London, 38, 103, 157, 182, 512
antiwar protests in, 524
Pinochet arrested in, 500
Polish government-in-exile in, 115–16, 123
London Naval Conference, 83
Long, Huey, “Share the Wealth” program of, 56
Looking Backward (Bellamy), xxi, xxi, 56
Los Alamos, 136, 160
Los Angeles, Calif., 246, 592
Los Angeles Times, 58, 193–94, 223, 272, 284, 428, 445
Lott, Trent, 493, 524
Lovett, Robert, 122, 180, 218, 224, 242
Lublin, Poland, 111, 115, 123–24
Luce, Henry, xi, 101, 146, 181
Lucky Dragon incident, 270–72
Lugo, Fernando, 603, 604
Lumumba, Patrice, 279, 348
Luti, William, 685n
MacArthur, Douglas (ambassador), 381
MacArthur, Douglas (General), 55, 64, 67–68, 69, 100, 102, 106, 145, 166, 176, 177, 179, 238–44, 239, 243, 381, 599, 640n
McCain, John, 492, 551, 560, 567
McCarthy, Eugene, 357, 365
McCarthy, Joseph, 231–33, 231, 242, 247, 287–88, 367
McCarthyism, 233–34
McChrystal, Stanley, 570–71, 578, 586, 588, 590
McCloy, John, 102, 122, 147, 152, 161, 163, 323
McCone, John, 295, 303, 326–27, 329–30, 343–44, 372–73
McCullough, David, 140
Macdonald, Dwight, 180, 369
McFadden, Louis T, 52–53
McFarlane, Robert “Bud,” 427, 441–42, 456, 458–59
McGovern, George, 335
McGrory, Mary, 418
McHugh, L. C., 300–301
McKinley, William, xxii–xxiii, xxv, xxvi, xxvii, 43
assassination of, xxviii
McNamara, Robert S., 158, 290, 292, 292, 298, 302, 303, 318, 341, 344, 346, 351–52, 360, 375, 383, 475, 540
Cuban Missile Crisis and, 308, 310, 312–13
Vietnam and, 305, 315–16, 328, 330, 333, 334–37, 337, 365, 366–67, 384, 387
McNaughton, John, 334, 384
McSwain bill, 72
McSwain War Profits Bill, 72
madrassas, 415–16, 461, 486
Mainau Declaration, 281
Malaya, 100, 138, 238, 266–67
Malaysia, 328, 606, 607–8
Malenkov, Georgi, 227, 248–49
Mali, 536
Maliki, Nuri Kamal al-, 598
Manchuria, xxxi, 173, 215, 236, 241, 243
Japanese seizure of, 45, 87, 90
Manhattan Institute, 399
Manhattan Project, 136, 143, 144, 164
manifest destiny, xv, xvii, xxii
Manila, xxiii, xxv
Mann, Thomas, 60, 344
Mann Doctrine, 343
Mansfield, Mike, 269, 315, 316
Mao Zedong, 32, 222–23, 236, 238, 382
Marco Polo Bridge incident, 85
Marine Corps War College, 587
Marines, U.S., xxxi, 3, 434
Marne, First Battle of the, 23
Marshall, George C., 103, 104–5, 113, 119, 122, 138, 145, 207, 209, 213, 215, 218–19, 237, 247
Marshall Islands, nuclear testing in, 198, 252, 270, 308–9
Marshall Plan, 209–10, 210, 213
Marx, Karl, 26
Marxism, Catholic priests and, 433
Maryland, bank holiday in, 47
Masaryk, Jan, 214, 226
Massoud, Ahmad Zia, 583
Matlock, Jack, 451, 470
May-Johnson Bill, 186
media:
banned from Grenada invasion, 434
Iraq war supported by, 521–22
Medicaid, 438, 559
Medicare, 558, 559
Mediterranean, 105, 190, 196, 208, 215
Soviet access to, 189
medium range ballistic missiles (MRBMs), 306–7, 307, 311, 517
Meet the Press, 504, 514
Mein Kampf (Hitler), 22, 80, 95
Mejía Victores, Oscar Humberto, 430
Mencken, H. L., 10, 43
Merchants of Death (Engelbrecht and Hanighen), 66
Mercury orbital flights, 304
Mexican Revolution, 2–3
Mexico, xxx, xxxii, 6, 41, 43, 188, 207, 521, 555, 603, 604
revolution in, 2–3
Mexico City, 356
Michigan, bank holiday in, 47
Micronesia, 542
middle class, 554, 559
