114. Quoted in Ekins, A., ‘The Australians at Passchendaele’, in Liddle (ed), p. 244.
115. Lynch, ebook, loc. 3506.
116. Ibid., loc. 3688.
117. Ibid., loc. 3709.
118. Allhusen, private papers, diary, 16 October 1917.
119. Ibid.
120. Ibid.
121. Ibid.
122. Birnie, private papers, letter to parents, 26 October 1917.
123. McNab, ebook, loc. 1572.
124. Harper, p. 91.
125. Prior and Wilson, p. 169.
126. Haig, 14 October 1917.
127. Ibid.
128. Birmingham Gazette, 13 October 1917.
129. Ibid., and Liverpool Echo, 12 October 1917.
130. Sir Douglas Haig, ‘4th Despatch (1917 Campaigns), 25 December 1917’, www.firstworldwar.com/source/haigcampaign1917despatch.htm.’
131. War Cabinet, 16 October 1917, Statement of British and German Wastage in Flanders, CAB24/29/19.
132. War Cabinet, 17 October 1917, Casualties, not in public interest to know, CAB23/4/25.
133. Ibid.
134. War Cabinet Papers, 16 October 1917.
135. Hattersley, ebook, loc. 8758.
136. Neillands, ebook, loc. 9364.
137. Lloyd George, p. 126.
138. Allhusen, private papers, letter to his mother, 18 October 1917.
Chapter 13: The Face of Fear
1. Beaumelberg, p. 25.
2. Ibid., p. 27.
3. Collins, ebook, loc. 2545.
4. Beaumelberg, p. 27.
5. Ibid.
6. Ibid., pp. 31–2.
7. Ibid.
8. Blankenstein, pp. 314–15.
9. Sobbe, pp. 411–13.
10. Quoted in Sheldon, p. 196.
11. Beaumelberg, pp. 31–2.
12. Ibid.
13. Rupprecht, Diary, 11 October 1917.
14. Quoted in Sheldon, p. 232.
15. Beaumelberg, p. 36.
16. Ibid.
17. Ludendorff, ebook, loc. 1445.
18. Ibid., loc. 1462.
19. Ibid., loc. 1486.
20. Wilson, ebook, loc. 11976.
21. Buchan, p. 592.
22. Quoted in Pedersen, ‘The AIF on the Western Front: The Role of Training and Command’, in McKernan and Browne (eds), p. 183.
23. Gibbs, Realities of War, p. 396.
24. Owen, p. 521.
25. Ekins, A., ‘The Australians at Passchendaele’, in Liddle (ed.), p. 245.
26. Ibid.
27. Rupprecht, Diary, 3 November 1917.
28. Quoted in Gibbs, From Bapaume to Passchendaele, p. 139.
29. Quoted in Sheldon, p. 243.
30. Jünger, p. 203.
31. Lloyd George, p. 435.
Chapter 14: Passchendaele Ridge
1. Oliver, D., ‘The Canadians at Passchendaele’, in Liddle (ed), p. 259.
2. Ibid.
3. Neillands, ebook, loc. 3625.
4. Ibid., loc. 3646.
5. Ibid., loc. 3652.
6. Nicholson, p. 312.
7. Ibid.
8. Neillands, ebook, loc. 9793.
9. Quoted in Hyatt, General Sir Arthur Currie, p. 79.
10. Nicholson, p. 312.
11. Neillands, ebook, loc. 9796.
12. Quoted in Nicholson, p. 313.
13. Nicholson, p. 314.
14. Macdonald, ebook, loc. 4163.
15. Quoted in Nicholson, p. 315.
16. Nicholson, p. 318.
17. Neillands, ebook, loc. 9438.
18. Quoted in Oliver, D., ‘The Canadians at Passchendaele, in Liddle (ed), p. 263.
19. Macdonald, ebook, loc. 4135.
20. Ibid., loc. 4106.
21. Ibid., loc. 4188.
22. Ibid., loc. 4208.
23. JSTOR paper, Brown, I. M., ‘Not Glamorous, but effective: The Canadian Corps and the Set-Piece Attack, 1917-1918’, p. 430.
24. Quoted in Sheldon, p. 258.
25. Ibid., p. 254.
26. Bostyn (ed), p. 130.
27. Ibid., pp. 135–6.
28. Sheldon, p. 257.
29. Nicholson, p. 323.
30. Bostyn (ed), p. 130.
31. Macdonald, ebook, loc. 4250.
32. Bostyn (ed), p. 133.
33. Ibid., p. 151.
34. Ibid., p. 149.
35. Neillands, ebook, loc. 9496.
36. Prior and Wilson, p. 177.
37. Ibid.
38. Bostyn (ed), p. 156.
40. Quoted in Prior and Wilson, p. 178.
41. Nicholson, p. 324.
42. Ibid.
43. Bostyn (ed), p. 161.
44. Nicholson, p. 325.
45. Prior and Wilson, p. 179.
46. Lee, J., ‘The British Divisions at Third Ypres’, in Liddle (ed), p. 223.
47. Ibid.
48. Wyrall. p. 239.
49. Bostyn (ed), p. 179. check figs
50. JSTOR paper, Brown, I. M., ‘Not Glamorous, but effective: The Canadian Corps and the Set-Piece Attack, 1917–1918’, p. 428.
