Nuclear Posture Review of 2002, 538
nuclear stockpiles, 538
Nuclear Suppliers Group, 608
nuclear warfare:
Cuban Missile Crisis and, 308–9, 312
“flexible” and “limited,” 416
opposition to, 180
public fears of, 196, 254–55
public support for, 241
Trinity test and, 162
as “winnable,” 443
nuclear weapons:
arms control for, 229–30, 442, 446, 466, 482
Bikini Atoll test for, 198–200, 199
British, 282
Carter’s call for abolition of, 391
China as potential target of, 250, 268, 281–82, 287, 295, 312
Chinese, 349, 363, 382, 539, 540
as cost-cutting strategy, 254
“Dead Hand” computerized system to launch, 443
Eisenhower and, 249–57, 267–68, 279–90
Enewetak Atoll testing of, 252
Germany and, 133–34, 143
Gorbachev-Reagan negotiations on, 446–55, 449, 453, 459, 462, 482, 483, 537
H. Wallace’s opposition to, 184–88, 194, 196, 199–204
ICBMs and, 275
in India, 518, 535–36, 608
Indonesia and, 350
Iran’s potential for, 440, 534, 535, 536, 564, 602–3
in Iran strike plan, 535
Iraq’s lack of, 477, 526
in Israel, 518, 602–3
Japan and, 381–82
Korean War and, 240–42, 255
in Libya, 536
locks on, 286–87
Lucky Dragon incident and testing of, 270–72
MacArthur’s enthusiasm for, 240–42
massive retaliation policy and, 289–90
military custody of, 255–56
miniature, 539
mutually assured destruction and, 416, 540
nonaggression treaty for, 313
nonproliferation of, 566
in North Korea, 391, 526, 536
in Pakistan, 416, 460, 518, 535–36, 537
Persian Gulf and, 416
in post-Soviet Russia, 486, 539–41
radioactive fallout from, 281
Reagan’s buildup of, 438–39
Reagan’s desired eradication of, 444
religious perspectives on, 281, 300–301
SALT II and, 404–5, 404
SALT treaty and, 379–80
Soviet, 160, 172, 178–79, 181, 184–87, 190, 203, 223–24, 226, 230, 236, 241, 253, 256–57, 272, 275, 281–82, 297, 299–300, 302–3, 306, 311, 397, 445
strategic, 449, 451, 463
on submarines, 286–87, 302, 416, 540, 541
tactical, 466, 482
test ban treaties for, 284, 295, 313–14, 318, 322–23, 451, 496
testing of, 440, 449
total mutual destruction and, 160
U.S., xi, xii, xvii, 181, 184–87, 205, 211, 215, 220, 227–30, 249, 255–57, 267–68, 279–88, 302–3, 306, 383, 403, 438, 445, 538–40, 550
U.S., first-strike capability and, 539–41
U.S.-Soviet possible nuclear war and, 273, 298, 415
Vietnam War and, 330, 340, 360–64, 386–87, 393
in World War II, xiv, 44, 118, 120, 129, 131–37, 142–44, 146, 157–81, 236
see also specific types of bombs and missiles
Nuremberg trials, 80, 82, 173, 250
Nye, Gerald, 64–65, 67, 68–72, 74–77, 82–83, 84, 93
Obama, Barack, xiv, 392, 550, 593
and Afghanistan war, 551, 568, 569–72, 574, 577–92, 581, 594, 597, 600, 612–13
caution of, 499, 554, 557–58, 560, 586
as centrist, 551, 567
economic stimulus program of, 554–55
election of, 499, 512, 549–50, 560, 569, 614
foreign policy of, 566–68, 599–613
G. W. Bush policies perpetuated by, 550–51
health care policies of, 558
as inspirational, 549–50, 559, 614–15
on Iraq war, 549, 551, 569, 572, 574, 582, 583, 590, 591, 594–600, 612
on Pakistan, 571–75
privacy and civil liberties concerns under, 561–66
transparency and secrecy of, 561–62
Wall Street and, 551–60
Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA), 383, 546
Occupy Wall Street, 557, 613–15
Odom, William, 417–18, 446