Obama as champion of, 551
Middle East, 201, 219, 230, 239, 241, 257, 282, 439, 462, 469, 518, 523, 537, 543, 599, 600–603, 604, 605
oil in, 4, 26, 104–5, 189–90, 194–95, 205, 215–16, 237, 258–60, 392, 414, 491, 497, 515
reduced U.S. involvement in, 566
strategic importance of, 215–16, 238, 439
superpower conflict in, 189–90
Middle East peace process, 496
Midway, battle of, 100, 131
military, FDR’s opposition to, 55
military bases:
Al-Qaeda bombing of U.S., 488
British, 217, 220, 408
NATO, 537
Soviet, 466, 470
U.S., xii, xvii, xxvii, 200, 201, 205, 215–16, 220, 240, 249–50, 255, 274, 278, 286, 296, 302, 306–7, 319, 380–82, 408, 416, 439, 440, 443, 466, 537, 549, 598–99, 604–5, 609, 612
Military Code of Justice, 361
military-industrial complex, xi, 215, 439, 446, 448, 548
Eisenhower on, 288–89
military spending:
Indian, 608–9
Soviet, 274, 426, 446
U.S., xii, 199–200, 231, 246, 249, 251, 254, 257, 286–87, 298, 403, 417, 436–39, 462, 463, 484, 490–91, 549, 574–75, 606, 611–12, 615
Miller, Judith, 478, 514, 578
Mine Safety and Health Administration, 546
minimum wage, 51, 546
Minneapolis, Minn., general strike in, 57, 58
missile defense program, 496, 498, 537, 539, 541, 576
missile gap, 278–79, 302–3
Mission to Moscow, 106
MIT, 22, 364, 365, 445, 562
Mitchell, George, 600–601
Mitchell, John, 372, 390
Mitchell, William “Billy,” 24
Moley, Raymond, 53, 54, 101
Molotov, Vyacheslav, 103–4, 121–24, 165, 172, 184, 256, 265
Molotov Plan, 209
Mondale, Walter, 403, 462
Monroe Doctrine, xv, 208, 603
Moorer, Thomas, 362, 371
moral reformers, 16–18
Morgan, J. P., 54, 73–77
Morgenthau, Hans, 269–70
Morgenthau, Henry, 82
Morgenthau Plan, 189
Morocco, 265, 304
Morris, Roger, 362–63, 370–71
Moscow, 97, 104, 107, 126, 157, 172, 208, 248, 282, 298, 379, 463
Moscow, Battle of, 103
Moscow Olympics, 415
Mossadeq, Mohammad, 258–60, 261
Mozambique, 408
MQ9 Reaper drones, 577, 579
Mubarak, Hosni, 507, 522, 601
mujahideen, 571, 580, 589
Afghan, 413, 450, 487
Mule Day Parade, Columbia, Tenn., 505
Mullen, Mike, 578, 586, 587–88
multiple independently targetable reentry vehicles (MIRVs), 379
Mumford, Lewis, 198–99, 252
Munich, 214
Allied capitulation to Hitler at, 88
munitions manufacturers, 44
profiteering by, 65–79, 82–83
proposed nationalization of, 68–69, 77
Murrow, Edward R., 178, 181
Musharraf, Pervez, 535–36, 571
Muslims, xii, 530
in Afghanistan, 413–14
in Indonesia, 347, 350
in Iran, 408
resistance against Soviet government by, 29
U.S. behavior towards, 545
U.S. detention of, 504
Mussolini, Benito, 37, 45, 50
Axis formed by, 87–88, 89
black shirts of, 53
Ethiopian invasion of, 83
Franco supported by, 84
U.S. supporters of, 50, 52, 101
mustard gas, 20, 22, 65
MX missile program, 438
Myanmar, 533, 607
NAACP, 59
Nader, Ralph, 492, 493, 496
Nagasaki, bombing of, xiv, 44, 172–73, 174, 176–78, 181, 236, 256, 271–72, 415, 524
Nairobi, embassy bombing in, 490
Nanjing, 157
rape of, 85, 88, 150
Nasser, Gamal Abdel, 257
Nation, xxxi, 10, 40–41, 48, 50, 56, 60, 62
National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP), 234
National Board for Historical Service (NBHS), 8, 10
National City Bank, xxxii, 48, 73