51. Quoted in Oliver, D., ‘The Canadians at Passchendaele, in Liddle (ed), ebook. loc. 7122.
52. Blake, pp. 267–8, see also Terraine, The Road to Passchendaele, pp. 331–332.
53. Churchill, p. 750.
54. War Cabinet Papers, 31 October 1917, Flanders ‘successful’, CAB23/4/35, pdf.
55. War Cabinet Papers, 2 November 1917, On Italy, DLG has full discretion to decide, CAB24/4/38, pdf.
56. War Cabinet Papers, 14 November 1917.
57. War Cabinet Papers, 15 November 1917.
58. Quoted in Allhusen, private papers, Intelligence: General Staff, 14th (Light) Division.
59. Prior and Wilson, p 181.
60. War Cabinet Papers, 28 November 1917.
61. Nicolson, private papers, AWM 3DRL/2715, P1040087, https://www.awm.gov.au/collection/3DRL/2715.
62. Allhusen, private papers, diary.
63. Ibid.
64. Ibid.
65. Ibid.
66. Ibid.
67. Skirth, private papers, memoir, p. 149.
68. Ibid., p. 153.
69. Ibid., pp. 166–7.
70. Ibid., pp. 174–5.
71. Tanner, private papers, pp. 93–4.
72. ‘Lenin’s Call to Power, 24 October 1917’, www.firstworldwar.com/source/calltopower.htm.
73. ‘Lenin’s Statement of Bolshevik Demands, 24 October 1917’, www.firstworldwar.com/source/lenin_24oct1917.htm.
74. Lloyd George, p. 431.
75. Ibid.
76. War Cabinet Papers, 6 December 1917.
77. Ibid.
78. Ibid. See full Minutes of the debate.
79. War Cabinet Papers, 10 December 1917.
80. War Cabinet Papers, 12 December 1917.
81. War Cabinet Papers, 2 November 1917 and 26 December 1917.
82. War Cabinet Papers, 19 December 1917.
83. War Cabinet Papers, 5 December 1917.
84. War Cabinet Papers, 26 December 1917.
85. War Cabinet Papers, 24 December 1917.
Chapter 15: The Burial of the Dead
1. War Cabinet Papers, 24 December 1917.
2. https://www.awm.gov.au/blog/2007/10/06/passchendaele-an-almost-universal-experience/
3. Bernède, A., ‘Third Ypres and the restoration of confidence in the ranks of the French Army’, in Liddle (ed), p. 99.
4. Quoted in Sheldon, p. 315 (see also Note 58).
5. Edmonds, p. 363; for details of this dispute, see Sheldon, pp. 313-315
6. Sheldon, p. 314.
7. Ibid.
8. Lloyd George, p. 429.
9. Tanner, private papers.
10. Quoted in Harper, p. 81.
11. Cushing, pp. 197–8.
12. Quoted in Macdonald, ebook, loc. 4032.
13. Ibid.
14. Ibid.
15. Bostyn (ed), p. 227.
16. Ibid., p. 229.
17. Lynch, ebook, loc. 1590.
18. Bostyn (ed), p. 234.
19. Ison, private papers.
20. Larsen, private papers.
21. Austin, private papers.
22. Collins, ebook, loc. 1505.
23. Ibid.
24. Ison, private papers.
25. Ibid.
26. Ibid.
27. Larsen, private papers.
28. Ibid.
29. Ibid.
30. Ibid.
31. Ibid.
32. Grant, private papers.
33. Ibid.
34. Tanner, private papers.
35. Ibid.
36. Ison, private papers.
37. Rex, private papers.
38. Ibid.
39. Ibid.
40. Bean, p. 900.
41. Austin, private papers.
42. Commonwealth War Graves Commission.
43. Sassoon, poem.
44. Inscription on Menin Gate.
45. Alsop, private papers
46. Ibid.
47. Ibid.
49. Bostyn (ed), p. 65.
50. Tyne Cot Memorial, exhibit.
51. Bostyn (ed), p. 70.
52. http://www.heraldsun.com.au/anzac-centenary/six-of-seven-sons-of-frederick-and-maggie-smith-died-in-ww1/story-fnmeodwa-1226895364091
53. http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-2060179/Armistice-Day-2011-The-mother-lost-sons-WW1.html
54. Bostyn (ed), p. 95.
55. ‘George Ross Seabrook’, Red Cross file, 2440806, AWM, 4 December 1917.