OECD, 547, 555
oil, 83, 193
in Afghanistan, 590
Britain’s sources of, 4, 189, 190, 195, 258–59
in Caspian Sea, 496
in Caucasus, 28
Central Asian pipeline for, 488–90
in Dutch East Indies, 100
G. W. Bush administration and, 496–97
in Indonesia, 352
Iranian, 190, 194–96, 217, 258–60, 408–9, 410, 602
Iraqi, 190, 217, 475, 526, 527, 529
Iraq war and, 527–28
in Kurdistan, 598
Kuwaiti, 190, 474, 477
Malaysian, 608
in Middle East, 4, 26, 104–5, 189–90, 194–95, 205, 215–16, 237, 258–60, 392, 414, 491, 497, 515
in Persian Gulf, 408, 439, 496–97, 512, 527
price collapse of, 426
Saudi, 189–90, 216, 217, 258, 505, 527, 600
in South China Sea, 606, 610
Soviet, 108, 190, 194, 216
U.S. as supplier of, 4, 38–39, 83, 100, 189
U.S. companies, 260
in Venezuela, 38–39
Oil Ministry, Iraqi, 529
Okinawa, 145, 175, 179, 216, 250, 312
U.S. military bases in, 605, 609
U.S. occupation of, 380
Oklahoma, bank holiday in, 47
Oklahoma City, bombing in, 488, 514
“Old Soldiers Never Die,” 243–44
Omaha World-Herald, xxvi, 489
Omar, Muhammad, 506–7
O’Neill, Thomas P. “Tip,” 316, 422, 447
On the Beach (Shute), 284–85
OPEC, 392, 474
Operation Barbarossa, 94–96, 97
Operation Condor, 378
Operation Desert Fox, 516
Operation Duck Hook, 362–63, 370
Operation Enduring Freedom, 506–7, 509
opium, 459, 489, 507, 583, 584, 594, 596
Oppenheimer, J. Robert, 134–37, 137, 159–62, 179, 187, 196–97, 223, 229, 361
Organization of American Historians, 431
Organization of American States (OAS), 304, 434, 472, 603
Organization of the Islamic Conference (OIC), 506
Orlando, Vittorio, 31, 34
Orwell, George, 505
OSS, 213, 246, 263
Oswald, Lee Harvey, 323, 325
Ottawa land mines treaty, 490
Ottoman Empire, 26, 31–32, 216
Overseas Securities Corporation, 254
Pacific Command, U.S., 567, 608, 610–11
Pacific Ocean, xxii, xxviii, 189, 230, 270, 575, 606–8, 610, 612
Pacific Strategic Intelligence Summary, 162
Pacific theater, 105, 114, 131, 137, 138, 144, 145, 146, 151
Pahlavi, Mohammad Reza Shah, 258, 260, 408–10, 411
Paisley, John, 397–98
Pakistan, 287, 413, 415–16, 415, 416, 429, 459–61, 486, 488, 506, 518, 544, 569, 586, 591–92, 593–94
Al-Qaeda ties of, 535
bin Laden in, 592
drones in, 572–73, 577
nuclear weapons in, 416, 460, 518, 535–36, 537
Obama and, 571–75
Taliban in, 535, 571
U.S. arms sent to, 535–36
Palestine, 216–19, 488, 581
Palestinian Liberation Organization (PLO), 282, 463
as future target, 522, 526
Palestinians, 534, 545, 567, 573, 600–601
Palin, Sarah, 563
Palmer, A. Mitchell, 35
Panama, xxvii–xxix, xxx, 40, 116, 205, 338, 372, 432, 455–56, 471–72, 473, 476
Canal Zone of, xxviii
Panama Canal, 283
Panama Canal treaty, 404
Panamanian Defense Forces, 472
Pan American Oil, 39
Panetta, Leon, 575, 586, 611–12
Paraguay, 378, 603, 604
Paris, 31, 356, 408
Paris Commune of 1871, xix
Paris Peace Accords, 387
Partial Nuclear Test Ban Treaty, 318, 322–23
Pathet Lao, 295, 389
Patriot Act, 505, 565
Pauley, Edwin, 139, 193
Pauley’s coup, 139–40
Payne, Keith, 438, 540–41
Peace Declaration, 539
Peace Patriots, 73
Pearl Harbor, 275, 438
Japanese bombing of, 82, 98–100, 100, 101, 106, 131, 150–52
Pearlstein, Steven, 556–57
Pearson, Drew, 224–25, 235
Pelley, William Dudley, 53
Pendergast, Tom, 141, 163, 188
Pentagon, see Defense Department, U.S.