National Committee for a Sane Nuclear Policy (SANE), 282
national debt, 462, 545, 547
National Education Association (NEA), 71
National Front for the Liberation of South Vietnam (NLF), 305
National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency, 577
National Guard, 298, 523–24
class discrimination in, 524
at Kent State, 370
National Industrial Recovery Act (NIRA), 50, 51, 52
National Intelligence Council, 528
National Intelligence Estimate:
on Brazil, 343
on Indonesia, 352
on Iran, 457, 535
on Iraq, 515
on Soviet arsenal, 278
on the Soviet Union, 396
National Interest/Public Interest, 399
National Liberation Front, Greek, 206
National Liberation Front (NLF), Vietnamese, 327, 329–30, 332–33, 338–39, 361–62
National Military Establishment, 212
National Park Service, 156, 284
National Recovery Administration (NRA), 50, 52
National Republican Alliance (ARENA), Salvadoran, 432
National Security Act, 212
National Security Action Memorandum (NSAM) 273, 327
National Security Agency (NSA), 521, 561, 563
warrantless wiretaps permitted by, 505
National Security Council (NSC), 213, 248, 250, 258, 263, 328, 344, 370, 372, 375, 405–6, 420, 421–22, 456, 457, 496–97, 512–13, 516, 566, 586
Executive Committee (EXCOMM) of, 309–10, 311
Operations Coordinating Board of, 271–72
Policy Planning Staff of, 267
Principals Committee of, 510–11
National Security Directive, 457
National Security Planning Group, 425
National Security Resources Board, 213
National Security Study Memo, on Chile, 373
National Steel Corporation, 63
National Strategic Target List and Single Integrated Operation Plan (SIOP), 287
Nation’s Report Card, xiii
Natsios, Andrew, 529, 533
natural gas:
Central Asian, 488, 490, 591
in South China Sea, 606
Naval War College, 255
Navy, British, 5–6, 31
Navy, U.S., xxii, 40, 68, 94, 146, 153, 177, 215, 228, 575, 609–10
Navy Department, U.S., 199–200, 212
Nazi party, 44, 45, 80, 124, 156, 192
Nazis, 121, 208, 214, 215, 216, 258
NBC, 68, 177–78, 415, 521, 522, 525
Near East, 230, 237
Nebraska, University of, at Omaha (UNO), Center for Afghanistan Studies at, 486–87, 489, 489
Nehru, Jawaharlal, 257, 271, 282
neoconservatives, xi, 434, 472, 489, 549, 567
in G. W. Bush administration, xi, 494–96
inadvertent benefits to Al Qaeda from, 528–29
on Iran, 534
Iraq targeted by, 501, 503, 513, 529–31
and Israel, 518–19
military spending pushed by, 490–91
9/11 and, 501
targets of, 522–23, 526
on U.S. imperialism, xiv–xv, 490–91
Netanyahu, Bibi, 601–2
Netherlands, 89, 99–100, 250, 402, 485, 547
Indonesia colonized by, 347, 349
Neutrality Pact of 1941, 148
Nevada, 47, 77
Nevins, Allan, 149
New Deal, 49–58, 61–63, 90–92, 93, 101, 193, 354, 400–401
accused of fascism, 50–52
as anti-fascist, 53
New Hampshire, University of, 507
New Left, xiv, 340
Newsweek, 150, 164, 341, 464, 474, 517, 522
New York, N.Y., 108, 109, 242
antiwar protests in, 338, 524
as center of world finance, 38
Christian Mobilizers in, 53
9/11 attacks in, 500
New Yorker, 200
New York Evening Post, 9–10, 64
New York Federal Reserve Bank, 48, 552
New York Herald Tribune, 104
New York State Legislature, 16
New York Sun, 518