56. Ibid., 10 December 1917.
57. Ibid., 7 February 1918.
58. Ibid., 9 March 1918.
59. Seabrook Family, private papers.
60. Ibid.
61. Ibid.
62. Ibid.
63. Ibid.
64. Ibid.
65. Ibid.
66. Ibid.
67. Ibid.
68. ‘Private George Ross Seabrook’, 11586728 (service record), NAA, B2455.
69. Seabrook Family, private papers.
70. Ibid.
71. Ibid.
72. Ibid.
73. Ibid.
74. Quoted in Sheldon, p. 263.
75. Derez, M., ‘A Belgian Salient for Reconstruction: People and Patrie, Landscape and Memory’, in Liddle (ed), p. 451.
76. Tyne Cot Memorial, exhibit.
77. Tyne Cot cemetery, from Pope, A., ‘Essay on Man’, see also: http://www.epitaph-softhegreatwar.com/155.
Chapter 16: From the Jaws of Defeat
1. Grieves, The Politics of Manpower, p. 161.
2. Ibid.
3. JSTOR paper, ‘Britain in a Continental War.pdf’, p. 57.
4. Ibid.
5. Hattersley, ebook, loc. 8937.
6. Grieves, K. ‘The Recruiting Margin in Britain: Debates on Manpower during the Third Battle of Ypres’, in Liddle (ed), p. 396.
7. Haig, 10 November 1917.
8. Travers, pp. 19-30.
9. Bean, p. 946.
10. Grieves, K. ‘The Recruiting Margin in Britain: Debates on Manpower during the Third Battle of Ypres’, in Liddle (ed), p. 396.
11. The Daily Telegraph, 29 November 1917.
12. Quoted in Grieves, K. ‘The Recruiting Margin in Britain: Debates on Manpower during the Third Battle of Ypres’, in Liddle (ed), p. 401.
13. War Cabinet Papers, 4 December 1917.
14. Wilson, ebook, loc. 1374.
15. Sheffield, Forgotten Victory, ebook, loc. 1970.
16. Edmonds, Military Operations: France and Belgium, 1918, p. 490.
17. Sheffield, Forgotten Victory, ebook, loc. 4175.
18. ‘Sir Douglas Haig’s “Backs to the Wall” Order, 11 April 1918’, firstworldwar.com, www.firstworldwar.com/source/backstothewall.htm.
19. Sheffield, Forgotten Victory, ebook, loc. 4695.
Chapter 17: What the Living Said
1. See the Introduction to Haig’s Diaries, p. 31.
2. Bean, p. 945.
3. ‘Sir Douglas Haig’s Final Despatch, 21 March 1919’, firstworldwar.com, www.firstworldwar.com/source/haiglastdespatch.htm.
4. Quoted in Grieves, K. ‘The Recruiting Margin in Britain: Debates on Manpower during the Third Battle of Ypres’, in Liddle (ed), p. 391.
5. Quoted in Herwig, p. 341.
6. Haig, 4 September 1916.
7. ‘Sir Douglas Haig’s Final Despatch, 21 March 1919’, firstworldwar.com, www.firstworldwar.com/source/haiglastdespatch.htm.
8. ‘Sir Douglas Haig’s Final Despatch, 21 March 1919’, firstworldwar.com, www.firstworldwar.com/source/haiglastdespatch.htm.
9. See Liddell-Hart. B. H., ‘The Basic Truths of Passchendaele’, RUSI Journal, November 1959, pp. 433-439.
10. Callwell, Vol 1, p. 359.
11. Lloyd George, p. 350.
12. See Liddell-Hart. B. H., ‘The Basic Truths of Passchendaele’, RUSI Journal, November 1959, pp. 433-439.
13. War Cabinet Papers, 24 October 1917.
14. See Prior and Wilson, p. 33; Nicholson, p. 309; Callwell, p. 359.
15. Quoted in Lloyd George, p. 346.
16. Quoted in Beumelburg, p. 168.
17. Kuhl, p. 126.
18. Ibid., p. 131.
19. Quoted in Harper, p. 117.
20. Beumelburg, p. 8.
21. Ibid., pp. 41–2.
22. Lloyd George, p. 431.
23. Harris, p. 382.
24. ‘Sir Douglas Haig’s Final Despatch, 21 March 1919’, firstworldwar.com, www.firstworldwar.com/source/haiglastdespatch.htm.