Pentagon Papers, 335, 360, 384–85, 386, 563
People’s Daily, 609
People’s Liberation Army, Chinese, 467
People’s Revolutionary Movement, Costa Rican, 428
Pepper, Claude, 108, 142–43, 192, 195, 200
perestroika, 468, 613
Perkins, Frances, 49, 50, 63, 110
Perle, Richard, 383–84, 399, 442, 454, 490, 502, 513, 514, 519, 524, 685n
Perot, Ross, 484
Pershing II missiles, 440
Pershing missiles, 443
Persia, xvi, 105
see also Iran
Persian Gulf, 190, 259, 408, 409, 416, 476, 477, 478, 512
Persian Gulf War, 478–81, 481, 483, 491, 504, 517, 576
Peru, 41, 138, 338, 341–42, 345, 604
Petraeus, David, 570, 572, 575, 578, 586, 587–88, 590, 594
Peurifoy, Jack, 262–63, 265
Pew Research Center, 573, 613–14
Phantom Public, The (Lippmann), 43
pharmaceuticals industry, 551, 558
Philadelphia, Pa., 419
black unemployment in, 59
Khaki Shirts movement in, 53
Philadelphia Ledger, xxv–xxvi
Philadelphia Record, 64
Philippines, xvi, 100, 113, 116, 150, 237–38, 246, 305, 328, 338, 429, 468, 606, 607, 612
death toll in, xxvi–xxvii, xxviii
Huk peasant insurgency in, 246
Islamic rebels in, 574
torture in, xxvii
U.S. annexation of, xxii–xxviii, xxiii, xxxi, xxxii
Pinochet, Augusto, 377–78, 379, 499
Pipes, Richard, 396–97, 399, 421
Platt Amendment, xxvii
plutonium, 143, 173
PNAC, 685n
Podhoretz, Norman, 399, 490, 522
Poland, 28, 84, 88, 102, 110, 111, 113–17, 122–23, 126, 128–29, 189, 210, 217, 225, 304, 406, 469, 484
casualties of, 87, 214
free elections in, 468
Iraq war opposed in, 524
NATO and, 471, 486
Nazi invasion of, 78
strategic importance of, 123
Polish Provisional Government of National Unity, 116
poor, poverty, 433, 436–38, 462, 505, 551, 556, 559
in Afghanistan, 578–79
in former Soviet republics, 485
global, 546–47
Indian, 608–9
Pope, James, 65, 67, 70, 75, 77
Popular Front period, 60
populism, 556
Portugal, colonialism of, 396
post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), 590, 596
Potsdam Conference, 129, 148, 161–66, 165, 171
Potsdam Declaration, 165, 175
Powell, Colin, 369, 425, 472, 474, 478, 479, 480, 482, 492, 494, 497, 502–3, 503, 511, 512, 513, 586
on National Guard and Vietnam-era influence, 523–24
UN Iraq War speech of, 519–20, 521
Powell, Jody, 415, 422
Power, Thomas, 303, 309
Prague, 356, 514
Pravda, 197–98, 208, 225
Precht, Henry, 409–10
Predator drones, 574, 577, 579
Preface to Morals, A (Lippmann), 43
Presidential Directive 59, 416, 443
President’s Council on Jobs and Competitiveness, 560
President’s Foreign Intelligence Advisory Board (PFIAB), 398
Press, Daryl, 539, 541
Priest, Dana, 564–65