New York Times, xiii, xv, 9–10, 11, 14–15, 19–20, 21, 24, 46, 47, 48, 55, 56–57, 67, 71, 73, 76, 77, 97, 106, 125–26, 138, 177, 182, 185, 191, 202, 208, 222, 224, 236, 241, 244, 249, 253, 254, 256–57, 261–62, 264–65, 272, 282, 283, 284, 285, 289, 293, 294, 301–2, 332, 338, 348, 350, 352–53, 362, 382, 392, 409, 412, 414, 424, 429, 432–33, 444, 445, 463, 464, 474, 478, 483, 500, 506, 513, 514, 520, 521, 522, 532–33, 538, 545, 547, 552, 553, 557, 561, 563, 564, 570, 577, 578, 580, 585, 589, 605, 608, 612
Pentagon Papers in, 384–85
New York World, xxiii–xxiv
New York World’s Fair, 92
Next War, The (Irwin), 24
Nicaragua, xxx–xxxi, xxxii, 40, 116, 262, 265, 412, 427, 428, 434, 463, 472, 603
contras in, 430–31, 433, 455–58, 455, 471
Iran-Contra scandal and, 431, 455–59
Sandinistas in, xxxi, 412, 430, 455–56, 567
Nicaraguan National Guard, xxxi
Nigeria, 536
Nightline, 529
Nimitz, Chester, 100, 177
9/11, xvi, 99, 472, 498, 500, 502, 508, 510, 512, 535, 544, 547, 549, 564–65, 571, 574, 586–87, 590, 597–98, 608
and attempts to warn G. W. Bush about terrorism, 497–98, 500–501
climate of fear and uncertainty after, 504, 518, 528–29
as G. W. Bush and PNAC opportunity, 501–4, 514, 550
Iranian response to, 534
Putin’s response to, 537
nitrogen bomb, 272
Nitze, Paul, 122, 230–31, 308, 383, 396–99, 451–52
Nixon, Richard, 231, 247, 265, 266, 287, 323, 351, 356, 356, 399, 400, 417, 424, 461
Cambodia bombed by, 360–61, 363, 370, 371
“Checkers speech” of, 247
and Chile, 372–79
China relations of, 379, 381–82, 388–89
dishonesty of, 361
flexible sense of legality of, 372
foreign policy and, 360
J. F. Kennedy’s defeat of, 288
Kissinger’s dislike of, 355, 359–60
“madman theory” of, 250–51, 360
in 1968 election, 356–60, 359, 365
on nuclear warfare, 250–51, 255, 269, 282, 360–61
progressive domestic programs of, 360, 383, 401
resignation of, 386, 390, 392, 396
“silent majority” support for, 358–59
Soviet Union and, 379–80
Vietnam and, 358, 360–66, 368, 370, 379, 382, 384–89, 394, 404
Watergate scandal and, 387, 389–90
White House Special Investigations Unit approved by, 386
Nobel Peace Prize:
of Carter, 391
of Kissinger, 356, 390
Non-Agg
ression Pact of 1939, Soviet-German, 60
nonaligned movement, 348
NORAD, 286
Noriega, Manuel, 455–56, 471–73, 476
Normandy, Allied landing at, 111, 138
Norris, George, 7, 16, 35–36, 61, 65
North, Oliver, 431, 455, 456, 458, 465
North Africa, 104–5, 108
North America, 439
North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO), 220, 222, 239, 246, 253, 269, 282, 286, 295, 310, 313, 319, 414, 459, 569
in Afghanistan, 571, 577, 581–82, 584–85, 587, 588, 591–94
post–Cold War expansion of, 469–70, 486, 537–38
Northern Alliance, 489
North Korea, 235–36, 238–42, 244–46, 245, 248, 250–51, 482, 496, 522, 609
nuclear weapons in, 391, 526, 536
Norway, 89, 486, 547
NSAM 263, 315
NSC 68, 230–31, 246
nuclear arms race, 204, 222, 248, 256–57, 272, 282, 445
nuclear deterrents, 443, 444
nuclear energy:
Chernobyl accident with, 450
Fukushima disaster and, 613
for Iran, 408–9, 410, 602
peacetime, 186, 256, 271–72, 282–83
peacetime in Japan, 382
nuclear freeze movement, 441
Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT), 382, 539, 608