25. Intelligence Squared Debate: Britain Should Not Have Fought in The First World War, 15 April 2014, http://www.intelligencesquared.com/events/britain-first-world-war/
26. Hastings, Catastrophe: Europe Goes to War 1914.
27. Sheffield, Forgotten Victory, ebook, loc. 2022.
28. Corrigan, p. 50.
29. Sheffield, Forgotten Victory, ebook, loc. 848.
30. Ibid., loc. 946.
31. JSTOR paper: Fussell, P., ‘Modernism, Adversary Culture, and Edmund Blunden’, p. 593.
32. Ibid., p. 597.
33. Matthews, p. 54.
34. Adorno, T., ‘An Essay on Cultural Criticism and Society’, Prisms, p. 34.
35. Harington, C., Tim Harington Looks Back, pp. 63–4.
36. Sheffield, The Chief, p. 93.
37. Ibid.
38. Lloyd George, p. 410.
39. Quoted in Harris, p. 188.
40. Ibid.
41. Lloyd George, p. 329.
42. Ibid., p. 401.
43. Ibid., pp. 415–16.
44. JSTOR paper: Woodward, D. R., ‘Britain in a Continental War’, p. 56.
45. Lloyd George, p. 320.
46. Ibid., p. 571.
47. Ibid., p. 322.
48. Ibid., p. 337.
49. Ibid., p. 338.
50. Ibid., p. 419.
51. Ibid., p. 429.
52. MacMillan, p. 645.
53. The Hague Conventions of 1899 and 1907 banned poison gas, aerial bombardment and the killing of civilians. See: https://archive.org/stream/hagueconventions00inteuoft/hagueconventions00inteuoft_djvu.txt
54. Steel and Hart, p. 302.
55. News Chronicle, quoted in Edmonds, p. iv.
56. As Lloyd George confided to the editor of the Manchester Guardian in December 1917. See Greenslade, R., ‘First World War: How State and Press Kept Truth Off the Front Page’, The Guardian, 28 July 2014, www.theguardian.com/media/2014/jul/27/first-world-war-state-press-reporting.
Epilogue: Requiem for Doomed Youth
1. Wilkinson, private papers, letter home.
2. Aldington, p. 201.
3. Ibid., p. 372.
4. Ibid.
5. See Lynch, Holmes, Williams and the private papers cited, for many examples. In literature, the soldier’s willingness to sacrifice himself for his friends is a central theme. See
: Herbert, Aldington, Remarque, Jünger and Jones, for examples.
6. Harper, p. 100.
7. Hind, private papers, memoir.
8. Dorothy Hind, email to author, 12 July 2016.
9. Ibid.
10. The Times, 26 July 1986.
11. Barrett, p. 182.
12. Barrett, p. 344.
13. Skirth, private papers, memoir.
14. Herbert, p. 216.
15. Barr, p. 37
16. Todman, p. 73
17. Harper, p. 102.
18. Ibid., p. 109.
19. Quoted in ibid.
20. Seabrook family private papers, letter, Fanny Seabrook to Mr Varley, 26 March 1919.
21. Seabrook family private papers, letter, deputy comptroller to comptroller, Department of Repatriation, Australian Government, 1 May 1919. See also ‘Mrs F. I. Seabrook (Application for living allowance)’, 153197, NAA A2487, 18 July 1919.
22. Wilkinson, private papers, letters.
23. Ibid., p. 409.
24. Ibid., p. 411.
25. Ibid., p. 421.
26. Ibid., p. 424.
27. King George V’s visit, Tyne Cot Memorial at Tyne Cot cemetery, 11 May 1922.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Private Papers
(Personal memoirs, letters, diaries)
Imperial War Museum, London
Allfree, E. C.
Allhusen, Desmond
Bradbury, Stanley
Campbell, Patrick
Cushing, Harvey
Dearden, Harold
Dennis, Gerald
Ferrie, William Stavert
Hind, Neville
Lyne, C. E. L.
Magill, V. R.
Nettleton, John
Ponting, George
Skirth, John Ronald
Tanner, Reverend Victor
Wilkinson, W. A. C.
Whitfield, Gerald Herbert Penn
Yoxall, Harry
Cadbury Research Library, Special Collections, Birmingham University
Eden, Sir Anthony, Earl of Avon
National Library of Scotland, Edinburgh
The Haig Papers
Australian War Memorial
Alsop, Fred
Austin, Matthew
Baldwin, Rupert
Birnie, Alexander
Blake, George
Bryant, Leonard
Cumming, William John
Cunningham, Alexander Jackson
Edmonds, Adrian Henry
Gatliff, Charles Edwin
Grant, Elsie
Hickman, Keith
Ison, John
Kennedy, Malcolm
Ketterer, Victor
Larsen, Harold Leslie
Leahy, Alfred
Morris, Hart
Moseley, Arthur Henry
Murray, Ernest
Nicolson, Norman
Pearson, Leslie
Regan, Hughie
Rex, Horace
Richey, George Henry Mills
Seabrook, George Ross
Seabrook, William Keith