prisoners, humane treatment of, 507
privacy rights, xii, 404
Prize, The (Yergin), 38
Progressive movement, progressives, 56, 65, 400, 551
Progressive Party, 1, 55, 221, 251
Project Chariot, 283–84
Project for the New American Century (PNAC), 490–91, 494, 496, 497, 522
on Iraq, 503, 512, 527
9/11 and, 501–2
Project Gnome, 284
propaganda:
Kuwaiti, 476
Soviet, 255
U.S., 214, 262, 372–75
Propaganda Technique in the World War (Laswell), 10–11
ProPublica, 590
prostitution, 16–17
Protocols of the Elders of Zion, The, 52–53, 79–80
public opinion, control of, 10–12
Public Opinion (Lippmann), 43
Public Works Administration (PWA), 50, 51, 62
Puck, xix, xxiii
Puerto Rico, xvi, 347
U.S. annexation of, xxii, xxiii
Pugwash Conference, 282
Putin, Vladimir, 486, 538, 539–40, 613
G. W. Bush and, 536–37
Qatar, 105, 544
Quadrennial Defense Review, 2010, 609
Quainton, Anthony, 422, 430
Quarterly Review of Commerce, 50–52
racism, 59, 59, 92, 151, 466, 492, 524, 550
of Allies, 32
Japanese internment and, 151–57, 153, 155
U.S., 234
Wilson and, 1–2, 44
Radford, Arthur, 255, 267, 268
radicalism, popular, 60–61
railroad strikes, xix, xxi
Ramparts, 338
RAND Corporation, 215, 257, 286, 302, 303, 360, 383, 384, 461
rape, 427–28
of Chinese women by Japanese soldiers, 85, 88, 150
in El Salvador, 432
of German women by Russians, 127
of prisoners at Abu Ghraib, 510
of Vietnamese women, 367
Rasoli, Hameed, 506–7
Rauschenbusch, Stephen, 65–66
Rayburn, Sam, 118, 281
Reagan, Nancy, 445
Reagan, Ronald, xxxi, 50, 212, 323, 392, 412, 425, 432, 444–45, 466, 536, 566, 567, 576, 601
administration of, 429, 471, 473, 482, 532
anti-Soviet viewpoint of, 407, 426, 440–47
bargaining over hostages by, 420
on CPD, 399, 436, 445
El Salvador and, 431–34
and fall of Berlin Wall, 421
fantasies and inventions of, 422–24, 430–31
foreign perceptions of, 444–45
Gorbachev and, 446–55, 449, 453, 466, 467, 468
Grenada invasion of, 434–36, 437
intellectual limitations of, 421–23, 423, 425, 429, 445, 454
Iran-Contra scandal and, 455, 456–59
military buildup of, 436
in negotiations with Gorbachev, 447–56
Nicaragua and, 431, 455–59
nuclear war feared by, 441–42
religious convictions of, 441
reputation and legacy of, 421, 461–62
as right-wing
extremist, 399, 400, 417
SDI and, 442–43, 448, 451–55, 462
social programs cut by, 436–38, 462
on superiority of capitalism, 426
on Vietnam, 434
Red Army, 28, 95, 97, 102, 103, 106, 108, 111, 114, 115, 126, 127–28, 172, 175, 209
Red-baiting, 206, 221, 231–34
“Red Channels,” 233
Red Scare, 233, 235
Haymarket riots and, xx
Reich, Robert, 547, 553