Off the Front Page’, The Guardian, 28 July 2014, www.theguardian.com/media/2014/jul/27/first-world-war-state-press-reporting
‘How Was Information Shared?’, BBC Schools, World War One, www.bbc.co.uk/schools/0/ww1/25332968
Jewell, John, ‘“Our Casualties Not Heavy”: How British Press Covered the Battle of the Somme’, History News Network, 30 June 2016, http://historynewsnetwork.org/article/163259
Liddell Hart, Basil, ‘The Basic Truths of Passchendaele’, RUSI Journal, November 1959
Roy, R. H. and Foot, Richard, ‘Battle of the Somme’, Historica Canada, 21 December 2006 (last edited 4 March 2015), www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/battle-of-the-somme
Simkins, Peter, ‘Voluntary Recruiting in Britain, 1914–1915’, British Library, www.bl.uk
Singleton, John, ‘Britain’s Military Use of Horses 1914–1918’, Past & Present, No. 139 (May 1993), pp. 178–203
Todman, Daniel, ‘Sans Peur et Sans Reproche: The Retirement, Death, and Mourning of Sir Douglas Haig, 1918–1928’, The Journal of Military History, Vol. 67, No. 4 (October 2003), pp. 1083–1106
Van der Fraenen, ‘Passchendaele September 1917: A Terrible Loss in an Australian Family. The Story of the Three Seabrook Brothers’, Passchendaele Archives, Zonnebeke
Toye, Richard, ‘Lloyd George’s War Rhetoric, 1914–1918’, Academia.edu, http://www.academia.edu/2533280/Lloyd_Georges_War_Rhetoric_1914-18
Wynne, Graeme, ‘The Development of the German Defensive Battle in 1917 and its Influence on British Defensive Tactics’, Army Quarterly, vol. 34, April 1937, pp. 15–34
Email discussions
Harrison, Kristie, April 2015
Hind, Dorothy, 12 July 2016
Diana Richey (various)
Ketterer, Walter, 13 April 2015
Munro, Shane (various)
Vandenbussche, Steven, Director, Memorial Museum Passchendaele, Zonnebeke (various)
Museums & Exhibits
Australian War Memorial, Canberra
Imperial War Museums, London
National Army Museum, London
Memorial Museum Passchendaele, Zonnebeke, Flanders
Tyne Cot Cemetery, Exhibit, Passchendaele, Flanders
Talbot House Museum, Poperinge, Flanders
Newspapers (from 1917 unless otherwise stated)
Birmingham Gazette
Daily Record and Mail
Daily Mirror
Dominion (NZ)
Dundee Courier
Dundee People’s Journal
Edinburgh Evening News
Evening Despatch
Fife Free Press
Grantham Journal
Guardian (2014–16)
Herald Sun (2015–16)
London Gazette (various)
Lincolnshire Echo
Liverpool Daily Post and Mercury
Liverpool Echo
Manchester Guardian
Middlesbrough Daily Gazette
Newcastle Journal
Observer
Rochdale Observer
Sunday Pictorial
Sydney Morning Herald (2014–16)
The Times (various)
Yorkshire Post
Books
Adorno, Theodor, W., Prisms, MIT Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts, 1983
Aldington, Richard, Death of a Hero, Penguin Classics, London, 2013
Arthur, Max, in association with the Imperial War Museum, Forgotten Voices of the Great War, Ebury, London, 2006
Asquith, Herbert Henry, Memories and Reflections: 1852–1927, Cassell, London, 1928
Barton, Peter, Doyle, Peter and Vandewalle, Johan, Beneath Flanders Fields: The Tunnellers’ War 1914–1918, Spellmount, Staplehurst, Kent, 2004
Baker-Carr, Brigadier General Christopher, From Chauffeur to Brigadier: Founder of the Machine Gun Corps and Pioneer of the Development of the Tank, Leonaur, Driffield, East Yorkshire, 2015
Barr, Niall, The Lion and the Poppy: British Veterans, Politics, and Society, 1921–1939, Praeger, Santa Barbara, 2005
Barwick, Archie, In Great Spirits: The WWI Diary of Archie Barwick, HarperCollins Publishers, Sydney, 2013
Beach, Jim, Haig’s Intelligence: GHQ and the German Army, 1916–1918, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 2013
Bean, Charles, The Australian Imperial For
ce in France, 1917, Official History series, Volume IV (11th edition, 1941), Australian War Memorial, Canberra, https://www.awm.gov.au/collection/RCDIG1069753/
—Anzac to Amiens, Penguin Books, Melbourne, 2014
—Making the Legend: The War Writings of C. E. W. Bean (selected by Denis Winter), University of Queensland Press, St Lucia, Queensland, 1992
Beaumont, Joan, Broken Nation: Australians in the Great War, Allen & Unwin, Sydney, 2013
Beckett, Ian, The Making of the First World War, Yale University Press, New Haven, Connecticut, 2012
Beckett, Ian and Corvi, Stephen (eds), Haig’s Generals, Leo Cooper Ltd, Barnsley, South Yorkshire, 2006
Bergen, Leo van, Before My Helpless Sight: Suffering, Dying and Military Medicine on the Western Front, 1914–1918, (translated by Liz Waters), Burlington, VT Ashgate Pub., Farnham, Surrey, 2009
Best, Brian, Reporting from the Front: War Reporters during the Great War, Pen & Sword, Barnsley, South Yorkshire, 2015
Beumelburg, Werner von, Flandern 1917, Gerhard Stalling, Berlin, 1928
Bewsher, Major F. W., The History of the 51st (Highland) Division: 1914–1918, William Blackwood and Sons, Edinburgh, 1921
Birdwood, Field-Marshal Lord, Khaki and Gown: An Autobiography, Ward, Lock & Co., London, 1941
Blacker, Charles Paton, (John Blacker – ed), Have You Forgotten Yet? The First World War Memoirs of C. P. Blacker, M.C., G.M., M.A., M.D., F.R.C.P., M.R.C.S, Leo Cooper, London, 2000
Blankenstein, Dr, History of the Reserve Infantry Regiment no. 92 in the World War, 1914–1918, Kampfgenossenverein R.I.R. 92, Osnabrück, Germany, 1934
Blunden, Edmund, Undertones of War, Richard Cobden-Sanderson, London, 1928
—(Greening, John – ed), Edmund Blunden’s ‘Undertones of War’, Oxford University Press, Oxford, 2015
Bonham-Carter, Victor, Soldier True: The Life and Times of Field-Marshal Sir William Robertson, Bart. GCB, GCMG, KCVO, DSO, 1860–1933, Frederick Muller, London, 1963
Bostyn, Franky (ed), Passchendaele 1917: The Story of the Fallen and Tyne Cot Cemetery, Pen & Sword Military, Barnsley, South Yorkshire, 2007
Brazier, Reginald H. and Sandford, Ernest, Birmingham and the Great War, 1914–1919, Cornish Bros., Birmingham, 1921
Buchan, John, A History of the Great War, Biblio, London, 2009
Bull, Stephen, Trench: A History of Trench Warfare on the Western Front, Osprey Publishing, Oxford, 2014